Section of Inland Water Hygiene Dept. Environment and Primary Prevention

Transcription

1 Section of Inland Water Hygiene Dept. Environment and Primary Prevention

2 Climate changes Temperature Wind Droughts /extreme rainfall Sun radiation Impact on water reservoir Hydrodynamics Biogeochemistry Ecology Algal blooms Detrimental effects on the quality of drinking water Indicator parameters (e.g. turbidity) Microbial parameters Chemical parameters (e.g. cyanotoxins)

3 Lake Occhito: different uses: irrigation (~ 60 %) (~ 143,000 hectares) drinking supply (~ 20 %) ((~ 800,000 consumers) industrial fishing natural wetland of International importance (Ramstar site) Catchment area ~ 1000 km 2 Network of torrential Inflows Max area ~ 10 km 2 Max depth ~ 40 m Volume ~ 333 millions m 3 The sequence (see n. 4) of droughts and overflowing never occurred before as frequently as in the last 10 years

4 Environmental authority (ARPA) Molise Environmental authority (ARPA) Apulia Local health Authority (ASL-Foggia) Regione Puglia (Apulia Region authority) Detection of P. rubescens in the Occhito Lake Monitoring of the Occhito Lake Monitoring DW treatment and distribution system Task force for emergency management Alert of the involved Environmental and Health Regional Authorities Results (9 Feb): - 34 x 10 6 cell/l raw water - 5 x 10 6 cell/l treated water - 5 x 10 6 cell/l distributed water to develop and apply a risk management plan for cyanobacterial toxins and cells in waters with reference to human health

5 Cell dimension 3-7 m Filaments length up to 2 mm ~ 3 m Low growth rate Ability to regulate position over the water column (gas-vacuoles) Growth in oligotrophic environment Photosynthesis at low level of solar radiation Ability to accumulate phosphorus inside the cell Microcystin production

6 cyclic heptapeptides, > 70 variants & nodularins Inhibitors of protein phosphatase WHO DW GV = 1 g/l (MC-LR) Provisional UF = 1000, AF = 80%

7 Involvement of key functions - - Apulia Regional authority (coordination) Local Authorities (Districts, Mayors) Civil protection Local health authority (ASL) Epidemiologic observatory, First aid ARPA Puglia Water supplier (Acquedotto Pugliese, AQP) Capitanata Land-Reclamation Syndicate, (Consorzio di Bonifica Capitanata) Basin authority PR & Press office Stakeholder officials (e.g health authorities, waterbody managers, water suppliers, environmental agencies, land users) Experts in multiple fields (biology, chemistry, toxicology, medicine, water engineering, agriculture) Support of National Technical-Scientific Bodies (ISS, CNR-ISPRA) Active flow of data for a comprehensive decision making Information and transparency

8 investigate and determine preventive actions for medium-long period situation and hazard assessment identification and involvement of key functions define/select feasible options identification of priorities for actions identification potential control points

9 1-2 time/week monitoring of water: algal counting + toxin concentration (ELISA screening method & confirmatory LC/MS-MS analyses) within the reservoir and the whole water supply chain: no immediate risk for public health Alternative additional water supply (dilution) and water treatment (sand filters integrated with PAC ) Alert to Civil Protection for emergency water supply Protection measures for workers within the basin Communication to the consumers Investigation of factors inducing the algal bloom: eutrophication caused by irregular wastes / role of sediments / sequence of droughts & overflowing Risk assessment concerning water uses other than human consumption: agriculture, fishing, recreational uses, food production: Banning of fishing in the Lake (april) Banning of mussel harvesting (april, exceptional circumstance due to overflowing from lake to the sea) Extension of monitoring to other basins Protocol CNR-IRSA / Consorzio di Bonifica Capitanata (irrigation water manager): study on the Occhito Lake: limnology, nutrient flows, cyanobacteria and toxins within the irrigation channels Protocol ISS / Regione Puglia: water safety plan

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15 Liquid Chromatography Select or scan Select or scan Focus Fragment Detect Direct injection (total microcystin): LOD g/l SPE (intra- extra-cellular): LOD g/l

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17 Nodularin (IS) Nodularin (IS) Demethyl-MC-RR MC-RR Demethyl-MC-RR 7.2 g/l MC-RR MC-YR MC-YR MC-LR MC-LR 0.3 g/l Demethyl-MC-LR Demethyl-MC-LR MC-LA MC-LA MC-LY MC-LY MC-LW MC-LW MC-LF MC-LF

18 Raw water 180x x x x Cells/L 100x x g/l 60x x x feb mar apr mag giu lug ago set ott nov Date of sampling MC-LR MC-YR MC-LA MC-RR NOD Dem-MC-RR Dem-MC-LR algal cells

