! The!G20!states!!! Selected!official!energy!and!climate!targets:!! Renewable!Energy,!Energy!Efficiency!and!GHG!(CO2)!emissions!!!!!

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1 TheG20states Selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets: RenewableEnergy,EnergyEfficiencyandGHG(CO2)emissions Topical+Paper+1+ German'Japanese+Energy+Transi1on+Council+ +

2 Authors Dr.StefanThomas Prof.Dr.PeterHennicke Philip7JulianPape NaomiGericke ClaraKlages Imprint Publisher WuppertalInstitutfürKlima,Umwelt,EnergiegGmbH Döppersberg Wuppertal Contact Dr.StefanThomas Phone: Fax: Picturecredits Foto:Thinkstock Foto:FOTOLIA/Visions-AD June2017

3 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets Listofcontents 1. Mitigatingclimatechangeandachievingtheenergytransition threecommonpillars 2. Whatarethetargetsforrenewableenergysources,energyefficiency,andGHG(CO 2 ) emissionsintheg20? 2.1. Expandingtheuseofrenewableenergysources(RES) 2.2. Increasingenergyefficiency(EE) 2.3. ReducingGHGemissions 3. References 4. Appendix:SelectedtargetsfortheotherG20states GJETCTopicalPaperNo.1 2

4 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets G20 Targetsreferringtorenewableenergy,energyefficiencyand climatechangemitigation Concretely defined targets are guiding policy efforts and the measures required to achieve national energy and low8carbon transformations in order to reach the maximum 2 degree climate change mitigation target agreed at the COP in Paris in Reducing energy consumption by harnessing the potential of energy efficiency, expanding the use of renewable energy resources, and transforming all sectors into low8energy and low8carbon structures is crucial. Among the G20 states, most states have set targets for renewable energies, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. Yet, it seems thatstartingpointsandtargetunitsdifferalotbetweentheg20,andhencecomparabilityis difficult. This topicalpaper presents a synopsis on the current targets within the G20. The relativelackofenergyefficiencytargetsshowsthatthispillarneedsmuchgreatereffortsin currentandfutureenergypolicy. 1. Mitigating climate change and achieving the energy transition three commonpillars This topical paper provides an overview of selected current official energy transition and climatechangemitigationtargetsintheg20states.thesetargetsconcernrenewableenergy resources, energy efficiency, and GHG or CO 2 emissions, which are the most commonly adoptedtypesoftargetsamongtheg20states.theycouldprovideinspirationforgermany and Japan for setting their energy transition and climate change mitigation targets. There maybeothertypesoftargets,e.g.onenergyimportdependency,whichisrelatedtoenergy security.however,theyaremuchlesscommonandsowerefrainfromdisplayingthese. A good source for data on existing and potential targets is also the Deep Decarbonization PathwaysProject(DDPP).IntheDDPP,researchersfrom16countriesaddressthetransition into a low7carbon economy in a way consistent with the internationally agreed goal of limitinganthropogenicwarmingtolessthan2degreescelsius. INFOBOX:DeepDecarbonizationPathwaysProject(DDPP) TheDeepDecarbonizationPathwaysProjectisaglobalconsortiumformedinOctober2013which researchesmethodstolimittheriseofglobaltemperatureduetoglobalwarmingto2 Corless.The focus of the DDPP is on sustainable energy systems. Other sectors of the economy, such as agriculture and land7use, are not directly considered. It aims to find practical pathways to deep greenhousegasemissionsreductionsusingcountry7basedenergyresearch.japanandgermanyare includedascasestudies.theddppissetinparis,france. GJETCTopicalPaperNo.1 3

