Biomass (Environmental Fieldwork Class) MATT JONES CHIHIRO KAWATA TAIYO YAGASAKI

Transcription

1 Biomass (Environmental Fieldwork Class) MATT JONES CHIHIRO KAWATA TAIYO YAGASAKI

2 What is biomass? Biomass is material derived from living or recently living organisms. Biomass used in energy generation is usually plantbased. Plants absorb carbon dioxide when alive during the process of photosynthesis. If the plant material is not eaten by animals, it is either broken down by micro-organisms or burned. The carbon contained within the material is then rereleased into the atmosphere (carbon cycle).

3 Types of biomass energy material Virgin wood from forestry and wood processing. Energy crops high yield crops grown specifically for energy generation. Agricultural residues residuals from harvesting and processing. Food waste post-consumer waste and food & drink production waste. Industrial waste from industrial manufacturing processes.

4 Conversion Technologies Biomass can be converted directly into energy and electricity. Can also be converted into fuels for transportation. Thermal conversion heat is used through combustion or gasification. Chemical conversion chemical processes used to convert biomass into biofuels/ biogases. Biochemical conversion uses micro-organisms and bacteria to break down biomass.

5 Problems with fossil fuels Fossil fuels (coal and gas) are formed over millions of years. Non-renewable. Their use as an energy source releases carbon dioxide in to the atmosphere. Contemporary atmosphere not prepared to deal with carbon that has been locked up for millions of years. Result is global warming.

6 Why biomass? Renewable. Low-carbon. Low transportation requirements. Produces less sulphur dioxide and other dangerous atmospheric pollutants. Biomass material rots and produces carbon dioxide whether used for fuel or not. Makes use of the contemporary carbon cycle.

7 Important to adhere to best practices. Rotting biomass releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at a slow rate. Biomass used for energy generation releases all the carbon at once. Produces black carbon (GHG). Competes for land with food production. Concerns with biomass

8 Energy Potential Important for a sustainable future. Opportunity for industrialised and developing countries. Conversion of excess cropland to profitable energy production. Several hundred exajoules a year could be produced by 2050 (current level is 50). In 2009, world energy use was 490 exajoules. In 2050 it s estimated to be over 1000 exajoules.

9 How is biomass being used in the world?

10 Kind of Biomass Energy Charcoal Wood pellet Gas made by wood Oil made by wood It is very popular use of biomass energy.

11 Charcoal Charcoal s calorific value is smaller than other Fossil fuel. But, Charcoal burn in long time. Charcoal is best for using heating. Some country use charcoal for vehicle.

12 Woody Pellet Woody pellet is used by heating and boiler. For example, woody pellet is used by stove in Fukushima. 80% of the pellet is used for the boiler. 20% is for the stove. Pellet is hardening of the wood.

13 Woody Gas Woody gas is made by wood steaming. For example, In Yamaguchi Woody gas project is in progress.

14 Woody Oil Biomass oil is studied in Canada. Biomass oil made by wood is useful.

15 About Fujiyoshida City The electric power, which people use in Fujiyoshida City, didn t increase very much from 1997 to 2003.

16 About Fujiyoshida City The gas, which people use in Fujiyoshida City, increased from 1991 to 2003.

17 Available biomass in Fujiyoshida City Virgin wood The forests area in Fujiyoshida City is 2,407 hectare(the association about Onshi Kenyu-zaisan conservation at Futaga village in Fujiyoshida, 2006). Energy crops and Agricultural residues The fields area in Fujiyoshida City is 237 hectare(maff, 2005), and City can use few crops(hujiyoshida City, 2007). Food waste Fujiyoshida city has already made electricity in food waste(fujiyoshida City, 2007). Industrial waste City can use little, but maybe will be able to use much biomass in future (Fujiyoshida City, 2007).

18 Which biomass is best? Virgin wood This is better plan than other plans(fujiyoshida City, 2007). The association about forest conservation open there mind to it hectare(the association about Onshi Kenyu-zaisan conservation at Futaga village in Fujiyoshida, 2006). Industrial waste City can use little now(fujiyoshida City, 2007). It cost a great deal(fujiyoshida City, 2007).

19 Field survey plan Objective of your field survey Gathering data for calculating the quantity of biomass which this city can use. Schedule 9/18 We study about the way of calculation for the quantity and calculate cost of carrying trees. 9/19~9/20 Measuring trees diameters etc. 9/21 Making make final presentations based on the field exercises to target public administration or residents in Fujiyoshida City.

20 Field survey plan Where to visit? Onshi Forest. We will use cars.

21 Field survey plan What is surveyed? Gathering data for calculating the quantity of biomass which this city can use. Instruments tape measures and measures for measuring tree height.

22 References Berndes, G. et al. The Contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass and Energy 25 (2003), pp Biomass: Carbon sink or carbon sinner (UK Environment Agency, 2009) Biomass Energy Centre ( Renewable Energy Focus ( 古くて新しい木炭のゆくえ ( 宮藤久士 坂志朗 ) 2006 年 木質ペレット等の利用事例調査報告書 ( 会津いまっと木サイクル創造事業 ) NEDO バイオマス等未利用エネルギー実証試験 2010 年 木質バイオマスエネルギー利用に向けた取り組みの現状と課題 ( 野口敬記 堺正紘 ) カナダにおける木質バイオマス液化技術の現状と動向に関する現地調査 ( 農林水産省 ) The Renewable Energy Vision in Fujiyoshida City(Fujiyoshida City, 2007). The Renewable Energy Research Project in Fujiyoshida The full report about some important energy-(the association about Onshi Kenyu-zaisan conservation at Futaga village in Fujiyoshida, 2006) Master Plan from 2008 to Fujiyoshida City (Fujiyoshida, 2008) The invitaion to forest Fixing your eyes upon beautiful Mt. Fuji- (The association about Onshi Kenyu-zaisan conservation at Futaga village in Fujiyoshida, 2009) Ministry Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (