Research Article Impact of Poultry Litter Cake, Cleanout, and Bedding following Chemical Amendments on Soil C and N Mineralization

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1 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy Volume 212, Article ID 24629, 8 pges doi:1.1155/212/24629 Reserch Article Impct of Poultry Litter Cke, Clenout, nd Bedding following Chemicl Amendments on C nd N Minerliztion Dexter B. Wtts, 1 Kty E. Smith, 2 ndh.a.torert 1 1 Ntionl Dynmics Lortory, USDA-ARS, 411 S. Donhue Drive, Auurn, AL 36832, USA 2 Deptement of Mth, Science, nd Technology, University of Minnesot-Crookston, 29 University Avenue, Crookston, MN 56716, USA Correspondence should e ddressed to Dexter B. Wtts, dexter.wtts@rs.usd.gov Received 7 Jnury 212; Accepted 2 April 212 Acdemic Editor: Mrk Reiter Copyright 212 Dexter B. Wtts et l. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. Poultry litter is gret lterntive N source for crop production. However, recent poultry litter mngement chnges, nd incresed chemicl mendment use my impct its N vilility. Thus, reserch ws initited to evlute the effect tht roiler cke nd totl clenout litter mended with chemicl dditives hve on C nd N minerliztion. A 35-dy incution study ws crried out on Hrtsells fine sndy lom (fine-lomy, siliceous, suctive, thermic Typic Hpludults) soil common to the USA Applchin Plteu region. Three poultry litter components (roiler cke, totl clenout, nd edding mteril) from roiler house were evluted nd compred to soil. Chemicl mendments lime (CCO 3 ), gypsum (CSO 4 ), luminum sulfte (AlSO 4 ), nd ferrous sulfte (FeSO 4 ) were dded to the poultry litter components to determine their impct on C nd N minerliztion. Litter component dditions incresed soil C minerliztion in the order of roiler cke > totl clenout > edding > soil. Although greter concentrtion of orgnic C ws oserved in the edding, roiler cke minerlized the most C, which cn e ttriuted to differences in the C : N rtio etween tretments. Chemicl mendment in ddition to the mnured soil lso impcted C minerliztion, with AlSO 4 generlly decresing minerliztion. Nitrogen minerliztion ws lso significntly ffected y poultry litter component pplictions. Broiler cke ddition incresed N vilility followed y totl clenout compred to soil, while the edding resulted in net N immoiliztion. Chemicl mendments impcted N minerliztion primrily in the roiler cke mended soil where ll chemicl mendments decresed minerliztion compred to the no chemicl mendment tretment. This short-term study (35-dy incution) indictes tht N vilility to crops my e different depending on the poultry litter component used for fertiliztion nd chemicl mendment use which could decrese N minerliztion. 1. Introduction Poultry litter is incresingly eing demnded s n lterntive nutrient source to commercil fertilizer in the southestern US region. Poultry litter is regrded s one of the most vlule nutrient sources compred to other mnures due to its reltively high N nd phosphorus (P) content. However, poultry litter s N nd P my e susceptile to environmentl loss. This hs resulted in the incresed use of chemicl mendments to specificlly reduce surfce wter P loss nd NH 3 voltiliztion. Concurrently, poultry litter mngement prctices hve lso recently chnged, with most poultry producers clening the litter out of their houses less often to reduce lor costs. The impct tht incresed chemicl mendment use nd the chnges in poultry litter mngement prctices will hve on N vilility to plnts is lrgely unknown. Previous studies hve shown tht the tement of P trnsport from lnd pplied mnure to wter odies cn e chieved with the use of chemicl mendments contining luminum (Al), iron (Fe), or clcium (C) [1 7]. These compounds (Al, Fe, or, C) work y inding to P in solution therey forming insolule compounds. For instnce, C rich compounds (gypsum nd lime) used s soil mendments tend to form insolule P compounds, lrgely s result of forming C phosphte complex [8]. Aluminum nd ferrous compounds (luminum sulfte nd ferrous sulfte) usully result in decresed ph. Consequently s ph