5 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets 2.Whatarethetargetsforrenewableenergysources,energyefficiency,and GHG(CO 2 )emissionsintheg20? 2.1Expandingtheuseofrenewableenergysources(RES) The G20 states defined various targets for the expansion of renewable energy resources. However,uptonowtheapproachesbetweentheG20statesdifferwithregardtoreference units,timescale,andlevelofambition. DifferentapproachescanalreadybeseenamongthestatesandregionswiththehighestCO 2 emissions: China,asthestatewiththeworld slargestco 2 emissions(seefigure1below),has one overall target for renewable energy: By 2020, about 15% of the total energy supplyaresupposedtobebasedonnon7fossilsources.inaddition,chinafocuseson capacity expansion targets of renewable energy resources. Hydroelectricity (350 GW e )andwindpower(onshore200gw e )aresupposedtohavethebiggestshares. SolarPVfollowswith100GW e andbiomasspowerwith30gw e.chinaalsodefines pumpedhydrogoalsof70gw e. ItisremarkablethattheUnitedStateshavenotsetanybindingtargetconcerningthe sharesofrenewableenergysourcesintheenergysector. The EU, as the third biggest emitter of Greenhouse gases, pursues an ambitious roadmapwithlong7termtargets.until2020,20%ofgrossfinalenergyconsumption is to be based on renewable energies. Until 2030, this share shall rise to 27% accordingtothecouncilofthememberstates.theeuropeanparliamentadvocates highertargetsfor2030.by2050,renewableenergiesshalltentativelyreach75%of gross final energy consumption, while the renewable energy share in electricity consumption shall reach 97% in 2050, according to a proposal by the European Commission. Germanyhastargetsharesforrenewableenergiesinboth,overallgrossfinalenergy consumption corresponding to the EU s targets (18% for 2020, 30% for 2030, and 60%for2050)andforgrosselectricityconsumption(atleast35%by2020;atleast 50%by2030;atleast80%by2050). Even though France, the UK, and Italy have not defined further long7term targets after2030,theirrenewableenergytargetsharesinelectricitygenerationandgross finalenergyconsumptionuntil2020and2030showrelativelyambitioustargetlevels withsharesofhigherthan30%(seetable2.1). In comparison, Japan and South Korea set rather moderate targets and define no long7termtargetseither.concerningprimaryenergyjapanplanstoreacha13714% share in In electricity production, Japan wants to reach 22724% in It is worth mentioning, that Japan already achieved a share of 17,9 % in electricity productionin2015. GJETCTopicalPaperNo.1 4

6 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets SouthKoreasetarenewableenergytargetshareof6,1%inprimaryenergy consumptionfor2020and11%for2030. Table2.1EnergytransitionandclimatechangemitigationtargetsofselectedG20states: RenewableEnergySources(RES) Pleasefindliteratureondataintheattachedreferences n.a.):datanotavailable ):officialtargetisnotknownbytheauthors 1 ):Shareofnon7fossilfuels;Inaddition,Chinafocusesoncapacityexpansiontargetsuntil2020: Hydroelectricity(350GW e ),Windpower(onshore200GW e,offshore30gw e ),solarpv100gw e,biomass power30gw e,pumpedhydro70gw e. 2 ):Italy'sNationalEnergyStrategy:Foramorecompetitiveandsustainableenergy(2013) ForotherG20states,seeattachmenttable GJETCTopicalPaperNo.1 5

7 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets 2.2Increasingenergyefficiency(EE) In combination with renewable energy, the deployment of energy efficiency measures is necessarytoachieveanenergytransitionandtomitigateghgemissions.theieaeventalks of EfficiencyFirst andexpects50%ofglobalco 2 emissionsreductiontoberealizedbyend Table2.2:EnergytransitionandclimatechangemitigationtargetsofselectedG20states: EnergyEfficiency(EE) Pleasefindliteratureondataintheattachedreferences ):officialtargetisnotknownbytheauthors 4) BAU:Businessasusualscenario ForotherG20states,seeattachmenttable useenergyefficiency.table2.2showsthatenergyefficiencytargetsintheg20statesalso varystronglyandtheyratherfocusatsingletimeframesandinalong7termperspective. Chinareiteratedthetargetof16%reductionintheprimaryenergyintensityby2015 compared to 2011 levels, as written in the 12th Five7Year7Plan, for the 13th Five7 Year7Planandthetargetyear2020ascomparedto2016. GJETCTopicalPaperNo.1 6

