~ In: Manure Management '99.Extension Division- University of Saskatchewan (Ed.). Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.pp

Transcription

1 I ~ In: Mnure Mngement '99.Extension Division- University of Ssktchewn (Ed.). Ssktoon, Ssktchewn, Cnd.pp Chemicl Prmeters For Mturity Determintion of Pig Mnure Disposed From the Pig-onlitter (POL) System in Hong Kong (,,,,,,,,~.'. "",- ' S.M. Tiqui & N.F.Y. Tm. "..- -~ ---- Astrct The pig-on-litter syste~ lso known s in-situ composting is one of the most highly recommended methods to tret pig wstes in Hong Kong. Pigs in this system re rised in pens, the floor of which is covered with 30 cm thick lyer of swdust (edding mteril), mixed with commercilly ville cteril product to id decomposition. After <- ~ the-spent litter is removed from the pigpens. The spent litter contins high concentrtions of nutrients, orgnic mtter nd trce elements which cn e utilized s soil conditioner nd/or fertilizer, ut requires further composting in windrows to rech full mturity. In the present study, windrow composting of spent pig litter ws crried out to investigte~the~err~~ts"qtpiffeh~nfcoj?;iposlli1g'sffufegr~s'onif(e'c.j;leiwi::rpfopeftiesofthe" mture compost, nd to deteffi$~ potenti) c~en.riclprniet~rstht indicte mturity. Nine composting piles were mnged under different'oi>enitmgstrtegies (turning frequency, moisture content, nd moisture djustme,nt),during c,ompps,tingnd t mturtion, concentrtions'of-nh4-r.-n,' [N03-+ Ne2<-I..N,extrct8le:.p..nd~-totl"nd wter--'." --, '-,n, extrctle Cu nd Zn, nd ph vlues were similr in ll piles, regrdless of the initil mteril or composting strtegy. Among ilch~fulcl prmeters mesured, ph, concentrtions ofnh4+-n nd wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn re the simples~ lest expensive, ~d e~i~~t 9~~~~~~~,~~f~~~(~~: tprlty':~rsp~~~;'l~r~.~:i::,'::.:;..,"~'~':';:~::';",:" '.,".:~',:,:, Keywo'rCis:corijP~~f~g~.,Bo~P9~t'~~ty,:,pig '~lliitite~,'d~~q~p~iti6ii, ~pfg~6h;.litt~r: system, '," '"""",',,' 'n"..;;,' ':~, ~:;;:.,.-.,:;(., <., ",,',,',-, j:i,;";" "',\ :.', ',,' Introduction.." """:..,-- ",,-.. '".,.,..,,' " '., :' The excret is ~e~~os~da~~t~ rie~~y~tercoui:ses' nd ~tre~.,thisp~ctic~ i~.," convenient ut cie~~~'s~#~tfspoil~tic?~.~oiic~.ih J?~? ~'#i.ej\gn~turend Fisheries Dep~ent 9f H<?rigKo~g'ilii~~t~Ci: the 'pig-~~~littersyst~~ ~~~repigs reri~ed, on litter ~edding(sw4#st.#~~>y!th'~:~~rn~~tc~i c!eri,i:~!o~ii~t)~"a~.pig~x.c~~~ <?I1ce ~~P~~!t~4,.~~. qw~t.!y~~~~!!!l.~~,!~~e:,?e.~~~~i3f~~~~~~~~,~pp.?~7~~;,~i~~~~~ulking gent (swdust) m the p~g pe~ Ild,the rpld.d.~~oiilposlti~nofd.itr~gen(jus c<?~pounds led to the erdiction'of of :eilslve'odor:of'innioni. The success 6fthis pproch oftismgpigs..,.." ~I'" ' '.,''', ''''''..,...".",,...",~,," "", ",", hs lso een deriipnsfuif~d"in J n,-new Zelnd, 'ndthe~~therltids (FukUd, 1991)...'..,"'~.' -.,.. - p, '..,"", " -- C"'" ',' The pig:.on-littersys~m-is.~d:erodischrge'method'~fwste 'itec;itifients D:eitherwste wter :",,.. '..,--. '" ' '..".."..,".. :'.." '..!' ". nor effluent needkt ejindled..the only wste requi1 lg4!sp9s~listhe.spe]lt pig litter ( mixtureofp~i~ly"4~~o~p~s~~pig~ure ~4 s~~t):~~_~~~-:p..~eeks;.~~~o~. studies hve showh"thtthe'decc>mpositionof the pig milure-withiiithe pig-on':'litter'system is incomplete, th~refore, the spent pig litter (spent litter) requires-further composting in I" ''',''--'', ',',- windrows to chieve full mtupty (Tiqw D.<fTni1998)efore it cp.e recycled ck onto gricu1tur~)~d: "i ",: ' "-;.--. '" ", ",,' '~";'-"'~'",',,,' ", --,, ',.' ' , --'. " ~:,~!,; - _:, "...,'...' :1"..',. --'.,',\. :}'~i.,;;',~..,, '.449 c', :- ' ' '., -",/,,.," The Sth~~iri~$i4'rifr1~#ig'pigi~'H<?ng'~o~g"iS :on"c9ii~~teor s~tiedf1oors. '''....~.: :;:', '. ::n.',::.,:. ' ::, _: -;':.. c<. :: , -c, ;", :,::. '"., -.' '

2 Due to vritions in the numer of pigs, types of commercil cteril products, mounts of swdust, nd mngement prctices in the pig-on-litter system, the properties of the spent litter trom different pig pens re likely to e different. Such differences in the spent litter would ffect the time of mturtion nd qulity of the mture compost. On the other hnd, the operting strtegies eing used during windrow composting of this spent litter would lso influence the mturtion. Tiqui nd Tm (1998) nd Tiqui et l. (1997) concluded tht if the moisture content of the spent litter ws mintined t 60% nd turned every 4 dys, the spent litter would rech mturity in 56 dys. Spent litter piles with less trequent turning (every 7 dys) took 126dys to rech mturity (Tiqui et I., 1997), while spent litter piles with their moisture contents djusted to 70% took 91 dys to rech mturity (Tiqui et l., 1996 nd 1996). The decomposition of the spent litter during winter, without cteril inoculum or moisture djustment, ws slow nd the spent litter did not rech mturity t the end of the composting period (91 dys) (Tiqui, 1996; Tiqui et I., 1997 nd 1997c). The cceptnce of the spent pig litter compost s fertilizer nd/or conditioner depends on the consistent composition of the mture compost. It hs een reported tht composting leds to homogeneity in the composition of the product irrespective of the initil mteril nd the composting process (Grci et I., 1993; Serr-Wittling et I., 1996). Such homogeneity will e useful in estlishing mturity indices which cn e quntified numericlly. On the other hnd, previous studies hve shown tht chemicl properties of the mture compost vry depending on the properties of the initil mteril (Michel et I., 1996; Svge, 1996). The present study therefore ims (1) to investigte the effects of different initil mteril nd composting strtegies on the chemicl properties of the mture spent litter compost nd, (2) to identify the most suitle chemicl prmeters tht cn e used s n index of compost mturity. Mterils nd methods The spent litter ws collected trom five different pens (pens A to E) where the pig-onlitter system ws employed (Tle I). The sme feed type ws fed to the pigs in the pig-onlitter system nd the composition of the feed is shown in Tle 1.Nine tringulr piles, out 2 m in width t the se nd 1.5 m in height were uilt from the spent litter collected trom the five pens. The nine operting strtegies (piles 1 to 9) used re listed in Tle 2. All piles except pile 1were turned every 4 dys. The initil moisture content of ll piles were djusted to 60% with the exception of piles I to 3, whose moisture contents were djusted to 50% nd pile 5, whose moisture content ws djusted to 70%. The moisture content of piles 7_nd9 were djusted to their designed vlues, while no further djustment in moisture content ws crried out with the rest of the piles during composting. During the process of composting, the mient temperture nd temperture within ech pile were mesured efore turning. The spent litter ws considered mture when the temperture of the pile reched the mient level. Initil nd mture compost smples were collected t 5 rndom loctions in ech of the piles. These smples were comined nd mixed to provide composite smple. Triplicte composite smples were tken trom ech pile. The smples were nlyzed for Kjeldhl N (Pge et I., 1982); totl nd Olsen-extrctle P using scoric cid method (APHA, 1989); totl nd wter-extrctle (1:10 spent litter:wter extrct) K, Cu nd Zn (tomic sorption 450