2 2 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy decreses, Al nd Fe slts result in the precipittion of luminum hydroxy phosphte nd ferrous hydroxy phosphte [9]. Similrly, Al, Fe, nd C compounds re elieved to reduce mmoni voltiliztion from poultry litter. Ammoni voltiliztion occurs through enzymtic conversion nd decomposition of orgnic nitrogenous compounds contined in poultry litter. Reece et l. [1] reported tht NH 3 voltiliztion cn e reduced when the litter ph flls elow 7, while it is gretly incresed when ph is ove 8. Thus, chemicl dditives tht mnipulte poultry litter s ph re elieved to e the most effective. Kithome et l. [11] evlutedeffects of the chemicl mendments gypsum (CSO 4) nd luminum sulfte (Al 2 SO 4 ) s reducing gents, influencing mmoni voltiliztion. A mixture of 2% Al 2 SO 4 effectively reduced mmoni emissions y 74% compred to, while gypsum ws somewht ineffective. Moore Jr. et l. [12] lso reported significnt reductions in mmoni voltiliztion from poultry mnure mended with Al 2 SO 4 nd FeSO 4. Although these chemicl dditives show promise for reducing environmentl degrdtion from litter, the question of wht effect these compounds hve on mnure decomposition rte hs not een explored. This leds to the following question: wht effect do these mendments hve on griculturl production? Understnding how soil mendments contining Al, Fe, nd C ffect the N minerliztion cpcity of mnure will id in developing etter mngement prctices for mnure ppliction. Periodic removl of litter from poultry houses is importnt to promote ird helth nd limit mnure uildup [13]. Trditionlly, poultry producers clened their houses to the ground (totl clenout) ech yer. While this mngement is still prcticed y some, most producers no longer follow this procedure. Decking (removl of the cke or top lyer of hrden mnure) is ecoming the most populr prctice utilized y producers to sve money nd lor. This procedure involves removing the top portion of the litter, leving ehind the old edding mteril. As result, producers do not replce edding mterils s often. Thus, totl clenout of the litter is typiclly reduced to once every three to five yers. Given tht the cke contins more concentrted mnure component nd less edding thn litter removed during totl clenout, the difference etween the two poultry litter sources my influence N minerliztion rtes following lnd ppliction for fertiliztion. Continul chnges in mngement prctices cn impct the sustinility of griculturl production. In order to keep producers rest of the enefits nd drwcks from these chnging prctices, reserch must e done to evlute their impct on griculturl productivity. A etter understnding of how some recent mnure mngement prctices ffectthe decomposition nd the vilility of N is required. Therefore, the ojective of this study ws to determine impcts of chemicl mendments dded to poultry litter components, on C nd N minerliztion in lortory incution study. 2. Mteril nd Methods 2.1. Site Description for Incuted. for this study ws collected from ermudgrss (Cynodon dctylon) psture locted t the Snd Mountin Agriculture Reserch nd Extension Center in the Applchin Plteu region of northest Alm, USA. ws from plots tht hd not received mnure within the lst 1 yers. The soil ws Hrtsells fine sndy lom (fine-lomy, siliceous, suctive, thermic Typic Hpludults). The regionl climte is sutropicl with no dry seson; men nnul rinfll is 1325 mm, nd men nnul temperture is 16 C[14]. Bulk soil smples were collected from the 2 cm depth nd sieved through 2 mm mesh screen to remove rocks nd roots. Smples were stored in cold room t 4 C until lortory incutions were performed Experimentl Tretments. A 35-dy incution study ws conducted to mesure C nd N minerliztion of soil mended with poultry litter contining different chemicl mendments tht hd een previously reported to reduce P loss. Poultry litter components consisted of roiler cke, totl clenout, nd edding. Theses component were collected from locl roiler production fcility in the Snd Mountin Region of north Alm, USA. Broiler cke ws collected following the decking process during roiler house clening. Totl clenout litter ws collected following the clening of roiler house to the ground. Bedding mteril consisted of pine wood shvings. In order to pply smll-uniform quntities of poultry litter for incution, smples were ir dried t 4 C nd ground to pss