The wall has come down: Proving the success of abatement strategies in the example of Berlin

Transcription

1 The wall has come down: Proving the success of abatement strategies in the example of Berlin Martin Lutz Annette Rauterberg-Wulff Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment Directorate IX, Environment Policy Already history: the tragic fate of SO2 Changing challenges: re-shaping the AQ network stronger focus: source & impact assessment Contested measure: LEZ top or flop? Convincing the motorists: the merit of speed limits lesson learnt: a few hints for network design Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

2 Berlin (West) bevor 1989 air quality monitoring in a prison surrounded by The Wall Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

3 Berlin (West): SO2 monitoring in grid-like network structure easy recording of SO 2 plumes of big power plants Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

4 Berlin (West): SO2 monitoring in grid-like network structure easy recording of SO 2 plumes of big power plants SO 2 3-min averages simple plume calculation wind speed Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

5 Monitoring SO2 in Berlin (West): demonstrating the success story of SO2 control Annual averages of SO 2 -concentration in Berlin Maximum W 162 µg/m³ E - Maximum W 83 µg/m³ E 120 µg/m³ Maximum 19 µg/m³ SO2-Emission [t/a/km²] SO2-Emission of Househeating in Berlin ( t/a/km²) SO77_97.cdr, ,ps Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

6 SO2 monitoring in Berlin (West): demonstrating the success story of SO2 control annual mean concentration [µg/m³] long-term sulphur dioxide trend artificial peak due to additional stations in East Berlin after reunification mean over all stations city centre average year Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

7 AQ monitoring in Berlin (West&East( West&East) ) in the 90-ties re-designing Berlin s s AQ network compliant with new EU criteria Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

8 AQ monitoring in Berlin Focus on hot spots & urban exposure & source analysis Low emission zone Automatic monitoring site in residential areas and at the cities periphery Automatic monitoring site in busy roads at the kerbside monitoring site with miniaturised sampling devices passive samplers for NO2 active PM10 mini samplers for EC/OC analysis Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

9 AQ monitoring in Berlin new focus: hot spots & urban exposure & source analysis monitoring sites Urban areas countryside 40 Traffic, local sources PM10 [µg/m³] urban background hot spot increment urban increment total urban contribution relevant for AQ LV compliance regional background hemispheric/natural background Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

10 AQ monitoring in Berlin Focus on source analysis traffic site regional background site on bottom and top of tower 324m above ground 40 km regional background site in rural area urban background site Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

11 Source analysis Berlin (2007) origin of kerbside PM2.5 Na, Cl, Mg 0,2% Composition of K, CaPM2.5 Contributions TM NH4 0,1% 0,0% local traffic regional 0,4% unspecified NO3 2,6% 0,8% OMI background Fe, Al 0,1% Na, Cl, Mg 0,4% SO4 1,1% unspecified 1,6% K, Ca 0,1% NH4 1,1% NO3 2,4% urban background OMII 3,7% TM 0,1% EC 2,0% OMI 1,8% unspecified TM 6,3% 0,0% Fe, Al 0,2% K, Ca 0,2% Na, Cl, Mg 0,1% NH4 1,4% OMII 1,6% EC 6,3% OMI 1,5% SO4 0,9% simplified receptor modelling speciation source contribution NO3 2,9% EC 3,0% Fe, Al 0,5% OMI OMII 1,3% 1,6% 5,5% OMII 5,4% suburban background background EC 3,3% NO3 3,0% SO4 8,7% NH4 3,9% Na, Cl, Mg 1,2% K, Ca 0,5% Fe, Al TM 0,2% 0,1% unspecified 21,9% waste treatment and disposal 0% other mobile sources and machinery 4% additional combustion 1% combustion in energy and tranformation industries 1% production processes 1% combustion in manufacturing industry other sources 4% non-industrial combustion 3% road transport 12% 0% resuspension + abrasion by traffic 3% urban background local traffic road transport 9% resuspension + abrasion by traffic 4% other sources 11% road transport 7% resuspension + abrasion by traffic 2% combustion in manufacturing industry 2% production processes 8% non-industrial combustion 10% solvent and other product use 5% combustion in energy and tranformation industries 9% agriculture 4% regional background Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

12 impact analysis of measures Berlin s Low Emission Zone Stage 1: since Diesel vehicles: at least Euro 2 or Euro 1 & retrofit Gasoline vehicles: at least Euro1 Area: about 88 km² (Berlin total area: 892 km²) Inhabitants: about 1 Million (Berlin total: 3,4 Mio) Stage 2: since Diesel: Particle emission Euro 4: cars: Euro 3 + particle filter or better goods vehicles: also retrofit of Euro 1-3 towards Euro 4 Particle precondition: retrofit kits available for Euro 3 LEZ in force or planned in 56 German towns with differing ambition levels Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

13 Berlin LEZ impact analysis NOx emissions LEZ impact: change of NOx emissions based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1) t/a % -18% -20% 2007 Trend 2008 without LEZ Trend 2009 without LEZ Trend 2010 without LEZ LEZ 2008 LEZ 2009 LEZ whole fleet cars LGV < 3,5 t HGV > 3,5 t emissions extrapolated to the entire mainroadnetworkbasedon thefleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (with DPF-retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact) Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

14 Berlin LEZ real impact analysis particle tailpipe emissions LEZ impact: change of particle exhaust emissions based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1) t/a % -32% -58% 2007 Trend 2008 without LEZ Trend 2009 without LEZ Trend 2010 without LEZ LEZ 2008 LEZ 2009 LEZ whole fleet cars LGV < 3,5 t HGV > 3,5 t emissions extrapolated to the entire mainroadnetworkbasedon thefleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (with DPF-retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact) (preliminary results, vers. 22/3/2011) Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