19 25/02/ /03/ /03/ /03/ /03/ /04/ /04/ /04/ /04/ /04/ /05/ /05/ /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /06/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /08/ /08/ /08/ /08/ /09/ /09/ /09/ /09/ /09/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/2009 [C], ppb MCs (total) 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 Raw Treated Water Distributed (Castelnuovo) Distributed (S. Severo) Distributed (Apricena) Ditributed (Foggia)

20 07/02/09 14/02/09 21/02/09 28/02/09 07/03/09 14/03/09 21/03/09 28/03/09 04/04/09 11/04/09 18/04/09 25/04/09 02/05/09 09/05/09 16/05/09 23/05/09 30/05/09 06/06/09 13/06/09 20/06/09 27/06/09 04/07/09 11/07/09 18/07/09 25/07/09 01/08/09 08/08/09 15/08/09 22/08/09 29/08/09 05/09/09 12/09/09 19/09/09 26/09/09 03/10/09 10/10/09 17/10/09 24/10/09 31/10/09 07/11/09 14/11/09 21/11/09 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 MC-RR + dem-mc-rr( g/l) MC-RR 0,6 dem-mc-rr 0,5 Treated Water Distributed (Castelnuovo) 0,4 0,3 dem-mc-rr MC-RR MC-LR MC-RR MC-LR Distributed (S. Severo) Distributed (Apricena) Ditributed (Foggia) 0,2 0,1 0

21 Uncommon, changeable toxin production in raw water samples Demethyl-MCRR isomers: main cyanobacterial metabolites (range μg l -1 ), also together with MC-RR and MC-LR Risk assessment based on toxin concentration (algae level conservative trigger) Levels of toxins in DW constantly below the GV

22 April - October 2009 three intensive limnological campaigns by Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR) further limnological campaign foreseen in January 2010 regular monitoring of the irrigation network undertaken from late April 2009

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24 Lake South-North Transect P. rubescens Chl a concentration 6/04/2009 Total Chl a max 40 g/l 95 x 10 6 cell/l Total demethyl-mycrocistin RR 30 g/l (water dissolved + endocellular content) 23/06/2009 Total Chl a max 20 g/l 50 x 10 6 cell/l Total demethyl-mycrocistin RR 12 g/l 19/10/2009 Total Chl a 1-20 g/l < 1 x 10 6 cell/l Total demethyl-mycrocistin RR g/l

25 Total Microcystin concentrations in the irrigation network giu 6 lug 22 lug 7 set 26 ott Micr. Totale Micr. Endocellulare Micr. Disciolta Concentrazione Microcistina = < 1 µg/l 10 5 = 1-10 µg/l = µg/l = > 50 µg/l 0 10 giu 6 lug 22 lug 7 set 26 ott Micr. Totale Micr. Endocellulare Micr. Disciolta giu 6 lug 22 lug 7 set 26 ott Micr. Totale Micr. Disciolta 0 6 apr 10 giu 6 lug 22 lug 7 set 26 ott Micr. Totale Micr. Endocellulare Micr. Disciolta giu 6 lug Micr. Totale Micr. Endocellulare Micr. Disciolta apr 10 giu 6 lug 22 lug 7 set 26 ott Micr. Totale Micr. Endocellulare Micr. Disciolta apr 10 giu 6 lug 22 lug 7 set 26 ott Micr. Totale Micr. Disciolta

26 Late winter early spring maximum levels of concentration of P. rubescens and related toxins maximum in Chl a and cell density detected on the surface Summer population decrease and movement within the metalimnion Autumn increasing of vertical mixing The system is P-limited; population spread over the first 15 m Lowest microcystin concentration Phosphorus dynamic influenced by the balance between particulate / dissolved forms Demethyl-microcystin RR as the prevalent microcystin Total microcystin concentration in the irrigation network never exceeding 10 g/l

27 Coordination of the research activities within the DW chain Monitoring of the effectiveness of treatments (detection of algal cells and intra/extra cellular toxins before/after each treatment) Global risk assessment (e.g. disinfection-by-products) Water emergency plans Training on methodologies Risk communication Water safety plans Italian guidelines for cyanotoxin risk management within the chain of water for human consumption

28 Dedicated webspace within the Puglia Region site) Free-call phone number by the Regional Epidemiologic Observatory

29 Assessorato alle Politiche della Salute, Regione Puglia Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e la Protezione dell'ambiente Puglia Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Foggia Consorzio di Bonifica della Capitanata, Foggia Autorità di Bacino Acquedotto Pugliese Provincia di Foggia

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