through 2 mm sieve. Chrcteristics of the poultry litter components re presented in Tle 1. Lortory grde chemicls consisting of gypsum (CSO 4 ), lime (CCO 3 ), ferrous sulfte (FeSO 4 ), nd luminum sulfte (AlSO 4 ) were used s the chemicl mendments for this study Lortory Anlysis. Chemicl nlysis of soil nd poultry litter component sources ws performed y the Auurn University Testing Lortory s descried y Hue nd Evns [15]. Specificlly, soil ph ws determined on 1 : 1 soil/wter suspensions with glss electrode ph meter. Totl C nd N for the soil nd poultry litter components were determined y dry comustion using LECO TruSpec CN nlyzer (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI). Concentrtions of P, K, C, Mg, nd so forth were determined using Mehlich 1 (doule cid) extrcting solution for soil [16] nd with the dry sh procedure for poultry litter components [17]; oth were mesured y inductively coupled Argon plsm emission spectrometry [18] using n ICAP 9 (Thermo Jrrell Ash, Frnklin, MA). texturl nlysis (percentge snd, silt, nd cly) for the incuted soil ws determined using the hydrometer method [19] Incution Study. Methods descried y Torert et l. [2] were utilized for qudruple determintions of potentil C nd N minerliztion. Twenty-five grms of soil (ovendried weight sis), pssed through 2 mm sieve, were

3 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy 3 Tle 1: Nutrient properties of soil nd poultry litter components edding, totl clenout, nd roiler cke used for incutions, dry weight sis. Vriles ph CEC C N Poultry litter components P P 2 O 5 gkg 1 K K 2 O C Mg Al B Cu Fe Mn Zn mg kg 1 Broiler cke Totl clenout Bedding < Sndy lom < plced in 118 ml (4-oz) plstic continers. The poultry litter component source (roiler cke, totl clenout, or edding mteril) ws dded to soils t rte of 35 kg totl N h 1 (sed on ppliction to 15 cm soil furrow slice) nd mixed homogeneously to ensure uniformity within nd etween smples. Following poultry litter component ddition, chemicl mendments (CSO 4, CCO 3, FeSO 4, nd AlSO 4 ) were dded to the soil t rte tht provided either Al, Fe, or C t n mount equivlent to the molr P content of the poultry litter component source (i.e., 651 kg h 1 gypsum, 48 kg h 1 lime, 93 kg h 1 ferrous sulfte, nd 7 kg h 1 luminum sulfte) with the gretest concentrtion. To fcilitte uniform ddition, chemicl mendments were dissolved with deionized wter nd dded to smples using micropipette. Deionized wter ws dded to ring the soil mtric potentil to pproximtely 2 kp t ulk density of 1.2 Mg m 3. After smple preprtion, the continers were plced in 1.6 L widemouth incution jrs, nd 1 ml of wter ws dded to the ottom of ech jr (not smple) for humidity. Jrs were incuted in the drk t 25 Cndremovedfter15nd 35 dys for nlysis of C nd N minerliztion. C minerliztion ws determined using 1 ml CO 2 trp (vil contining1 ml 1 N NOH). The CO 2 trp ws plced in ech jr nd hermeticlly seled. After removl, 1 ml of sturted BCl 2 solution ( 1N) ws dded to ech smple to stop CO 2 dsorption, nd the NOH ws then cktitrted with 1 N HCl using phenolphthlein s n indictor to determine the mount of CO 2 relesed from soil smples. C minerliztion ws determined s the difference etween CO 2 -C cptured in smple trps nd from lnks (seled jr without soil). The concentrtions of CO 2 determined on dy 15 nd 35 dys fter incution were dded together to determine the totl mount of C minerlized for the 35 d incution period, s descried y Anderson (1982). N minerliztion ws determined y evluting inorgnic N concentrtions during incution. Concentrtions of mmonium (NH4) nd nitrite (NO2)+ nitrte (NO 3 ) were determined y extrction using 2 M KCl s descried y Keeney nd Nelson [21] nd mesured colorimetriclly using mg CO2-C kg C minerliztion of poultry litter components Bedding Clenout Cke Figure 1: Effect of poultry litter components edding, totl clenout, nd roiler cke compred to soil on C minerliztion following 35-dy incution. utomted lortory equipment (Brn-Luee, Norderstedt, Germny). N minerliztion ws determined s the difference etween finl nd initil inorgnic N contents of the incuted smple Sttistics. The incution study ws nlyzed s completely rndomized design with four replictions. There were 3 poultry litter sources X 5 chemicl mendments X 4 replictions compred to (4 replictes) for totl of 64 experimentl units. Sttisticl nlyses were performed using the GLM procedure of SAS [22], nd mens were seprted using lest significnt difference (LSD). A significnce level of α<.5 ws estlished priori. 