15 Berlin LEZ real impact analysis based on PM source apportionment results based on the results of the PM2.5-source apportionment in a main road in Berlin s city centre in the year 2007 before the LEZ applying the emission reduction of the LEZ of -58% EC & OC -8.1% PM2,5 of -20% NOx - 1.6% PM2,5 Σ = - 9.7% PM2,5 related to PM10: - 6.8% PM10 ( - 2 µg/m³) (70% PM2,5 in PM10) soot + organic material from vehicle exhaust in Berlin secondary 14% particles from NOxemissionen from traffic in Berlin 8% resuspension + abrasion from traffic in Berlin 7% other sources in Berlin 15% traffic outside Berlin 9% other sources outside Berlin 47% result largely independent of changes of external factors like meteo and traffic Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

16 LEZ impact analysis in Berlin annual mean PM10 annual mean PM10 [µg/m³] traffic increment PM10 local traffic increment traffic Umweltzone in Kraft residential area periphery LEZ in force Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

17 Berlin LEZ impact analysis total carbon concentration Total carbon [TC = EC * OC] in µg/m 3 traffic related traffic * black related* carbon total carbon particle concentration in Berlin % % 100% low emission zone in force % % 100% 78% 73% % % -56% % share of situations with low wind speed <2.4 m/s (2007=100%) 2.5 average TC over 12 mini samplers outside the LEZ 49% 44% 2.0 average TC over 10 mini samplers inside the LEZ 40% % % 119% 130% 100% 100% 120% % 500% 400% 300% 200% 100% percentage share of situations with low wind speed % *traffic increment based on the difference between kerbside stations and urban background sites * local BC increment at traffic sites, adjusted to traffic volumes trend relative to 2007 before LEZ came into force elemental carbon (EC) particles plus other deposited organic compounds (OC) Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

18 Berlin LEZ impact analysis NO 2 concentration trend of traffic related NO 2 concentration in Berlin trend of traffic-related annual mean NO2 [µg/m³] low emission zone share of situations with low wind speed <2.4m/s, 2007=100 average over 10 mini samplers inside of the LEZ average over 12 mini samplers outside of the LEZ 147% 129% 118% 112% 103% 100% % 220% 200% 180% 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

19 AQ monitoring in Berlin Focus on impact analysis of traffic measures Example: speed limits from 50 km/h to 30 km/h traffic reference site without speed limits Annual mean NO 2 concentration [µg/m³] in 2001 traffic sites with speed limit 30 km/h urban background site Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

20 impact assessment with AQ monitoring data benefit of a speed limit 30 km/h on PM10 and EC 10 µg/m³ 8 6 local traffic increment of PM10 and elemental carbon (EC) % % Schildhornstr. Frankfurter Allee Schildhornstr. Frankfurter Allee road with 30 km/h PM10 reference traffic site with 50 km/h road with 30 km/h EC reference traffic site with 50 km/h before 30 km/h with 30 km/h theoretical with 50 km/h based on 1 year data before/after the speed limit was enforced Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

21 impact assessment with AQ monitoring data benefit of a speed limit 30 km/h on NOx and NO 2 µg/m³ % 132 local traffic increment of NOx and NO % Schildhornstr. Frankfurter Allee Schildhornstr. Frankfurter Allee road with 30 km/h reference traffic site with 50 km/h road with 30 km/h reference traffic site with 50 km/h NOx NO2 before 30 km/h with 30 km/h hypothetical with 50 km/h based on 1 year data before/after the speed limit was enforced Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

22 impact assessment with AQ monitoring data benefit of a speed limit 30 km/h on NOx and NO 2 local traffic increment of EC in µg/m³ local traffic increment of NO 2 in µg/m³ µg/m³ % µg/m³ % Beusselstr. road with 30 km/h 3 traffic reference sites 0 Beusselstr. road with 30 km/h 3 traffic reference sites before 30 km/h with 30 km/h hypothetical change like reference sites based on 3 years data before/after the speed limit was enforced Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

23 Impact analysis with monitoring data résumé with regard to impact of measures... fuel switch and exhaust control technology have brought down SO2 levels by more than 95% LEZ resulted in % decrease of total PM10 and NO2 more than 50% traffic-related total carbon reduction Speed limit 30 km/h (instead of 50 km/h) can deliver... about 5% less (total) PM (derived from a 25-30% drop of local PM increment) 6-10% decrease fo total EC (derived from a 14-21% drop of local PM increment) 7-12% fall of NO2 (derived from a 15-25% drop of local NO2 increment) results are... not in line with speed-dependent emission measurements depend on optimised traffic flow site specific, difficult to extrapolate Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

24 Impact analysis with monitoring data résumé with regard to AQ network structure & design... grid-like structure useful for impact assessment of larger stack sources barely relevant by now representative hot spot & urban background station pair essential for source & impact analysis add traffic detectors at each AQ traffic site should be complemented by representative regional background site(s) for assessment of local vs external source contribution PM speciation at these sites helpful for quantitative source & impact analysis EC/OC for Diesel exhaust (levoglucosan for wood burning,..., etc) secondary inorganic for long-range transport and share of NOx sources impact analysis of traffic management measures needs more extensive site-specific monitoring cheap passive sampling (& other mini samplers/sensors) allows better coverage Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March

25 Thanks for listening! source: WHO Newsletter Martin Lutz AirMonTech Workshop March