8 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets The United States differentiate the residential building sector and the commercial buildingsectorandsetarelativelyambitioussavingstargetof30%and35%relative tobau,alltargetsreferringto2030. ThememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionaddresstheprimaryenergyconsumption intheyears2020and2030.theyintendtoachieveanenergysavingofatleast20% for 2020 and 27% for 2030, compared to the respective values of the reference scenariofrom2007.however,theeuropeanparliamentrepeatedlysupporteda targetof40%by2030comparedtothatreferencescenario.by2050,theeuropean Commission proposed that energy demand in the EU should be decreased by 41% comparedtothepeaksin Germany has defined multiple goals towards energy efficiency. They include a 20% reduction in primary energy consumption by 2020 and a 50% reduction by 2050, bothcomparedto2008.by2050,germanyalsowantstoreachareductionof80% comparedto2008withintheprimaryenergyconsumptioninthebuildingsector.in addition, there are targets to reduce final energy consumption for the transport sector by 10% until 2020 and by 40% until 2050, and targets for reducing the gros electricity consumption by 10% until 2020 and by 25% until Besides energy consumption targets, the final energy productivity shall be improved by 2.1% per yearonaveragefrom2008to2050. Japandefinesareductiontargetof13%inthefinalenergyconsumptionand17%in theelectricityconsumptionfor2030comparedto2013. SouthKorearefersto2007andaimsatareductionof46%intheenergyintensityby GJETCTopicalPaperNo.1 7

9 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets 2.3ReducingGHGemissions Since 1990, the OECD countries among the G20 did not see large changes in the GHG emissions(figure1).somemanagedtoreducetheseemissionsbyatmost25%,othersstill had increases in that range. By contrast, China and India with their tremendous economic growthalsoincreasedtheirghgemissionsalot.asaconsequence,allg20statesneedto scaleuptheireffortsforghgemissionreductionssignifcantly. Figure1:CO 2 emissionsfromfuelcombustionintheg20states (inmt) China UnitedStates EU3.450 India Japan1.270 Germany Argentna Australia Brazil Canada China Germany EU28 France UK Indonesia India Italy Japan SouthKorea Mexico Russia Gütschow,Johannes;Jeffery,Louise;Gieseke,Robert;Gebel,Ronja;Stevens,David;Krapp,Mario;Rocha, Marcia(2016):ThePRIMAP7histnationalhistoricalemissionstimeseries( ).GFZDataServices. GJETCTopicalPaperNo.1 8

10 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets Table2.3:EnergyTransitionandclimatechangemitigationtargetsofselectedG20states:GHG(CO 2 )emissions Pleasefindliteratureondataintheattachedreferences ):officialtargetisnotknownbytheauthors ForotherG20states,seeattachmenttable GJETCTopicalpaperNo.1 9

11 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets Table 2.3 shows that indeed all countries analyzed in this paper agree to minimize CO 2 emissions in the long term in order to mitigate climate change in the future. For the first timeaftercop21infrance,allunfcccmemberstatesagreedtothedeterminedambitious goals. China submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015,whichincludesthetargettopeakCO 2 emissionsby2030atthelatest andtolowerthecarbonintensityofgdpby40745%below2005levelsin2020 andby60%to65%by2030. TheU.S.governmentsetalong7termtargettoreduceitsnetGHGemissions (CO 2 e)by80%belowthe1990levelbytheyear2050. The European Union has announced a 40% cut in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels by 2030, following 20% for 2020, and also committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 80795% below 1990 levelsby2050. GermanyaimstoreduceitsGHGemissionsby40%in2020comparedto1990 levels.in2030,thereductionshallreach55%andin2050,80795%compared to1990. Italy,too,setsatargetfor2020andplanstoreduceitsGHGemissionsby13% compared to 2005 levels. Different from Germany, France, the UK and Italy aim to reduce their GHG emissions by only 40% in 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The UK and Italy also further determined to reduce the emissions by 80%until2050. Japan,similartoSouthKorea,definedtargetssofarmerelyfortheyear2030. Japanaimsata26%reductioncomparedto2013,SouthKoreaatareduction of37%belowbaulevels. GJETCTopicalpaperNo.1 10