3 I ~ spectrophotometry); NH4+-N nd (N03- + N02-)-N (pge et l. 1982); electricl conductivity (EC) (1:10 spent litter:wter extrct) using conductivity proe; ph (1:10 spent litter:wter extrct) using ph proe; totl C nd sh content (loss on ignition); humic (HA) nd fulvic (FA) cids (Pge et l., 1982); nd ction-exchnge cpcity (CEC) (Hrd nd Inoko, 1980) Men nd stndrd devition (SD) of the three replictes of ech pile were clculted. One-wy nlysis of vrince ws performed to determine differences mong the 9 piles during the initil nd mture stge. Significnt differences mong mens were then compred using the Bonferroni Test. A t-test ws crried out to compre the difference etween the initil spent litter nd mture compost product in ech pile. All sttisticl nlyses were sed on the procedures descried y Zr (1984). The Sigm Stt for Windows 1.0 computing pckge (Jndel Corportion, USA) ws used to perform ll sttisticl nlyses... J r ', ~. ;.' Results Kjeldhl N, totl P nd K At dy 0 (initil stge), the Kjeldhl N, nd totl P nd K concentrtions of ll piles rnged from 1.80 to 3.05%, 1.32 to 1.80% nd 1.03 to 1.80%, respectively (Tle 3). At mturity, these vlues slightly incresed to 1.90 to 3.45 % for Kjeldhl N, 1.51 to 2.04 % for totl P nd 1.42to 2.01% for totl K (Tle 3). The initil concentrtions ofn, P, nd K of the spent litter piles were not significntly different from those of the mture product in ll piles. However, significnt differences were found mong 9 piles t mturity in terms of the Kjeldhl N nd totl P content. The totl K content of ll 9 piles were similr t mture stge with the exception of piles 7 nd 8 whose vlues were higher. : '-.' Inorgnic N, nd extrctle P nd K The concentrtions ofnh4+-n nd (N03- + N02-)-N of the initil spent litter vried significntly from ech other (Tle 4). The initil NH4+-N content of the spent litter piles rnged from 3.88 to 7.20 mg g-l, nd decresed to 0.12 to 0.46 mg g-l t mturity. Conversely, the (N03- + N02-)-N content incresed from initil vlues of 0.08 to 0.27 mg g- 1 to 1.16 to 1.44 mg g-l t the mture stge. The concentrtions of(n03- + N02-)-N did not differ mong ll piles t mturity. The NH4+-N concentrtions of ll mture piles were lso not significntly different from ech other except piles 3 nd 4 (Tle 4), which were sttisticlly higher. During the initil stge of composting (dy 0), the extrctle P nd K contents of the spent litter piles rnged from 3.64 to 5.45 mg g-l nd 6.65 to mg g-l, respectively. At mture stge, these levels incresed significntly (P <0.0001) etween 6.41 to 7.44 mg g-l for extrctle P nd 9.72 to mg g-l for extrctle K. No significnt difference ws found in terms of the extrctle P content mong ll 9 piles t mturity. Although some differences in extrctle K were found etween 9 piles, the difference ws only out 1.0 mg g-1. Electricl conductivity (EC), ph, totl C nd sh The EC, ph, totl C nd sh content of the initil spent litter piles vried significntly 451

