Alternative Energy Applications

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1 Alternative Energy Applications Dr. Binxin Wu Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Dept Dr. Eric Bibeau Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Dept Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Alternative Energy Chair South China University of Tropical Agriculture, May 19, 2005 University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, May 21, 2005

2 OUTLINE Why alternative energy Distributed generation Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Research Chair in alternative energy Anaerobic digesters Kinetic turbines Biomass PHEV

3 Nuclear Alternative Energy Sources Solar Fission Geothermal Hydro Wind Ocean δt Biomass Steam PV Collectors Mech/Turbo Generator Processing Electricity (highest form) Gas & Liquid Fuels Heat (lowest form)

4 Drivers Favoring Alternative Energy Population growth Sustainable development Environmental enhanced global warming Fossil fuel extraction rates approaching peak Technical development cost reduction Research Funding 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers

5 Drivers Favoring Alternative Energy COE cents/kwh Wind PV COE cents/kwh NREL Geothermal 60 Solar thermal Biomass

6 Drivers Favoring Alternative Energy Oil production Future oil production Future gas production

7 When will the peak occur? New York Times 2004: Saudi Arabia running at full capacity

8 Renewable Energy Large Hydro: land use, geology, marine life Small Hydro: cost, distributed Kinetic turbines: small, distributed, unknown Wave/Tidal: marine ecology, costs Wind: variable, land use, noise, nimby, vars BioEnergy: distributed, land use, emissions Waste Heat: low industrial power rates Solar thermal: daylight only, land use Solar PV: daylight, land use, disposal, costs Geothermal: remote, limited reservoirs Saline Geothermal: remote, huge R&D costs

9 Alternative Energy in Manitoba Almost 98% alternative energy for power hydro biomass (2 plants) Alternative energy can displace fossil fuels in Manitoba But power costs are low fossil fuels used for transportation e.g.: Manitoba uses ethanol blends for gasoline use natural gas for heat Power demand growth Self generation Connected to neighbours Export

10 Distributed Generation (DG) using Alternative Energy 2.0 Billion without power ¼ Canadian live in northern communities Non-centralized grid new grid installation to rural areas have significant costs DG makes rural electrification possible Local employment Education Poverty alleviation Better health

11 4 Alternative Energy Applications Anaerobic digesters cold weather applications swine manures Kinetic turbines Biomass energy conversion PHEV

12 Anaerobic Digesters Biological degradation Mesophilic bacteria (25 o C-38 o C) Thermophilic bacteria (50 o C-70 o C) Gas CH 4, CO 2, H 2 S, N 2, NH 4 Use gas in ICE need to scrub gas Four main technologies lagoon type plug flow complete mix temperature-phased Farm Feedstock Anaerobic Digester Products Biogas: Renewable CHP Fiber: Soil conditioner Liquid: Liquid fertilizer

13 Heat In Anaerobic Digesters Complete Mix Effluent Out Heat In Slurry In TPAD Effluent Out Slurry In Heat In Plug Flow efficiency vs effectiveness Slurry In Covered Lagoon Slurry In Effluent Out Effluent Out

14 Covered Lagoon Digester Manure storage lagoon Impermeable cover traps gas produced Liquid manure with low solids for pig and cow farms using flush system Require large lagoon volume Least expensive method Better in warm climates

15 Complete Mix Digester Suitable for manure that is 2%-10% solids engineered heated tank mechanical/gas mixer to keep solids in suspension expensive to construct cost more Temperature control applicable to cold climates

16 Anaerobic Digester Model Approach develop numerical model for swine anaerobic digester demonstrate numerically simple systems can operate economically in cold climates design and optimize cost-effective anaerobic lagoon-type swine digester for cold climates Develop tool Design system

17 Numerical Digester Model Heat transfer loss Anaerobic digestion model hydrolysis acid formation methane formation Validation of parts of model laboratory demonstration facilities Collaboration with Dr. Oleszkiewicz

18 Anaerobic Digester Demonstration Manitoba Hydro: sponsor BioTerre cold-climate digester

19 Aiming for lagoon-type design Design lagoon-type with active mixing simple design use simple materials numerical model to design Demonstration Center for agricultural livestock production system validate numerical model prove concept works need to be acceptable to swine producers

20 UofM Lagoon Design Preliminary Design Concept Wind Compressor Flexible Membrane Power IC Engine Hot Glycol Burner Glycol Loop Digester Gas Glycol Return Recirc Heat Exchanger Recirc Compressor Recycled Plastic Linked Boxes Tsolid = 35 o C Gas Liquid/Solid Manure Flax Straw Distributer Pipe 2 Clay Layers Warm Recirc Gas Hay Recirc Gas Mixing+Heating

21 Kinetic Turbines

22 Concept Air Water 150 m 2 units 350 kw (700 kw) 3.3 m diameter Water velocity = 5 m/s Water density = 1000 kg/m kw 100 m diameter Air velocity = 10 m/s Air density = 1 kg/m 3 Kinetic turbines applications stop at 3 m/s What are the real costs of going in the ocean?