12 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets GJETCTopicalpaperNo References ClimateActionTracker(o.J.):RatingCountries.URL: Centerforclimateandenergysolutions(C2E2)(2015):ComparisontableforsubmittedINDCs(asofDecember 21,2015).URL: DeutscheBundesregierung(o.J.):ErneuerbareEnergien.EinneuesZeitalterhatbegonnen.URL: 7Zeitalter/_node.html;jsessionid=1938D6F7EC0CDAB3DBAA33AF4D73357D.s3t2#doc516106bodyText1 ( ). Enerdata(2016a):GlobalEnergyStatisticalYearbook2016.CO 2 emissionsfromfuelcombustion.url: ( ). Enerdata(2016b):GlobalEnergyStatisticalYearbook2016.Shareofrenewablesinelectricityproduction(incl hydro).url: share7by7region.html( ). EuropeanCommission(o.J.):2030Energystrategy.URL: strategy/20307energy7strategy( ). EuropeanCommission(2012):EnergyRoadmap2050.Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion. URL: ( ). FrancaiseMinistredel'Ecologie,deL'Energie,duDevelopmentdurableetdelaMer(2009):Nationalactionplan forthepromotionofrenewableenergies.paris. GouvernementofFrance( ):COP21:France snationalcommitments.url: Gütschow,Johannes;Jeffery,Louise;Gieseke,Robert;Gebel,Ronja;Stevens,David;Krapp,Mario;Rocha,Marcia (2016):ThePRIMAP7histnationalhistoricalemissionstimeseries( ).GFZDataServices. InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)(2015):EnergyConceptGermany.URL: InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)(2016):NationalRenewableEnergyPlan(NREAP)fortheUnitedKingdom.URL: en.php?s=dhlwzt1yzszzdgf0dxm9t2s,&return=pg5hdibpzd0iynjlywrjcnvtyii7pgegahjlzj0ilyi7 SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBFbmVyZ3kgQWdlbmN5Jnp3bmo7PC9hPjxzcGFuPiAmZ3Q7IDwvc3Bhbj48YSBocmVmPSIvc G9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT48c3Bhbj4gJmd0OyA8L3NwYW4PGEga HJlZj0iL3BvbGljaWVzYW5kbWVhc3VyZXMvcmVuZXdhYmxlZW5lcmd5LyI7 UmVuZXdhYmxlIEVuZXJneTwvYT48c3BhbiBjbGFzcz0ibGFzdCI7PC9zcGFuPjwvbmF2Pg( ). ItalianoMinisterodelloSviluppoEconomico(2013):Italy'sNationalEnergyStrategy:Foramorecompetitiveand sustainableenergy.rom.

13 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets GJETCTopicalpaperNo.1 12 JapaneseMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(2015):Long7termEnergySupplyandDemandOutlook.Tokyo. OECD/InternationalEnergyAgency(2014):Russia2014.Paris. OECD/InternationalEnergyAgency(2015a):WorldEnergyOutlook2015.Paris. OECD/InternationalEnergyAgency(2015b):EnergyEfficiencyMarketReport2015.MarketTrendsandMedium7 TermProspects.Paris. RenewableEnergyPolicyNetworksforthe21 st century(2015):renglobalstatusreport2015.paris. RepublicofTurkey(2012):IntendedNationallyDeterminedContribution.Ankara. SouthAfricanGovernment(o.J.):Energy.URL: SouthKorea7Energyefficiencyreport.latestupdate:March2012URL: %20Report.pdf( ). Tharakan,Pradeep(2015):SummaryofIndonesia senergysectorassessment.asiandevelopmentbankpaperson Indonesia,No.09.Manila.URL: pdf( ). TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)(2010):SaudiArabia srenewableenergystrategyandsolar EnergyDeploymentRoadmap.URL: ( ). TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)(2015a):RenewableEnergyTargetSetting.AbuDhabi. TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)(2015b):Renewableenergyprospects:UnitedStatesof America.Remap2030. UKDepartmentofEnergy&ClimateChange(2012):TheEnergyEfficiencyStrategy:TheEnergyEfficiency OpportunityintheUK.London. UnitedKingdomDepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange(2011):UKRenewableEnergyRoadmap: UnitedNationsFramworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)(o.J.):INDCSubmissions.INDCsas communicatedbyparties.url:

14 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets 4.Appendix:SelectedtargetsfortheotherG20states Table4.1:EnergytransitionandclimatechangemitigationtargetsintheotherG20states: RenewableEnergySources(RES) Pleasefindliteratureondataintheattachedreferences n.a.):datanotavailable):officialtargetisnotknownbytheauthors GJETCTopicalpaperNo.1 13

15 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets Table4.2:EnergytransitionandclimatechangemitigationtargetsintheotherG20states: EnergyEfficiency(EE) Pleasefindliteratureondataintheattachedreferences ):officialtargetisnotknownbytheauthors GJETCTopicalpaperNo.1 14

16 TheG20states selectedofficialenergyandclimatetargets Table4.3:EnergyTransitionandclimatechangemitigationtargetsintheotherG20states: GHG(CO 2 )emissions Pleasefindliteratureondataintheattachedreferences ):officialtargetisnotknownbytheauthors GJETCTopicalpaperNo.1 15