4 I from ech other(tle5).duringcomposting,the ECvluend sh contentincresed,while the totl C nd ph vlue decresed. The totl C concentrtions of the spent litter piles t mture stge did not vry from ech other except for piles 3, 4 nd 5 whose vlues were out I% higher thn the other piles. The sh contents of the 9 piles were similr except for piles 3, 4 nd 5 whose sh vlues were lower. At mturity, ph nd EC vlues did not differ mong ll piles except piles 3 nd 5, whose EC vlues were lower thn the rest. Humic cid (HA), fulvic cid (FA), ction exchnge cpcity (CEC) nd C:N rtio The HA content of ll 9 piles were not significntly different t dy 0 (initil stge) (Tle 6). At mturity, the HA content of ll piles incresed ut the increses in piles 6, 7, 8 nd 9 were significntly higher thn the other 6 piles (Tle 6). The FA content of ll piles remined reltively stle during composting, while the CEC content nd C:N rtio vried significntly from ech other in ll piles during the initil nd mture stges of composting. Totl nd wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn As composting progressed, the concentrtions of totl Cu nd Zn incresed, while the wter- extrctle Cu nd Zn decresed significntly (P <0.0001). The initil wterextrctle Cu nd Zn concentrtions of the spent litter piles differed significntly from ech other s result of the different tretments during the initil pig-on-litter system (Tle 1). When the spent litter piles reched mturity, the totl nd wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn concentrtions were similr mong ll piles (Tle 7). Discussion Vritions in the tretments (i.e. numer of pigs, mount of swdust dded, type of cteril inoculum dded nd litter mngement) under the pig-on-litter system (Tle 1) resulted in the differences in chemicl properties of the initil spent litter mteril which would ffect the qulity of the composted product. Among ll the chemicl properties investigted, there re chemicl prmeters (Kjeldhl N, totl P, K nd C, sh, HA, CEC, EC nd C:N rtio) whose vlues were influenced y the initil mteril nd therefore cnnot e used in estlishing the degree of mturity of spent litter. Similr results were oserved on composting of horse mnure (Wrmn nd Termeer, 1996), roiler litter (Flynn nd Wood, 1996) nd municipl wstes (Grci et l., 1992).Thes.euthors found tht the chemicl properties of the composted product such s N, P, K nd C:N rtio re very much influenced y the initil feedstocks. The Kjeldhl N, totl P nd K of the mture compost vried depending on the concentrtions of the initil mteril. Spent litter piles with higher initil Kjeldh1N nd totl P nd K lso hd higher nutrient vlues t mture stge (Tle 5). The totl nutrient content of the spent litter incresed slightly during composting, indicting tht this process did not reduce the gronomic qulity of the end-product. It hs een known tht composting is minly decomposition nd trnsformtion (Golueke, 1977). For nitrogenous compounds, the conversion is from protein to orgnic N, then to NH4+ nd fmlly to N03-/N02- (with very little denitrifiction). This is why decrese in NH4+-N concentrtion followed y n increse in (N03-+N02-)-N re common for composting process (Riffldi et I., 1986; Forster et I., 1993). 452

5 The HA content ws influenced minly y the composting strtegies, while the CEC content of the spent litter ws influencedy oth the initil mteril nd the operting strtegies used during windrow composting. Their vlues incresed over the composting period, nd t the end of mturtion showed wide vrition in HA (37.3 to 89.7 g Kg-I) nd CEC ( meq 100 g-l) content, depending on the strting mteril nd the operting strtegies used. The totl C nd sh content were lso influenced y the operting strtegies. r"'.!.~ '\.. _. ' One rtio which is frequently used s n index of compost mturity is the C:N rtio. The decline to etween 20:1 t mturity hs een recommended s n index of compost mturity (Jimenez nd Grci, 1991).If such criterion for mturity is to e used, the spent litter from piles 6, 7, 8 nd 9 would e considered mture even t dy 0 s their initil C:N rtios were less thn 20:1 (Tle 6). The C:N rtio ws influenced y the initil spent litter mteril. The numericl vlues of the mture piles vried widely etween 11.9 nd 25.6 (Tle 6), suggesting tht C:N rtio cnnot e used s suitle index of mturity. Such prolem ws lso encountered during composting of domestic sewge sludge (Jimenez nd Grci, 1991) nd municipl solid wstes (Grci et l., 1992). These uthors suggested tht C:N rtio of the wter extrct rther thn tht of the compost mteril could e more useful indictors of compost mturity. To e considered s suitle indictor of compost mturity, it is not sufficient tht prmeter hs similr pttern of chnge during the course of composting. Rther it is importnt tht the prmeter reched similr vlues when the compost ecme mture, regrdless of the differences in the initil mteril nd composting strtegies (Grci et I., 1992; Grci et l., 1993; Serr-Wittling et I., 1996). Amongst ll the chemicl prmeters studied, the concentrtions of inorgnic nutrients (NH4+-N, [N03- + N02-]-N, extrctle P nd K), nd ph cn e used s suitle indictors of mturity of spent litter s their numericl vlues were not influenced y the differences in the initil mteril nd the operting strtegies employed during windrow composting. When the spent litter reched mturity, compost from ll piles shred the sme qulity in terms of these chemicl prmeters. Moreover, these chemicls hve direct link to the fertility vlue of the compost mteril nd thus, contriute lrgely to the qulity of the compost mteril. Totl nd wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn concentrtions of the mture compost were lso not ffected y the strting spent litter mteril nd composting strtegy s these prmeters reched similr vlues in ll piles t mture stge. Therefore, they cn e considered s useful index for the mturity of spent litter in the present study. The concentrtions of totl Cu nd Zn in the spent litter compost were high, nd this fct.cnnot e voided since these two metls re dded in the pig diet. However, s fr s the ppliction of compost on griculturl lnd is concerned, the content of the wter-extrctle form of the hevy metls is more importnt thn the totl metl concentrtion (petruzzelli et l., 1989; Tiqui et I., 1996c). The wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn concentrtions decresed during composting ecuse they ind with the humic sustnces. It is therefore not due to the moisture content of the windrow, turning frequency, nd feed types. Leching ofcu nd Zn due to run-on nd run-offws not oserved. In the present study, decreses in wterextrctle Cu nd Zn concentrtions coincided with increses in HA content of the spent litter, indicting the ility of humic sustnces to form stle complexes with metl ions. 453

