CHEMICAL WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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2 Hermann H. Hahn Rudolf Klute (Eds.) CHEMICAL WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT Proceedings of the 4th Gothenburg Symposium 1990 October 1-3, 1990 Madrid, Spain Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona

3 Prof. Dr. Hermann H. Hahn Dr. Rudolf Klute Institut fur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft der Universitat Karlsruhe Postfach 6980 D-7500 Karlsruhe 1 ISBN-13: e-isbn-13 : DOl: / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher cannot assume any legal responsibility for given data, especially as far as directions for the use and the handling of chemicals are concerned. This information can be obtained from the instructions on safe laboratory practice and from the manufactures of chemical and laboratory equipment Printed on acid-free paper

4 Preface The biennial International Gothenburg Symposia on Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment have proven to be a unique platform for the exchange of ideas and experiences between administrators, engineers and scientists active in the fields of water supply, wastewater disposal and pollution control. The First Symposium (Gothenburg, 1984) provided a long needed survey over theory and application of chemical water and wastewater treatment. The Second Symposium (Berlin, 1986) was devoted to aspects of recycling in chemical water and wastewater technology. The Third Symposium (Gothenburg, 1988) recognised the growing need and the potentials of pretreatment. These proceedings of the 4th Symposium focus on technology transfer from chemical treatment theory to practical treatment of drinking water and industrial or domestic wastewater. The contributions are devoted to questions of floc formation and floc separation as well as problems and practical solutions associated with chemicals and dosing control. Special attention is given to the combination of chemical and biological processes for nutrient removal from wastewater. It is the editors' privilege to acknowledge the invaluable help from the authors of this book. It is the editors' hope that they might convey the significance and potential of chemical treatment in solving the challenging problems water purification, wastewater disposal and pollution control. Again, Karin Knisely made a coherent reading from a group of individual papers and Adam Leinz and Springer Publishing Company more than helped to make the book appear on time. Kemira Kemi of Helsingborg, Sweden not only initiated the International Gothenburg Symposia but also gave technical and administrative support. The editors express their deep gratitude to all of them who made this book possible. Karlsruhe, Germany July 1990 H.H. Hahn R. Klute

5 Members of the Scientific Committee Prof. T. Asano, USA Dr. M. Boller, Switzerland Dr. N. Graham, England Prof. H.H. Hahn, Fed. Rep. of Germany Prof. P. Harremoes, Denmark Prof. A. Hernandez, Spain Dr. R. Klute, Fed. Rep. of Germany Prof. L. Lijklema, The Netherlands Prof. R. Mujeriego, Spain Prof. H. 0degaard, Norway Mr. K. Stendahl, Sweden Prof. N. Tambo, Japan Prof. M. Viitasaari, Finland

6 Contents Quo Vadis Chemical Treatment? H.H. Hahn 1 Floc Formation Optimization of Flocculation in Connection with Various Solid-Liquid Separation Processes N. Tambo Destabilization and Aggregation in Turbulent Pipe Flow R. Klute Colloid Destabilization in the Treatment of Surface Waters Containing Colloid-Stabilizing Pollutants Licsk6 Effects of Floc-Virus Association on Chlorine Disinfection Efficiency 75 s. Ohgaki and P. Mongkonsiri Flocculation in Static Mixer 1. Helgesson Floc Separation Pebble Matrix Filtration - A New Way of Floc Separation K.J.lves 93 Floc Strength in Bridging Flocculation K. Miihle and K. Domasch Floc Formation and Breakup in Continuous Flow Flocculation and in Contact Filtration M. Rebhun Industrial Application of Weighted Flocculation: Development of the Actiflo Clarification Process F. de Dianous, E. Pujol and J. C. Druoton Extended Coagulation for Reagent and Space Savings with Wastewater Lamella Settling G. Desbos, C. Laplace and F. Rogalla 127

7 x Contents Liquid-Solid Separation by Electroflotation: An Attractive Alternative to Dissolved Air-Flotation J. Mayer, L. Zhang and H.H. Hahn Unit Operations for the Removal of Solids and their Combinations in Water Treatment H.J. Kiuru Chemicals and Dosing Control Coagulation with Prepolymerized Metal Salts H. 0degaard, J. Fettig and H. Ratnaweera Simultaneous Phosphate Precipitation and Particle Destabilization Using Aluminium Coagulants of Different Basicity J. Fettig, H. C. Ratnaweera and H. 0degaard The Effect of Five Coagulants on the Concentration and Distribution of Small Particles in Sewage Water L. Gillberg, L. Eger and S.E. Jepsen Process Control of a Chemical Water Treatment Plant by a Continuous Flocculation Test J. Zhang, U. Wiesmann, A. Grohmann Increasing the Surface Load at a Direct-Precipitation Plant, YEAS, Norway P. Sag berg, R. St ther and A. Baggerud Berge Drinking Water Control of Reservoir Water Quality H. Bernhardt 285 Optimization of Sequential Unit Operations for Removal of Organics from Drinking Water E.A. Ibrahim, W. C. Becker, M.B. Capangpangan and I.H. Suffet Methods of Improving Granular Filters for Water Purification R.I. Ayukaev Aluminum Coagulation of Natural Organic Matter J.K. Edzwald and J.E. Van Benschoten Treatment of Coloured Surface Water by Coagulation/Direct Filtration: Effect of Water Quality, Type of Coagulant and Filter Aids B. Eikebrokk and J. Fettig A Simple Test for Determination of Optimal Doses in the Treatment of Humic Waters P. DolejS

8 Contents XI Two-Stage Iron(III) Coagulation As a Method of Improving the Effectiveness of the Water Purification Process G. Wahlroos Residual Aluminium Concentration in Drinking Water After Treatment with Aluminium or Iron Salts R. Nilsson Wastewater Treatment Pre-Precipitation and the High-Rate Process for Domestic Wastewater Pretreatment in Finland - A Case Study A. nmavirta Measures for Nutrient Removal from Sewage Wastewaters in Estonia 429 U. Asmus and N. Zaletova Full Scale Experience with Biological and Chemical Phosphorus Removal 443 E. Bundgaard and J. Pedersen Upgrading a Primary Treatment Plant for Nutrient Removal R. Storhaug and B. Rusten Ammonia and Phosphate Elimination by Biologically Intensified Flocculation Filtration Process A. Kraft and C.F. Seyfried Virus Risk Analysis in Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse T. Asano and R.H. Sakaji Sludge as Carbon Source for Denitrification 461 Chemical-Biological Nutrient Removal - The HYPRO Concept M. Henze and Poul Harremoes 499 Biological Hydrolysis of Sludge from Primary Precipitation P.E. J rgensen Carbon Source for Denitrification from Pre-Precipitated Sludge 1. Karlsson 521 The Use of Industrial By-Products as a Carbon Source for Denitrification B. Hansson and L. Gunnarsson Improving the Denitrification Potential in Biological Wastewater Treatment by Dosing Carbon from Sludge Hydrolysis E. Hoffmann and R. Klute