3. Results nd Discussion Poultry litter is generlly pplied s redily ville N source to pstures in the southestern USA. Thus, common uplnd, well-drined, low microil ctivity soil mnged under ermudgrss psture from the southestern USA region ws used to evlute C nd N minerliztion for this study. The soil used for this incution historiclly received miniml fertiliztion, no grzing, or hrvesting for hy. Bckground nutrient concentrtions for the soil c d

4 4 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy mg CO2-C kg Bedding Bedding mteril CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 mg CO2-C kg Totl clenout Totl clenout CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 () () mg CO2-C kg Broiler cke Broiler cke CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 (c) Figure 2: Effect of chemicl mendments CCO 3,FeSO 4,AlSO 4,ndCSO 4 on C minerliztion of soil mended with poultry litter components edding, totl clenout, nd roiler cke following 35-dy incution. is presented for comprison purposes of ckground levels. mg of (NH4-N + NO3-N) N kg c N minerliztion of poultry litter components d Bedding Clenout Cke Figure 3: Effect of poultry litter components edding, totl clenout, nd roiler cke compred to soil on N minerliztion following 35-dy incution. nd poultry litter component sources used in this study re presented in Tle 1. Nutrient concentrtions vried mong the poultry litter component sources. The edding mteril hd the gretest C concentrtions compred to roiler cke nd totl clenout. On the other hnd, the edding mteril N concentrtion ws the lowest mong the poultry litter component sources. Between the poultry litter component sources contining mnure (roiler cke nd totl clenout), roiler cke hd greter C nd N concentrtions compred to the totl clenout, ut C : N rtios were similr etween the two sources. Totl C, N, nd C : N rtios were within the rnge reported y others in previous reserch [13, 23]. The focus of this incution study ws to evlute C nd N cycling in soil following poultry litter ddition mended with chemicl mendments. Informtion from this study will id in etter understnding of the N-supplying potentil of roiler cke nd totl clenout mended with chemicl dditives contining Al, Fe, nd C. For discussion purposes of this mnuscript, C nd N minerliztion comprisons were mde etween the poultry litter components lone (without chemicl mendments) nd etween chemicl mendments for ech poultry litter component source (roiler cke, totl clenout, nd edding) seprtely Cron Minerliztion. Cron minerliztion is the conversion of orgnic C mteril into inorgnic forms through soil microil oxidtion. This process occurs during decomposition. An evlution of C minerliztion cn e used s n index to understnd the decomposition rte of orgnic sustnces. Cron evolution vlues oserved on 15 dnd35dweresummedtogetherndexpressedstotl C minerlized. Significnt differences were oserved in C minerliztion rtes resulting from the different poultry litter components (Figure 1). Cumultive soil C minerliztion for the 35-dy incution period ws 335 mg kg 1 for soil, 687 mg kg 1 for edding, 81 mg kg 1 for totl clenout, nd 1293 mg kg 1 for roiler cke. As expected, mending soil with the poultry litter components sources significntly incresed C evolution, with roiler cke hving the gretest C minerliztion cpcity compred to the other tretments. Cron minerliztion rtes following the 35-dy incution

