Social LCA of buildings

Transcription

1 Social LCA of buildings Life cycle of buildings Maria Isabel Touceda Université Libre de Bruxelles 4MAT Reuse, recycling

2 Life cycle of buildings Building performance Materials Components Resource extraction Production Elements Occupants Disposal Reuse, recovery, recycling economically environmentally sustainable socially Construction Workers End of life Use 2

3 Normative framework for buildings EU directives Plan EPBD energy performance (DE 2002/91/CE, 2010/31/EU) Cost-optimality of minimum energy performance (EU) No 244/2012 National regulations Energy performance and renewable energy production Voluntary framework CEN Committee TC Sustainability of construction works 3

4 CEN TC 350 Sustainability of construction works Work program Framework Building EN 16309:2014 EN 16627:2015 Product 4

5 EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment Boundaries Figure. Information modules in the life cycle of buildings. Source: EN 16309:2014 5

6 EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment Social performance categories Social performance categories Accessibility Adaptability Health and comfort Loadings on the neighbourhood Maintenance Safety / security Sourcing of materials and services* Stakeholder Involvement* *Not considered yet in the last version of the standard (not ready for standardisation) 6

7 EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment List of indicators Social performance categories Accessibility Adaptability Health and comfort Loadings on the neighbourhood Maintenance Safety / security Sourcing of materials and services* Stakeholder Involvement* Social aspects Thermal characteristics Building fabric related: operative temperature; humidity; air velocity and distribution; type of activities in the room; type of users ( e.g. activities, clothing). User and control system-related operating T can be controlled [y/n] humidity can be controlled [y/o] air velocity and controlled [y/n] Etc. Indicators (some examples) distribution can be *Not considered yet in the last version of the standard (not ready for standardisation) 7

8 EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment List of indicators Social performance categories Accessibility Adaptability Health and comfort Loadings on the neighbourhood Maintenance Safety / security Sourcing of materials and services* Stakeholder Involvement* Social aspects Characteristics of indoor air quality Indicators (some examples) Building fabric related: Substances and particles (declared emissions or assessed concentration) CO (ppm), CO 2, Radon [Bq/m 3 ] Ventilation rate (e.g. l/s) Risk of mould growth User and control system-related control of ventilation [y/n] Measurement and display of CO 2 level [y/n] Measurement of humidity [y/n] *Not considered yet in the last version of the standard (not ready for standardisation) 8

9 EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment Impact assessment No valuation methods No reference points of performance But these could be defined by regulations, label schemes, etc. 9

10 EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment Conclusions Only the use-stage is covered Enables measuring and describing social performances Does not provide valuation methods, nor levels of performance. Societal aspects are excluded (e.g. equitability) 10

11 pic.batex Pol Viladoms Brussels housing stock Assessing socioeconomic impacts of retrofitting Life cycle of retrofitting Disposal

12 Context Environmental targets Energy performance Economic growth Create employment, fight against social dumping Social cohesion Combating poverty The increase of retrofitting relies on public incentives 12

13 Goal To include socioeconomic aspects in life cycle assessment methodologies to assist decision making related to housing retrofitting Nature, Society Environmental LCA + Socioeconomic aspects Natural environment Natural resources Health Well-being & dignity 13

14 Approach Nature, Society Environmental LCA + Natural environment Natural resources Workers Safe & healthy working conditions Job creation in fair conditions World Health Org. Social Hotspot Database Health Well-being & dignity 14

15 Approach Nature, Society Environmental LCA + Natural environment Natural resources Users Indoor air quality Mould and adequate indoor temperatures Economic affordability UNEP/SETAC WHO Factors leading to poverty Health Well-being & dignity 15

16 Approach Nature Society Environmental LCA + Natural environment Natural resources Health Well-being & dignity The State Contribution to economic growth Social services 16

17 Case study - FLORAIR social housing Quantify changes in sustainability due to renovation ( retrofit-no retrofit, 30 years ) FLORAIR I Social housing, 60 s 182 households very low gross income (average ) Very low energy retrofitting kwh/m 2 y kwh/m 2 y FLORAIR IV Works: -External insulation façade panels -New windows double glazing -Roof: insulation + water tightness -Ventilation system type D 17

18 Foreground processes (Belgium) Background processes Boundaries of assessment products products products res. extraction manufacturing Operational energy Sales Transport Works in situ Repair, maintenance HOUSING IN USE No-retrofitting scenario USE (retrofitted-no retrofitted) 30 years End of life Quantify changes due to renovation ( retrofit-no retrofit, 30 years ) 18

19 Workforce involved Metal products - Belgium Metaux Mozambique 2 54 % damage to labour rights and decent work Figure. Contribution to damage to labour rights and decent work. Source: Social Hotspots database. 19

20 Results (per household) Workers WHO- global burden of disease PREVIOUS RETROFIT (30 years) Safe & healthy working conditions Fatal accidents and diseases (foreground) 1.3E E E-05 [N] Fatal accidents and diseases (background) E-04 [N] Damage to labour rights and decent work Job creation: Foreground proc.(be) [wh fair] Background processes [wh] * wh= working hours Working hours with low risk of damage Sector Ave Wage being lower than Country s Minimum Wage Sector Ave Wage being lower than Country s Non-poverty Guideline Wages being under $2 per day 315 Child Labor in sector, Total 30 Forced Labor by Sector Excessive working time by sector A country lacks or does not enforce Coll Bargaining rights A country lacks or does not enforce Freed. Of Ass. Rights A country lacks or does not enforce the Right to Strike 5 Migrant workers are treated unfairly Damage to health (-) DALY DALY = Disability adjusted life years (-) is avoided damages Social Hotspot Database method Fair job creation working hours