6 Therefore, the wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn cn e used s suitle prmeters to indicte mturity of spent litter. =-'" -- The present study reveled tht good operting strtegy enhnced the qulity of the mture spent litter compost. Spent litter piles with more frequent turnings (every 4 dys) nd moisture djustment to 60% during composting hd higher CEC nd HA vlues compred with spent litter with less frequent turnings nd without djustments in moisture content. The ddition of cteril inoculum during the pig-on-litter in-situ composting hd no,effecton the chemicl properties of the spent litter nd the efficiency of the process if the operting -- ~ strtegiesmentionedove re met. Such fmdingis of remrkleimportncesinceit mens tht the whole process could e run on more economic sis. For prcticl composting opertions, it would e desirle to use simple, inexpensive nd esy indictors of compost mturity. The mesurement of chemicl prmeters such s ph, EC, mmonium nd possily wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn concentrtions of the composted product stisfied this criteri, nd cn e used s indices of mturity. However, compost mturity is difficult to defme y only employing the chemicl prmeters. The understnding of compost mturity hs to e improved y employing iologicl prmeters such s microil counts, oxygen uptke rte, germintion index (Inr et I., 1990; Brinton et I., 1995), nd physicl prmeters such s ulk density nd prticle size distriution (Tiqui nd Tm, 1998). These prmeters, together with the chemicl prmeters suggested in this study will e useful in the estimtion of compost mturity nd the development of mturity index of spent litter compost. Acknowledgment The uthors would like to thnk Ms. Christin Lo nd ll the technicl stff of the T Kwu Ling Pig Breeding Centre, Agriculture nd Fisheries Deprtment, Hong Kong Government, for llowing this compost trils to e crried out t the Centre, nd for ll the ssistnce offered during these trils. This project ws fmncilly supported y the RGC Competitive Ermrked Reserch Grnt (CERG) nd the City University Reserch Grnt. References APHA (Americn Pulic Helth Assocition) (1989) Stndrd Methods for the Exmintion of Wter nd Wstewter. 16th edition. APHA, Wshington D.C., U.S.A. Flynn, R. nd Wood, C.W. (1996) Temperture nd chemicl chnges during composting of roiler litter. Compost Science nd Utiliztion 4 (3), Fukud, T. (1991) Utiliztion of Fermenttion Products in the 'Pig-on-litter' System of Pig Frming. Jpnese Council for the Propgtion nd Promotion of Fermenttion Products. Tokyo, Jpn. Grci, C., Hernndez, T., Cost, F. nd Ayuso, M. (1992) Evlution of the mturity of municipl wste compost using simple chemicl prmeters. Communiction in Soil Science nd Plnt Anlysis 23 (13 nd 14),