5 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy 5 ws in the order of roiler cke > totl clenout > edding > soil. Although edding contined the most C, the percentge of totl C minerlized ws less thn the other poultry litter component sources. This suggests tht the edding is more stle mteril thn the litter sources contining mnure (roiler cke nd totl clenout). Also, the difference in C minerliztion etween the edding nd the other poultry litter component sources ws most likely due to the mount of ville N. Although the litter sources contining mnure hd similr C : N rtio, roiler cke hd the highest C minerliztion. Thus, since N ws not limiting fctor, the poultry litter component source with the gretest C concentrtion minerlized the most when oth roiler cke nd totl clenout were pplied t 35 kg N h 1. Also, it is importnt to note tht the totl clenout contined greter percentge of edding mteril compred to the roiler cke. Thus, the totl clenout most likely contined more stle C compred to the cke. Since roiler cke consisted of lower reclcitrnt form of orgnic C, it contriuted to greter minerliztion cpcity. Although C minerliztion dt reported for this study represent the totl C minerlized during the two smpling periods (15 nd 35 dys fter incution), it is importnt to note tht significntly greter C minerliztion rte ws oserved during the second portion of the incution for the edding mteril (dt not shown). The other poultry litter components generlly resulted in slightly lower C minerliztion rte. Addition of chemicl mendments to the incuted soil lso impcted cron minerliztion. Differences in C minerliztion rtes for ech chemicl compound dded to the roiler cke, totl clenout, nd edding mended soil re illustrted in Figure 2. Chemicl mendment dditions impcted C minerliztion differently depending on the poultry litter component (totl clenout, roiler cke, nd edding) evluted. For instnce, significnt differences were oserved mong chemicl mendments in the edding tretment (i.e., CCO 3 > AlSO 4 )withcco 3 producing the gretest C minerliztion; however when ech chemicl mendment ws compred to the no chemicl mendment edding tretment (edding + soil only), no significnt differences were oserved. Cumultive C minerliztion in the totl clenout tretment ws significntly incresed with FeSO 4, producing significntly greter C minerliztion rtes compred to the other tretments. No significnt differences were oserved etween the CSO 4, FeSO 4, AlSO 4, nd the no chemicl mendment tretment (totl clenout + soil only). In the roiler cke tretment, no significnt differences were oserved etween CSO 4, FeSO 4, nd the no chemicl mendment roiler cke tretment (roiler + soil only), while CCO 3 nd AlSO 4 produced sttisticlly lower C minerliztion Nitrogen Minerliztion. Nitrogen in mnure is primrily in n orgnic form. Before plnt uptke cn occur, it must e converted to inorgnic forms of N. This is chieved vi microes s y-product of orgnic mtter decomposition in process clled N minerliztion. Understnding of how recent chnges in poultry litter mngement prctices ffect N minerliztion cn help improve N mngement for crop demnds. Similr to C minerliztion, ddition of the different poultry litter components impcted N minerliztion. Men N minerliztion oserved during the 35-dy incution is presented in Figure 3. Cumultive soil N minerliztions for the 35-dy incution period were 51 mg kg 1 for soil, 13 mg kg 1 for edding mteril, 143 mg kg 1 for totl clenout, nd 159 mg kg 1 for roiler cke. Addition of edding resulted in lower minerliztion compred to the soil (no chemicl mendment or poultry litter ddition), while roiler cke nd totl clenout mended soils resulted in greter N vilility. This ws to e expected since wood shvings (edding) re highly stle cronceous mteril withc:nrtioof143:1.asruleofthum,c:nrtioof 2 : 1 is the rekeven point etween immoiliztion nd N relese. When orgnic mterils with C : N rtios greter thn 3 : 1 re dded to soil, there is N immoiliztion during the initil decomposition process. Thus, the highly cronceous edding mteril supplied the microes with new energy source, ut insufficient N to uild protein. Thus the soil microes scvenged N from the soil, therey reducing N vilility, or, in other words, cused net N immoiliztion. Broiler cke produced the highest N minerliztion cpcity compred to the other poultry litter components evluted during this incution study. Although the roiler cke nd totl clenout hd similr C : N rtios (8.9 roiler cke nd 8.4 totl clenout), roiler cke most likely contins more energy-rich supply of C compred to the totl clenout. For instnce, the cron source (lthough not quntified) in the cke portion of the litter in roiler houses generlly contins higher concentrtion of mnure while the totl clenout contins oth