Annex-6 Some Important Places on the Map

Transcription

1 Annex-6 Some Important Places on the Map 1

2 Annex 7 Groundwater Discharge in the Keauhou Aquifer

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4 Annex-8 The Intersection of Marine and Terrestrial Hydrological Processes Coastal ponds lay at the intersec1on of marine and terrestrial hydrological processes Dudley, Discharge from upstream aquifer Discharge from coastal aquifer 6 water level 5 Water level (cm) Salinity Temperature Groundwater discharge (m3/15min) Water Temp ( C) 1.9 Salinity /3/1 1: 1/3/1 18: 1/31/1 : 1/31/1 6: 1/31/1 1: 1.44 Rotzoll, 13 Figure 1. Study location with pond types in their respective watersheds on Hawai i Island, U.S.A. Pond categories Non-N-fixing and N-fixing had monospecific tree cover of either Thespesia populnea or the invasive, N-fixing tree Prosopis pallida, respectively. Ponds in the Open and Open with fish categories lacked overhanging vegetation and were typically surrounded by either bare lava or sparse grasses; ponds in the latter category contained populations of poeciliids. Ponds in the category Radon were sampled to assess water residence times. Monitoring over longer,me period shows that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is affected by sea level because sea level affects both, ocean water level and aquifer groundwater level SEA LEVEL RISE= SGD!!! Rn.5 Ocean water level Spectral density Rn Salinity x 1 1e e+1 5 e+ 5 5e+1 Normalized monthly average 4.5 Ground water level Apr Spectral density ocean water level 3 5 Frequency Apr 14 Time Ocean water level Precipitation Gradient Rn Time 17 4

5 SGD is sourced only parally locally, at least half of water discharging at the coast comes from the upstream aquifer SGD=4% basal+31% high-level+45% upstream aquifer 4% 1% 31% Hudson, 18 36% originates within Kiholo Aquifer 64% the 55% 55% 45% 45% 45% 1% 53% 36% Fackrell, 18 5

6 Annex-9 Groundwater Aerial Study Questions: Where s the SGD? What s in it? Where does it come from? Craig Glenn Univ. Hawaii WWTP Wastewater Treatment SW In-Situ Nutrient Integration via Salinity SW SGD SGD Johnson etetal., 8 See Johnson al., 8 What s in it? #3 Coastal Wells mix NO3 ing #: Drink #1: Rain PO4 Different Regional Aquifers Yield Different Compositions WWTP Effluent Johnson et al., 8 6

7 Where does it come from? ISOTOPES OF WATER Flowpaths is more complicated than once thought West Hawaii Groundwater (Scholl et al., 1996) Very low groundwater δ 18 O values suggests significant frac8ons of coastal groundwater derived from very high eleva8ons (> m), far inland. Average groundwater recharge elevations extrapolated using precipitation collector δ18oelevation relationships from West and from high elevation Kilauea volcano. Generalized summary of West Hawaiʻi groundwater flow paths based on calculated flow paths and conceptual models. From Fackrell et al., submied 18 - Also see Tillman et al., 14-7

8 Annex-1 Native Damselflies All na&ve Hawaiian damselflies are in the endemic genus Megalagion 7 currently recognized taxa most are strictly freshwater breeders One species, M. xanthomelas, can tolerate mixohaline waters This species is currently listed as Threatened under the ESA Megalagrion xanthomelas Megalagrion xanthomelas Biology Immatures are fully aquac, then hatch out into flying adults Have recently been reared in capvity Go through 8-1 instars Development me to adult stage is 114 days at C in fresh water Data from Will Haines, Hawaii DLNR Documented breeding water temperature range of -8 C Eggs will hatch at salinies up to ppt at 4-8 C No hatching at ppt if water temperature falls to C Immatures cannot tolerate salinies over 15 ppt Data from Lori Tango, UH Hilo and Robert Peck, USGS Immature stages are suscepble to predaon by introduced fishes Apparently exrpated on Kauai, only one populaon remaining on Oahu A few scaxered populaons remain on Lanai, Molokai and Maui 8

9 Popula'ons of Megalagrion xanthomelas are sca/ered in coastal wetlands around Big Island Kapoho popula'ons were recently lost due to East Ri< Zone erup'on of Kilauea 9