Contents / 1, Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources 1. Contributors ' j xi Preface I xiii

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1 / Contributors ' j xi Preface I xiii 1, Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources 1 C. V. Nayar, S. M. Islam, H. Dehbonei, K. Tan, and H- Sharma 1.1 Introduction ( Power Electronics for Photovoltaic Power Systems Basics of Photovoltaics Types of PV Power Systems Stand-alone PV Systems Hybrid Energy Systems Grid-connected PV Systems Power Electronics for Wind Power Systems Basics of Wind Power Types of Wind Power Systems Stand-alone Wind Power Systems 58 1 i.4 Wind-diesel Hybrid Systems >.5 Grid-connected Wind Energy Systems Control of Wind Turbines Energy Sources Omer C, Onar, and Alireza Khaligh Introduction 2.2 Available Energy Sources Coal Oil Natural Gas Hydropower Nuclear Power Solar Wind Ocean Hydrogen Geothermal Biomass

2 vi Contents 2.3 Electric Energy Generation Technologies Thermoelectric Energy Hydroelectric Energy Solar Energy Conversion and Photovoltaic Systems Wind Turbines and Wind Energy Conversiorr' Systems Ocean Energy Harvesting Geothermal Energy Systems Nuclear Power Plants v i Fuel Cell Power Plants 2.4 Other Unconventional Energy Sources and Generation Technologies Photovoltaic System Conversion 155 Lana El Chaar Introduction Solar Cell Characteristics Photovoltaic Technology Operation Maximum Power Point Tracking Components Voltage Feedback Control Power Feedback Control MPPT Controlling Algorithms Perturb and Observe (PAO) ^.^.^ Incremental Conductance Technique (ICT) Constant Reference Current-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker Voltage-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker Other Methods Photovoltaic Systems' Components Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems Factors Affecting PV Output Temperature Dirt and Dust DC-AC Conversion PV System Design Criteria for a Quality PV System Design Procedures Power-Conditioning Unit Battery Sizing

3 vii Wind Turbine Applications 177 luan M. Carrasco, Eduardo Galvan, and Ramdn Portilio 4.1 Wind Energy Conversion Systems Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine Simplified Model of a Wind Turbine Control of Wind Turbines Power Electronic Converters for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Introduction ' Full Power Conditioner System for Variable Speed Turbines Rotor Connected Power Conditioner for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Grid Connection Standards for Wind Farms Multilevel Converter for Very High Power Wind Turbines Multilevel Topologies Diode Clamp Converter (DCC) Full Converter for Wind Turbine Based on Multilevel Topology Modeling Control Application Example Electrical System of a Wind Farm Electrical Schematic of a Wind Farm Protection System Electrical System Safety: Hazards and Safeguards Future Trends Semiconductors Power Converters Control Algorithms Offshore and Onshore WindTJurbines High-Frequency-Link Power-Conversion Systems for Next-Generation Smart and Micro Grid 231 S.K. Mazumder, Sr. 5.1 Introduction Low-Cost Single-Stage Inverter Operating Modes Analysis Design Issues Ripple-Mitigating Inverter Zero-Ripple Boost Converter (ZR8C) HF Two-Stage DC-AC Converter 247

4 viii Contents Universal Power Conditioner Operating Modes Design Issues 25 Hybrid-Modulation-Based Multiphase HFL High-Power Inverter Principles of Operation - Acknowledgement Copyright Disclosure "* 6. Energy Storage j Sheldon S. Williamson, Pablo A. Cassani, Srdjan Lukic, and Benjamin Blunier Introduction 1 Energy Storage Elements Battery Storage Ullracapacitor(UC) Flow Batteries and Regenerative Fuel Cells (RFC) Fuel Cells (FC) Modeling of Energy Storage Devices Battery Modeling Electrical Modeling of Fuel Cell Power Sources Electrical Modeling of Photovoltaic (PV) Cells Electrical Modeling of Ultracapacitors (UCs) Electrical Modeling of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) Hybridization of Energy Storage Systems Energy Management and Control Strategies Battery State Monitoring Cell Balancing Power Electronics for Energy Storage Systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Lt-lon Battery Packs for HEV/PHEV Applications Operational Characteristics of Classic and Advanced Power Electronic Cell Voltage Equalizers Practical Case Studies Hybrid Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV/PHEV) Fuel Cells for Automotive and Renewable Energy Applications Fuel-Cell-Based Hybrid DC Systems d303 3D li 1

5 ix Electric Power Transmission 317 Ir. Zahrul FaizI bin tiussien, Azian Abdul Rahim, and Noradlina Abdullah 7A Elements of Power System Generators and Transformers Transmission Line Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced, ACSR Factors That Limit Power Transfer in Transmission Line Static and Dynamic Thermal Rating Thermal Rating Convection Heat Loss Radiative Heat Loss ^ ' \ Solar Heat Gain \ Ohmic Losses (P-R(Jc)) Heat Gain Effect of Temperature on Conductor Sag or Tension Conductor Temperature and Sag Relationship Standard and Guidelines on Thermal Rating Calculation Optimizing Power Transmission Capacity Overview of Dynamic Thermal Current Rating of Transmission Line Example of Dynamic Thermal Current Rating of Transmission Line Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements of Transmission Lines Overvoltage Phenomena by Lightning Strikes Switching Surges Temporary Overvoltage Methods of Controlling Overvoltages Insulation Coordination