7 Grci, C., Hernndez, T., Cost, F. Ceccnti, B., Mscindro, G., nd Clcini, M. (1993) Evlution of the orgnic mtter composition of rw nd composted municipl wstes. Soil Science nd Plnt Nutrition 39, ('~, '\ ~u Golueke, C.G. (1977) Biologicl Reclmtion of Orgnic Wstes. Rodle Press. Emmus, Pennsylvni, U.S.A. Hrd, Y. nd Inoko, A. (1980) Reltionship etween ction-exchnge cpcity of composts for the estimtion of degree of mturity. Soil Science nd Plnt Nutrition 26 (3), Inr, Y., Chen, Y., Hdr, Y. nd Hoitink, H.A.J. (1990) New pproches to compost mturity. BioCycle 31, Jimenez, I.E. nd Grci, V.P. (1991) Composting of domestic sewge sludge. I. Evolution of temperture, ph, C/N rtio ction-exchnge cpcity. Resources, Conservtion nd Recycling 6, Michel, F.C., Hung, J.F., Forney, L.J. nd Reddy, C.A. (1996) Field scle study of the effect of pile size, turning regime nd lef grss mix rtio on the composting of yrd trimmings. In The Science of Composting, eds. M. De Bertoldi, P. Sequi, P. Lemmes nd T. Ppi, Chpmn nd Hll. London, U.K. pp Pge, A.L., Miller, R.H. nd Keeney, D.H. (1982) Methods of Soil Anlysis. Prt 2. Chemicl nd Microiologicl Properties. 2nd edition. Americn Society of Agronomy. Mdison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Petruzzelli, L., Lurno, L. nd Guidi, G. (1989) Uptke y com nd chemicl extrctility of hevy metls from four yers compost treted soil. Plnt nd Soil 16, Svge, G.M. (1996) The importnce of wste chrcteristics nd processing in the production of qulity compost. In The Science of Composting, eds. M. De Bertoldi, P. Sequi, P. Lemmes nd T. Ppi. Chpmn nd Hll. London, U.K. pp Serr-Wittling, C., Brriuso, E. nd Houot, S. (1996) Impct of composting type on composts orgnic mtter chrcteristics. In The Science of Composting, eds.m. De Bertoldi, P. Sequi, P. Lemmes nd T. Ppi, Chpmn nd Hll. Chpmn nd Hll. London, U.K. pp Tiqui, S.M. nd Tm, N.F.Y. (1998) Composting of pig mnure in Hong Kong. BioCycle 39 (2), Tiqui, S.M. nd Tm, N.F.Y. (1998) Composting of spent pig litter in turned nd forcederted piles. Environmentl Pollution 99, Tiqui, S.M., Tm, N.F.Y nd Hodgkiss, I.J. (1996) Effect of moisture content on composting of pig-mnure swdust litter disposed from the pig-on-litter (POL) system. In The Science of Composting, eds. M. De Bertoldi, P. Sequi, P. Lemmes nd T. Ppi, Chpmn nd Hll. Chpmn nd Hll. London, U.K. pp

8 Tiqui, S.M., Tm, N.F.Y. nd Hodgkiss, I.J. (1996) Microil ctivities during composting of spent pig-mnure swdust litter t different moisture contents. Bioresource Technology 55, Tiqui, S.M., Tm, N.F.Y. nd Hodgkiss. I.J. (1996c) Effects of composting on phytotoxicity of pig-mnure swdust litter. Environmentl Pollution 93 (3), Tiqui, S.M., Tm, N.F.Y. nd Hodgkiss, I.J. (1997) Effects of turning frequency on composting of spent pig-mnure swdust litter. Bioresource Technology 67, Tiqui, S.M., Tm, N.F.Y. nd Hodgkiss, I.J. (199Th)Effects of cteril inoculum nd moisture djustment on composting of pig mnure. Environmentl Pollution 96 (2), Tiqui, S.M., Tm, N.F.Y. nd Hodgkiss, I.J. (1997c) Composting of spent pig litter t different sesonl tempertures in sutropicl climte Environmentl Pollution 98 (1), Wrmn, P.P. nd Termeer, W.C. (1996) Composting nd evlution of rcetrck mnure, grss clippings nd sewge sludge. Bioresource Technology 55, Zr, J.H. (1984) Biosttisticl Anlysis. Prentice Hll, Inc. U.S.A. 718 pp. 456

9 f' ~. ~. Tle 1. Description of the pig pens during pig rering under the pig-on-litter systemt. Tretment Pen A PenB PenC PenD PenE Size of pig pen 32m2 30m2 40m2 40m2 30m2 Numer of pigs Age of pigs t strt 99 dys 82 dys 113dys 72 dys 78 dys Rising period 92 dys 115 dys 91 dys 123dys 117 dys Litter mngement Mixing Lyering Lyering Lyering Lyering Totl feed consumptiont Kg Kg Kg 11910Kg Kg Totl swdustconsumption 60 gs 70 gs 81.5gs 91 gs 90 gs Bcteril productused Elimexl Vitcogen Biogreen no cteril Odor control productdded (OC)-orgnic fertilizers(of) tspent litter in piles 1 nd 2 were collected from Pen A; spent litter in piles 3, 4, nd 5 were collected from Pen B; spent litter in pile 6 ws collected from Pen C; spent litter in piles 7 ws collected from Pen D; spent litter in piles 8 nd 9 were collected from Pen E. ~The sme type of feed ws fed to the pigs in pens A to E. The feed contined mixture of com yellow, soy en mel, fish mel, ft, nd smll mount of diclcium phosphte, lysine, Tsmix 77 (with pre-mix Cu nd Zn), Tyln nd Hygromix. 457

