Architecture in a Climate of Change

Transcription

1 Architecture in a Climate of Change A guide to sustainable design Peter F. Smith AMSTERDAM. BOSTON. HEIDELBERG. LONDON. NEW YORK. OXFORD PARIS. SAN DIEGO. SAN FRANCISCO. SINGAPORE. SYDNEY. TOKYO PI SBVTED Architectural EJ-JOCV lcjtv Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier Press D

2 Contents Foreword Acknowledgements xi xii Introduction 1 Climate change - nature or human nature? 1 The carbon cycle 1 The greenhouse effect 2 Climate change - the paleoclimate record 3 Causes of climate fluctuation 4 The evidence 7 2 Predictions 12 Recent uncertainties 17 What is being done? 19 The outlook for energy 20 The nuclear option :/' 23 3 Renewable technologies - the marine environment 26 The UK energy picture : 26 Energy from rivers and seas 28 Hydroelectric generation 28 Small-scale hydro, 29 'Run of river'systems 29 Tidal energy 30 4 Renewable technologies - the wider spectrum 42 Passive solar energy 42 Active solar 42 Solar thermal electricity 43 The parabolic solar thermal concentrator 44 Photovoltaics 45 Wind power 45 Biomass and waste utilisation 47 xiii

3 Hydrogen Nuclear power 5 Low energy techniques for housing Construction systems Solar design Types of solar thermal collector Windows and glazing 6 Insulation The range of insulation options High and superinsulation Transparent insulation materials Insulation - the technical risks 7 Domestic energy Photovoltaic systems Micro-combined heat and power (CHP) Fuel cells Embodied energy and materials 8 Advanced and ultra-low energy houses The Beddington Zero Energy Development- BedZED The David Wilson Millennium Eco-House Demonstration House for the Future, South Wales The prospects for wood The external environment Summary checklist for the energy efficient design of dwellings Report by Arup Research and Development for the DTI's Partners in Innovation Programme Harvesting wind and water Small wind turbines Types of small-scale wind turbine Building integrated systems Conservation of water in housing Domestic appliances 10 Existing housing: a challenge and opportunity The remedy Case study 11 Low energy techniques for non-domestic buildings Design principles Environmental considerations in the design of offices Passive solar design

4 11 CONTENTS 12 Ventilation Natural ventilation Internal air flow and ventilation Unassisted natural ventilation Mechanically assisted ventilation Cooling strategies Evaporative cooling Additional cooling strategies The ecological tower Summary Air conditioning Energy options The fuel cell Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) Moltel carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) Storage techniques - electricity Photovoltaic applications Heat pumps Energy storage - heating and cooling Seasonal energy storage Electricity storage Building management systems Tools for environmental design Report by Arup Research and Development for the DTI's Partners in Innovation Programme 2004 Lighting - designing for daylight Design considerations The atrium Light shelves Prismatic glazing Light pipes Holographic glazing Solar shading Lighting - and human failings Photoelectric control Glare Dimming control and occupancy sensing Switches System management

5 CONTENTS Air conditioned offices Lighting - conditions for success Summary of design considerations 16 Cautionary notes Why do things go wrong? High profile/low profile The 'high-tech demand' Operational difficulties Building related illness Inherent inefficiencies Common architectural problems Common engineering problems Avoiding air conditioning - the issues Common failures leading to energy waste The human factor Summary of recommendations Conclusions 17 Life-cycle assessment and recycling Waste disposal Recycling Life-cycle assessment Whole life costing Eco-materials External finishes Paints Materials and embodied energy Low energy Conference Centre, Earth Centre, Doncaster Recycling strategy checklist 18 State of the art case studies The National Assembly for Wales Zuckermann Institute for Connective Environmental Research (ZICER) Social housing Beaufort Court, Lillie Road, Fulham, London, 2003 Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) Beaufort court renewable energy centre zero emissions building 19 Integrated district environmental design Ecological City of Tomorrow, Malmo, Sweden Towards the less unsustainable city VIII

6 CONTENTS 20 An American perspective 245 Glenwood Park, Atlanta, Georgia Emergent technologies and future prospects 250 Energy for the future 251 Next generation solar cells 254 Artificial photosynthesis 256 Energy storage 256 Hydrogen storage 257 Flywheel technology- 257 Advances in lighting 258 The photonic revolution 259 Smart materials Smart fluids 261 Socio-economic factors 262 Appendix 1 Key indicators for sustainable design 265 Appendix 2 An outline sustainability syllabus for designers 267 Index 275