mnure nd edding. Use of chemicl mendments with the different poultry litter components resulted in N vilility differences following the 35-dy incution (Figure 5). Generlly, ll of the chemicl mendments negtively impcted N vilility when compred with poultry litter component sources. There ws significnt interction etween the poultry litter components nd the chemicl mendments. For the edding mteril, dding chemicl mendments produced sttisticlly similr N rte compred to the no chemicl mendment edding tretment (edding + soil only). The CCO 3 mendment produced the gretest N minerliztion rte compred to the other chemicl mendments pplied to the edding mteril. Nitrogen minerliztion for CCO 3, FeSO 4,ndCSO 4 ws sttisticlly similr to the no chemicl mendment edding tretment, while the AlSO 4 produced sttisticlly lower N minerliztion rte. Addition of AlSO 4 to the edding mteril, which ws slightly cidic, could hve cused Al toxicity to the soil microes tht were responsile for decomposition. Chnder nd Brookes [24] reported tht Al concentrtions t low ph cn directly ffect microil iomss nd indirectly decrese inputs of soil plnt-derived sustrtes. Results of N minerliztion for chemicl mendment dditions to totl clenout re reported in Figure 4. Addition of chemicl mendments FeSO 4, AlSO 4,ndCSO 4 to soil mended with totl clenout resulted in N minerliztion

6 6 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy mg of (NH4-N + NO3-N) Nkg Bedding Bedding mteril CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 mg of (NH4-N + NO3-N) Nkg Totl clenout Totl clenout CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 () () mg of (NH4-N + NO3-N) Nkg Broiler cke Broiler cke CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 (c) Figure 4: Effect of chemicl mendments CCO 3,FeSO 4,AlSO 4,ndCSO 4 on N minerliztion of soil mended with poultry litter components edding, totl clenout, nd roiler cke following 35-dy incution. is presented for comprison purposes of ckground levels. ph c Finl soil ph fter 35 dys of incution Bedding Totl clenout Broiler cke Figure 5: Effect of poultry litter components edding, totl clenout, nd roiler cke compred to soil on soil ph. sttisticlly similr to the no chemicl mendment totl clenout tretment. However, ddition of CCO 3 to the totl clenout mended soil resulted in sttisticlly lower N minerliztion rte compred to when no chemicl mendments were pplied. Originlly, the ph of the totl clenout ws 8.5; thus ddition of the liming gent to n lredy sic mteril hd negtive effect on the N minerliztion. When evluting the effect of chemicl dditions to roiler cke mended soil, slightly different effect ws oserved in the N minerliztion. All of the chemicl mendments evluted resulted in sttisticlly lower plnt ville N during the 35-dy incution compred to the c no chemicl mendment roiler cke tretment. Although ll the chemicl mendments decresed N minerliztion, the rte of decrese mong tretments with chemicl mendments ws sttisticlly similr. These results suggest tht chemicl mendments dded to lnd-pplied poultry litter to decrese P loss with surfce wter runoff or in the poultry production fcilities to reduce NH 3 voltiliztion during growout could ffectn vilility to crops ph Chnge. Addition of the poultry litter component sources significntly impcted ph of the incuted soil. ph during the 35-dy incution contining the poultry litter component sources nd soil re shown in Figure 5. Initil soil ph prior to the incution ws 6.1. The soil ph ws essentilly unchnged following the 35-dy incution (6.). Poultry litter dditions significntly incresed soil ph compred to the soil. The gretest ph chnge ws oserved in soil mended with edding mteril followed y totl clenout, roiler cke, nd soil. Generlly, poultry litter is not liming mteril, ut ecuse of the lkline ph nd lrge C content, the roiler cke nd totl clenout mendments incresed the incuted soil s ph. Increses in soil ph following poultry litter ddition hve een reported y others [25 27]. Moore nd Edwrds [27] reported n increse in ph from 5.1 to 5.8 fter poultry litter ws pplied for 7 yers. On the other hnd, n unexpected increse ws lso oserved with the edding mteril, ut this phenomenon cnnot e explined from previous reports.