10 Tle 2. Operting strtegies nd sesonl conditions during compostingtdurtion of composting nd time of mturtion. n Pile OpertingStrtegies Time when Turning Initil Regulr Seson Durtionof temperture frequency moisture moisture composting rechedmient djustment correction tril. level A 1 2 dys 50% No Spring-summer 126dys 74 dys A 2 4 dys 50% No Spring-summer 126dys 74 dys B 3 4 dys 50% No Summer-utumn 91 dys 60 dys B 4 4 dys 60% No Summer-utumn 91 dys 60 dys B S 4 dys 70% No Summer-utumn 91 dys 91 dys 6 4 dys 60% No Summer 91 dys 56 dys D 7 4 dys 60% Yes Summer 91 dys 56 dys E 8 4 dys 60% No Summer 91 dys 56 dys E 9 4 dys 60% Yes Summer 91 dys S6dys 458

11 ~..;-- {.." Tle 3. Kjeldhl N, totl P nd K concentrtions of the initil nd mture spent Utter. Pen Pile N(%) P(%) K(%) Initil Mture Initil Mture Initil Mture mteril compost mteril compost mteril compost A :f:0.48t 1.98 :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:0.02 A :f: O.O 1.90 :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:0.11 B :f:0.06 e 2.71 :f: :f: 0.01c c 1.51 :f: :f:0.02c 1.42 :f:o. B 4 c e c c c 2.02 :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:0.04, 1.50:f: 0.78 B 5 c c 1.80 :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:0.01c 1.53 :f:o. C 6 cd 2.56 :f:0.01 cd 3.13 :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:0.06 D 7 d 3.05 :f:0.18 cd 3.19:f: :f: :f: :f: :f:0.03 E 8 cd cd 2.56:f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: E 9 e d 'i 2.74 :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:( Rnge Men:f:SD~ :f: :f: ; :f: :f: :f: :f:0.23 t Column Mens:f: stndrd devition (three replictes) of the sme letter in the superscript position re not significntly ~erent from ech other t P<0.05; t Men:f: stndrd devition ofte 9 piles re shown. 459

12 Tle 4. Concentrtions of NH/ -N, (NO,,, + NOi)-N nd, extrctle P nd K of the Initil nd mture spent Utter. Pen Pile NH+-N (m2 2-1) (N01- + N(h-)-N (m2iil) Extrctle P (m2 R-I) Extrctle K (m!! Iii) Initil Mture Initil Mture Initil Mture Initil Mture mteril product mteril product mteril product mteril product A :I:0.05t 0.12:1: :1: :I: :I:0.07t 7.44:1: :1:0.45 A :1: :1: :1: :1: :I: :I: :1: :I: :1:0.02 B 3 c e t 4.40 :I: :1: :1: :I: :1: :1: :I: :1:0.35 B 4 c e 3.99 :I: :I: :I: :I: :1: :I: :I:0.04 e 10.04:1:O.Ol 0 \0 B 5 e :1: :I: :1: 0.03e 1.44 :I: :1: :1: :1:0.20c 10.05:1:O.Ol C 6 t 7.01:1: :1: :I: :1: :1: :I: :I:0.56e 9.72:1:0.20 D 7 Ii 7.20:1: :1: :1: :I: :1: :I:0.32. E 8 e 5.76:1: :1: :1: :1: :1: :I:0.48 E :1: :1: :I: :I: :1: :1: :1: 1.108e 10.16:1: :I:0.56e :I: :I:0.85e :l:0.28 Rnge Men:l:SDt :1: :1: :1: :1: :1: :I: :I: :1: 0.55 t Column Mens:l: stndrd devition (three replictes) ofthe sme letter in the superscript position re not significntly different from ech other t P<0.05; t Men:l: stndrd devition of the 9 piles re shown.