21 Results (per household) Users PREVIOUS RETROFIT Indoor environment Presence of mould Yes No Yes No WHO method mould - risk of asthma Damage to health (-) DALY DALY = Disability adjusted life years (-) is avoided damages PREVIOUS RETROFIT (30 years) Affordability Operating costs (PV 30y- gas, ely,wtr) [ ] Operating costs / disposable income -11.4% -8.1% 3.3% *(-) expense; (+) saved; **PV: present value 25% >10% fuel poverty Fuel poverty index Utility costs (gas + water + electricity) / household purchasing power Disposable income (+) 3.32 % (+) is an improvement 20% Hh type (4p) - social tenants FLORAIR After retrofitting 15% No-retrofitting scenario 10% = (-) 3.32% year 25 fuel poverty line 5%

22 Results (per household) The State PREVIOUS RETROFIT (30 years) methods Life cycle costing Investments & return (The "State") Investment: works [ ] Repair & maintenance [ ] VAT: works (received) [ ] VAT: energy (received) [ ] VAT: maintenance (received) [ ] Contribution to social security [ ] Additional rent [ ] Avoided costs Aids to unemployment (avoided) [ ] * (-) cost is an expense; (+) is received Contribution to growth (30 y) (-) (-) is an expense 22

23 Application Six endpoint results and now? Exhausting data collection Extract conclusions for similar situations Housing typology Household typology Housing conditions before works Some examples to optimize policies Identify priorities for intervention (households, housing typology and conditions) 23

24 improvement Application- case study Social housing Heating deprivation, mould before works Ver low-energy retrofitting Natural resources (Surplus cost [$]) Natural environment [species*year] Damage to human health [DALY] Fair working hours [wh] Contribution to growth [ ] Purchasing power [%] % % -15.0% -10.0% -5.0% % % 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% % MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL FLORAIR LIFE CYCLE I&IV ASSESSMENT sc 1 OF 30y BUILDINGSsc 1 30y sc 1 30y sc 1 30y FLORAIR I&IV 24

25 Application housing stock level Typologies + relevant scenarios SCENARIOS Household House conditions Works Income, tenure Previous Post-works Sourcing Degree of intervention Q75 Mould+Very low T Min requirem. Local Minimum Q50 Very low T (<16ºC) Low E Conventional Complete Q25 Mouldy app. Very low E Social housing Heating deprivation Passive Thermal comfort HANKAR scenario 0 (baseline -no retrofit) Idem scenario 1 (as built) Q75 Mould LowE Local Complete scenario 2 (cost-optimum) Q75 Thermal comfort LowE Local Complete scenario 3 Q75 Thermal comfort Min req Local Complete scenario 4 Q75 Mould LowE Conventional Complete scenario 5 Q75 Thermal comfort LowE Conventional Complete scenario 6 Q75 Mouldy LowE Conventional Complete scenario 7 Q50 Mouldy LowE Local Complete scenario 8 Q50 Thermal comfort LowE Local Complete FLORAIR scenario 0 (baseline -no retrofit) Idem scenario 1 (real) social tenants Mouldy appartm very low E Local Minimum MARIA scenario ISABEL 1 bis TOUCEDA GOMEZ- social SOCIALtenants LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT heating deprivation OF BUILDINGS Minimum scenario 2 social tenants Thermal comfort very low E Local Minimum 25

26 damage increase improvement Application - comparison Two typologies in similar conditions Private houshehold - income average quartile Q25 Heating deprivation, mould before works Ver low-energy retrofitting Natural resources (Surplus cost [$]) Natural environment [species*year] Damage to human health [DALY] Fair working hours [wh] Contribution to growth [ ] Purchasing power [%] % % -15.0% -10.0% -5.0% FLORAIR I&IV FLORAIR I&IV FLORAIR I&IV FLORAIR I&IV FLORAIR I&IV % 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% FLORAIR I&IV 26

27 1 30y s 30y 2 30y 30y 30y 30y Application housing stock level Typologies + relevant scenarios Appartment Mouldy Low-energy Social/ Income Q25 / Q50 Appartment Thermal comfort Low-energy Social/ Income Q25 / Q50 Natural resources (Surplus cost [$]) Natural environment [species*year] Damage to human health [DALY] Fair working hours [wh] Contribution to growth -25.0% -20.0% Purchasing power [%] % -10.0% -5.0% Social housing private Q 25 Q Mouldy Social housing MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL sc 1 sc LIFE sc 2 CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS 30y Not mouldy 1bis Thermal comfort 30y MERCREDI DE L INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE 30y DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE Q 25 Q 50 Q 25 Q 50 private % 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% sc 1 30y sc 3 30y sc y

28 Conclusions Impacts on retrofitting are highly related to Housing conditions before retrofitting (temperature, mould, energy) Household income, ownership Origin of products, materials, workforce Necessary the monitoring of the housing stock A better performance in one aspect implies other consequences Decision making as a combination of objectives, thresholds, limits, ranges (e.g. fuel poverty line) based on baseline conditions 28

29 pic.batex Pol Viladoms Brussels housing stock Questions and discussion Life cycle of retrofitting Disposal