7 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy 7 ph Bedding Bedding mteril CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 ph Totl clenout Totl clenout CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 c () () ph Broiler cke Broiler cke CCO 3 FeSO 4 AlSO 4 CSO 4 (c) Figure 6: Effect of chemicl mendments CCO 3,FeSO 4,AlSO 4,ndCSO 4 on the ph of soil mended with poultry litter components edding, totl clenout, nd roiler cke following 35-dy incution. is presented for comprison purposes of ckground levels. Chemicl mendment ddition to soil with the poultry litter components lso impcted ph levels (Figure 6). The generl ph trend resulting from chemicl mendment dditions to the incuted soil contining the different poultry litter components ws sttisticlly similr etween the no chemicl mendment, CSO 4, nd CCO 3 tretments; lowerlevelswereoservedforalso 4 nd FeSO 4.Evlution of the chemicl mendment dditions to the incuted soil with edding ws similr to the generl trend with no significnt difference eing oserved etween the no chemicl mendment, CSO 4, nd CCO 3 tretments, while AlSO 4 nd FeSO 4 resulted in significntly lower soil ph. Significnt differences were lso oserved for the totl clenout. No significnt difference ws oserved etween the no chemicl mendment, CSO4, FeSO 4, nd CCO 3 tretments. The ddition of AlSO 4 to the totl clenout tretment resulted in decreses to soil ph. An evlution of roiler cke showed tht AlSO 4 nd FeSO 4 resulted in the lowest ph vlues similr to the edding nd totl clenout poultry litter component. However, AlSO 4 ws the only chemicl mendment tht ws sttisticlly different from the no chemicl mendment roiler cke tretment. 4. Conclusions Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in crop production system. When mnure sources re used for N fertiliztion, N minerliztion ccounts for most of the crop N needs. An understnding of how mnure mngement prctices ffect N vilility is importnt to mintin crop yields. The informtion otined from this incution study my e useful when considering fertiliztion with poultry litter. For instnce, should poultry litter cke or clenout e used for N fertiliztion nd which chemicl mendment provides the est N vilility? Cron minerliztion, which is representtion of microil ctivity, ws incresed y the ddition of the poultry litter components. Even though the edding mteril hd the gretest C source, roiler cke hd the highest C minerliztion rte. Cron minerliztion ws in the order of roiler cke, totl clenout, nd edding. Evlution of N minerliztion showed tht the edding mteril resulted in severe N immoiliztion. On the other hnd, roiler cke hd the highest N minerliztion rte followed y totl clenout. Addition of chemicl mendments to the poultry litter components lso impcted C minerliztion. The gretest differences in C minerliztion were oserved with AlSO 4, generlly decresing minerliztion. Chemicl mendment dditions lso resulted in significnt N minerliztion differences. The gretest differences were oserved in the roiler cke tretment. All chemicl mendments pplied to the roiler cke mended soil resulted in decresed N minerliztion compred to the no chemicl mendment tretment. For the totl clenout tretment, CCO 3 ws the only chemicl mendment to decrese N minerliztion compred to the no chemicl mendment tretment. These results suggest tht while the use of chemicl mendments hs een shown to reduce P loss nd decrese NH 3 voltiliztion, reduction in N minerliztion my lso occur. Also

8 8 Interntionl Journl of Agronomy chnges in poultry litter mngement prctices re likely to impct N vilility in soil. References [1] P. A. Moore Jr. nd D. M. Miller, Decresing phosphorus soluility in poultry litter with luminum, clcium, nd iron mendments, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 23, no. 2, pp , [2] D. L. Anderson, O. H. Tuovinen, A. Fer, nd I. Ostrokowski, Use of soil mendments to reduce solule phosphorus in diry soils, Ecologicl Engineering, vol. 5, no. 2-3, pp , [3] T. H. Do, Comendments to modify phosphorus extrctility nd nitrogen/phosphorus rtio in feedlot mnure nd composted mnure, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 28, no. 4, pp , [4] Z. Dou, G. Y. Zhng, W. L. Stout, J. D. Toth, nd