13 .. Tle S. Electricl conductivity (EC), ph, totl C nd sh content of the initil nd mture spent litter. Pen Pile EC (mmhos em-i) DR Totl C (%) Ash (%). Initil Mture Initil Mture Initil Mture Initil Mture mteril product mteril product mteril product mteril product A :1: 0.04t :I: :I:0.078t 6.04 :I: :I: :1: 0.26 A :I: :1: :1: :I: :I: :1: 0.03 B 3 c c 1.52 :I: :I: :I: :I: :I: :I: :1: :I: :1: :I: :1: :1:0.04 B 4 C 8 C 'c 1.47:1: :I: :I: :1: :I: :1: :1: :1:0.11 B 5 c c :1: :I: :1: :I:0.76c 11.90:1: :1: :I: :1:0.21 \0 '<t C :I: :1: :1: :1: :I: :1: :1:0.068c 14.50:1:0.738 D 7 c 2.51 :I: :1: :I: :1: :I: :1: 0.03 E 8 8 C :1: :1: :1: :1: :1: :1: 0.42 E C :1: :I: :1: :1: :1: :I: :1: :1: :I:0.088c 14.50:1: :I:0.048c 14.70:1:0.118 Rnge Met1:l:SD: :1: :I: :1:0.21: :I: :1: :I: :I: ; 13.8:1:1.17 t Column Mens:l: stndrd devition (three replictes) of the sme letter in the superscript position re not significntly different from ech other t P<O.OS; : Men :I:stndrd devition ofthe 9 piles re shown.

14 Tle 6. Concentrtions of humic cid (HA), fume cid (FA) nd ction-exchnge cpcity (CEC), nd C:N rtio the initil nd' mture spent Utter. Pen Pile HA (g Kg'l O.M.) FA (2K2,1 O.M.) CEC (me 100 g-1 sh-free) C:N rtio Initil Mture Initil Mture Initil Mture Initil Mture mteril product mteril product mteril Product mteril product A :J:0.378t :J:1.17 A :J: :J:3.80 B :J: :J: :J: :J: :J: :J:1.08d 26 :J: :I: :J: :J: :I: :I:2.02cd 26:1: :1: :J: :J: :I: :I: :J: :1:0.07c B :J: :J: :J: :J: :I:1.92: 94:J: :I: :J:0.11c N \0 '<t B :t: :t:0, :t: :t: :1: :t: :t: :t:0.07 C :t: :t: :t: 4.21 D :J: :t: :t: 2.00 E :J: :J: :J: :J:0.40 E :1: :1: :t: :J: :J: :t: :t: :J: 0.10c 16:1:0.35d 80.3:1: :t: :I: :t: 1.07c 12:1:O.1l 34 :I: :J: :1: O.OOc 16:1:0.35d 36 :I: :J: :I:0.64c 14:1:0.37e Rnge Men:J:SDt :J: :I: :J: :J: :1: :1: :I: :1:4.61 t Column Mens:l: stndrd devition (three replictes) of the sme letter in the superscript position re not significntly different from ech other t P<0.05; t Men:t: stndrd devition of the 9 piles re shown.

15 I"~ i; ~ ". '..., ' J I Tle 7. Totl nd wter-extrctle Cu nd Zn concentrtions of the initil nd mture spent litter. Pen Pile Totl Cu (URR"I) Ext. Cu (URR"I) Totl Zn (URR"I) Ext. Cu (URR'I) Initil Mture Initil Mture ' Initil Mture Initil Mture Mteril product mteril product mteril product mteril product A :f:718t 633 :f:268 A :f: :f:678 B :f: :f:318 B 4 454:f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:0.4 8 ' :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:1.8 B 5 428:f: :f: :f: :f: :f: t :f: :f:0.1 C 6 468:f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :1:0.1 D :f: :f:78 E 8 468:f: :f: :f: :1: :f: :f: :f: :1: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :1:0.8 E :I: :f: :f: :1: :1: :f: :f: :f: 0.9 1"'1 \0 Rnge Men:f:SD~ :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f: :f:1.6 t Column Mens:f: stndrd devition (three replictes) of the sme letter in the superscript position re not significntly different from ech other t P<0.05; ~Men:f: stndrd devition of the 9 piles re shown.