23 High Velocity Kinetic Turbines Applicable for remote communities in Manitoba Approach develop mathematical models for run-ofriver water turbines improve efficiency and designs for velocity applications above 3 m/s target higher power density (v 3 )

24 High Velocity Kinetic Turbines Address high turbulence levels cavitations determine turbine efficiency numerically design for high velocity river applications

25 High Velocity Kinetic Turbines Laboratory provide experimental data water tunnel 1 m/s (Dr. Greg Naterer) validate numerical work High flow velocity facility In-situ river flow characterization measurements establish river characteristics

26 High Velocity Kinetic Turbines Develop prototypes numerical modeling experimental measurements Prototype system design to be tested at a site Collaboration Dr. Dan Fraser and Dr. Greg Naterer

27 Kinetic Turbines Power (kw) Power (kw) Drag (lbf) Torque (lbf) Flow velocity (Knots) Low cut-off UEK unit operating region High cut-off UEK 8 feet diameter single unit turbine with 10 feet deflector ring Flow velocity (m/s) Thousands Forces (lbf)

28 Kinetic Turbines High flow velocity channel (< 10 knots) Long term demonstration Cost analysis

29 BioEnergy

30 Distributed Bioenergy Payback period can be reduced by up to 50% if the waste heat can be used productively Payback for different capital cost and power rates Capital Electrical rates (c/kw hr) Cost /kw Pay back (years)

31 Biomass and GHG reduction Scenario Description Emissions per kwe-hr 1 Low carbon intensity power CO 2 : 52 g generation: 90% of nuclear or large hydropower; 10% natural gas Typical Regions Québec, British Columbia, Manitoba; France; Norway; Sweden Power 2 Moderate carbon intensity power mix:65% nuclear/large hydro, 25% coal, 10% natural gas 3 High coal/oil content in power production (50%); nuclear/large hydro: 25%; natural gas: 25% CO 2 : 288 g CO 2 : 588 g Canadian average; Ontario; Atlantic Canada; Austria; Belgium United States average, Denmark; Germany; Mexico; Spain; U.K. 4 Very high coal/oil content 75%, nuclear/large hydro 15%, natural gas 10% CO 2 : 761 g Alberta, Saskatchewan, central U.S.; Greece; Ireland; Netherlands Heat GHG EMISSION (kgco2/bdtonne) CHP SYSTEMS Small Steam Turboden Entropic Heating Oil Natural Gas

32 Distributed Systems and 50% MC Manitoba 0 Large Steam Pow er EMISSION REDUCTIONS for CHP SYSTEMS Sm all Steam Pow er Brayton Cycle Pow er Bio-oil Conver. Pow er Gasif. Conver. Pow er Sm all Steam CHP Turboden Cycle CHP Entr opic Cycle CHP GHG EMISSION (kgco2/bdtonne) Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Displacing oil for heat

33 Biomass Energy Conversion Entropic cycle simple technology twice the power compared to a steam based system produces hot glycol 90ºC- 115ºC for cogeneration small components no certified operators

34 BioEnergy in a Northern Community Subsidized Power System CHOICES? BioPower System Power: Diesel Fuel ~233 liters/ MWe-hr ~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter Heat: Oil ~93 liters/ MWth-hr ~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter Northern Community (Biomass district heat already installed) Power ~1 MWe-hr ~No GHG Heat ~5 MWth-hr ~No GHG Turbion CHP Biomass (local or pellets) 2 BD tonne/mwe-hr 2 MWe Community Subsidized Power System BioPower System Power (2 MWe) tonne CO 2 0 tonne CO 2 Heat (10 MWth) tonne CO 2 0 tonne CO 2 Total 34,608 tonne CO 2 0 tonne CO 2

35 PHEV Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles Unique set of circumstances in Manitoba for renewable power generation current hydro: 5.5 GW for 1.15 million hydro reserves: 5.0 GW for 1.15 million possible RE from Hydro 9.1 kw RE per person Farmland (excludes marginal lands) 77,321 km 2 or 0.07 km 2 per person significant production of biofuels possible

36 PHEV Renewable transportation solution H: hybrid with ICE and battery ICE short term: gasoline/bio-ethanol; diesel/bio-diesel; H 2 injection long term: fuel cell with biofuels EV: electrical vehicle 80 Km battery maximum smart home concept for load balancing P: plug-in No immediate infrastructure required PHEV: no technology gap

37 PHEV Conference on Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles d/prof/bibeau/cec/cec.html June 20, 2005 (proceeding on website)

38 Possible Collaboration Areas with University of Manitoba Anaerobic digester Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (PHEV) Kinetic turbines BioPower Distributed power generation (CHP) Remote communities

39 Acknowledgement Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy Presentation available at