J. D. Ferguson, Efficcy of lum nd col comustion y-products in stilizing mnure phosphorus, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 32, no. 4, pp , 23. [5] M. Klsi nd K. G. Krthikeyn, Phosphorus dynmics in soils receiving chemiclly treted diry mnure, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 33, no. 6, pp , 24. [6]H.A.Torert,K.W.King,ndR.D.Hrmel, Impctof soil mendments on reducing phosphorus losses from runoff in sod, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 34, no. 4, pp , 25. [7] D. B. Wtts nd H. A. Torert, Impct of gypsum pplied to grss uffer strips on reducing solule p in surfce wter runoff, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 38, no. 4, pp , 29. [8] D. Bruer, G. E. Aiken, D. H. Pote et l., Amendment effects on soil test phosphorus, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 34, no. 5, pp , 25. [9] Y. Ann, K. R. Reddy, nd J. J. Delfino, Influence of chemicl mendments on phosphorus immoiliztion in soils from constructed wetlnd, Ecologicl Engineering, vol.14,no.1-2, pp , [1] F. N. Reece, B. J. Btes, nd B. D. Lott, Ammoni in roiler houses, Poultry Science, vol. 58, pp , [11] M. Kithome, J. W. Pul, nd A. A. Bomke, Reducing nitrogen losses during simulted composting of poultry mnure using dsorents or chemicl mendments, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 28, no. 1, pp , [12] P.A.MooreJr.,T.C.Dniel,D.R.Edwrds,ndD.M.Miller, Effect of chemicl mendments on mmoni voltiliztion from poultry litter, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 24, no. 2, pp , [13] K.R.Sistni,G.E.Brink,S.L.McGowen,D.E.Rowe,ndJ.L. Oldhm, Chrcteriztion of roiler cke nd roiler litter, the y-products of two mngement prctices, Bioresource Technology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp , 23. [14] R. H. Shw, Climte of the United Sttes, in Hndook of s nd Climte in Agriculture, V.J.Kilmer,Ed.,CRCPress, Boc Rton, Fl, USA, [15] N. V. Hue nd C. E. Evns, Procedures used for soil nd plnt nlysis y the Auurn University Testing Lortory, Auurn University, Auurn, Al, USA, [16] S. R. Olsen nd L. E. Sommers, Phosphorus, in Methods of Anlysis Prt 2, A. L. Pge, Ed., Agronomy Monogrph 9, pp , ASA nd SSSA, Mdison, Wis, USA, [17] S. J. Donhue, Reference soil test methods for the Southern Region of the United Stte, Southern Coopertive Service, Bulletin 289, Georgi Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Athens, G, USA, [18] P. N. Soltnpour, J. B. Jones, nd S. M. Workmn, Opticl emission spectrometry, in Methods of Anlysis. Prt 2, A. L. Pge et l., Ed., Agronomy Monogrph 9, pp , ASA nd SSSA, Mdison, Wis, USA, 2nd edition, [19] G. J. Bouyoucos, Hydrometer method for mking prticle nlysis of soil, Agronomy Journl, vol. 54, pp , [2] H. A. Torert, S. A. Prior, nd D. W. Reeves, Lnd mngement effects on nitrogen nd cron cycling in n ultisol, Communictions in Science nd Plnt Anlysis, vol. 3, no. 9-1, pp , [21] D. R. Keeney nd D. W. Nelson, Nitrogen: inorgnic forms, in MethodsofAnlysis.Prt1, A. L. Pge et l., Ed., Agronomy Monogrph 9, pp , ASA nd SSSA, Mdison, Wis, USA, 2nd edition, [22] SAS Institute, SAS, version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cry, NC, USA, 22. [23] P. L. Wrd, J. E. Wohlt, P. K. Zjc, nd K. R. Cooper, Chemicl nd physicl properties of processed newspper compred to whet strw nd wood shvings s niml edding, Journl of Diry Science, vol. 83, no. 2, pp , 2. [24] K. Chnder nd P. C. Brookes, Synthesis of microil iomss from dded glucose in metl-contminted nd non-contminted soils following repeted fumigtion, Biology nd Biochemistry, vol. 24, no. 6, pp , [25] E. E. Codling, R. L. Chney, nd C. L. Mulchi, Use of luminum- nd iron-rich residues to immoilize phosphorus in poultry litter nd litter-mended soils, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 29, no. 6, pp , 2. [26] G. Gupt nd S. Chrles, Trce elements in soils fertilized with poultry litter, Poultry Science, vol. 78, no. 12, pp , [27] P. A. Moore nd D. R. Edwrds, Long-term effects of poultry litter, lum-treted litter, nd mmonium nitrte on luminum vilility in soils, Journl of Environmentl Qulity, vol. 34, no. 6, pp , 25.

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