Perspectives of Hydrogen in the German Energy System

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1 Perspectives of Hydrogen in the German Energy System J.-F. Hake, J. Linssen, M. Walbeck Forschungszentrum Jülich, Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE), International Conference "Hydrogen in Europe", June 2004, College of Europe; Bruges, Belgium Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 1

2 Dimensions of Sustainable Development Society Sustainable Development Economy Environment Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 2

3 Pillars of Energy Supply Secure Supply Energy Supply Economical (Efficient) Environmentally Acceptable Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 3

4 Hard Coal Lignite Coal Oil Natural Gas Nuclear Renewable Energy Hard Coal Products Lignite Coal Prod. Fuel Oil Diesel Oil Gasoline Petrol Gas Methanol/Ethanol District Heat Electricity Hydrogen Schematic Graph of Energy Flow - German Energy System Domestic Mining Production of Energy Import Coal Conversion Refinery Power Plants and Electricity Distribution CHP and District Heat Distribution Gas Distribution Electrolysis Industry Small-Scale Consumers Households Transport Net Production (EURO) Process Heat Space Heat Per Capita Light Communication Power Passenger Transport (Pkm) Transport of Goods (tkm) Reforming Demand Primary Energy Final Energy Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 4

5 Possible Hydrogen Production Paths Reforming processes in combination with fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, mineral oil fuels), Electrolysis of water with electricity out of non renewable or renewable energy sources High temperature cracking of water in combination with high temperature nuclear energy and Gasification of biomass and waste. Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 5

6 Hydrocarbon-based Production of Hydrogen (Well to Tank) Mining / Extraction Conversion Transport Distribution gasoline 14 diesel 6 CNG 14 LNG 9 DME 19 to 22 FTD 36 MeOH 24 to 26 liq. H to 144 comp. H 2 83 to 96 XX CO 2 emission in g per MJ fuel (lower heat value)) comp. H 2 : compressed Hydrogen DME: dimethyl ether FTD: Fischer-Tropsch diesel liq. H 2 : liquefied Hydrogen LPG: liquefied petroleum gas LNG: liquefied natural gas MeOH: methanol Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 6

7 Specific greenhouse gas emissions of the supply chain and use of fuel concerning to fuel costs (without taxes) (Well to Wheel) 150 Greenhouse gas emissions from fuel supply and use / g CO2eq /MJ Methanol C.H2 (Natural Gas) (Natural Gas) Gasoline/ Diesel C.NG C.H2 FAME (Wood) Ethanol Hydrogen C.H2 (Wind electricity) C.H2, L.H2 (Solar electricity) Fuel supply costs / EUR/MJ C.H2 => Compressed Hydrogen FAME=> Fatty acid methyl ester (bio-diesel) CNG => Compressed natural gas L.H2 => Liquefied Hydrogen Source: FZJ/ BWK 2004 Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 7

8 Hydrogen Fuel and German Tax Legislation In Germany Hydrogen as fuel is taxed with the mineral oil tax rate for natural gas (13.90 Euro/MWh => about 46 Euro-Cent/kg). This reduced tax rate is terminated to the year 2020 according to 3 of the mineral oil tax legislation of the German parliament. Hydrogen produced out of biomass remains duty-free. Hydrogen from regenerative electricity is not tax freed Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 8

9 Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen is a colourless, odour-free gas and its flame burns invisible. Hydrogen can not be found elementary on earth, but only in chemically bounds in form of water or hydrocarbons. Today three principals are realised for the storage of hydrogen: - Pressurised storage - Hydrogen storage via metal hydride - Liquefied storage and hybrid options (cryogenic pressurised storage) Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 9

10 Comparison of Fuels/ Fuel Storage Systems of Passenger Cars GRP => glass-fibre reinforced plastic CRP => carbon-fibre reinforced plastic Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 10

11 Comparison of Safety Characteristics health hazard environmental hazard toxicity: water contamination [mg/l] maximum allowable concentration MAC [ppm] gasoline methanol hydrogen irritation to eyes, skin and airways; swallowing can cause ablepsia, death can generate cancer; swallowing can cause pulmonary damages high water hazardous potential (water endangerment category 3) low water hazardous potential (water endangerment category 1); biodegradable inhalation can cause difficulties of breathing and unconciousness C 6 H 14 : not determined - Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 11

12 Parts of Hydrogen Infrastructure Hydrogen pipeline Marl-Hüls Köln, Germany Railway and Road trailer for pressurised Hydrogen storage Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 12

13 Qualitative Comparison of Invest Costs for Different Fuel Infrastructures High invest costs Medium invest costs Low invest cost TDW => tons dead weight CNG => compressed natural gas LH 2 => liquefied Hydrogen LNG => liquefied natural gas Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 13

14 Technical Development Status for Different Fuel Infrastructures High technical status Medium technical status Research and development stage TDW => tons dead weight CNG => compressed natural gas LH 2 => liquefied Hydrogen LNG => liquefied natural gas Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 14

15 Potential Hydrogen Applications Stationary - Heat (combustion) - Electricity (fuel cells) Mobile - Internal Combustion Engines - Combination of Fuel Cells and electric traction - Fuel Cells as auxiliary power unit for onboard electricity supply Portable - power supply of portable devices (e.g. notebooks) - remote grid consumers like telecommunication R&D Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 15

16 Comparison of Final Energy Consumption and Share of Hydrogen for Different Scenarios total final energy consumption [PJ] 154, , , , ,513 share of hydrogen [%] Reference Scenario of World Energy Demand - IEA World Energy Outlook (2002) total final energy consumption [PJ] 36,432 40,503 45,678 49,410 52,124 share of hydrogen and new fuels [%] Baseline Scenario - European Union "European Energy and Transport Trends to 2030 (2003) World EU total final energy consumption [PJ] 9,441 9,197 9,706 9,641 9,387 8,856 8,222 share of hydrogen [%] Reference Scenario of the study commission of the German Parliament "Nachhaltige Energieversorgung... (2002) - Germany Programme Group Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (STE) 16