University of Malaya. From the SelectedWorks of Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin. Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin

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1 University of Malaya From the SelectedWorks of Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin 2014 Viva Voce - Evaluation study on the performance of bioclimatic design strategies at residential college in University of Malaya towards low energy building Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin Available at:

2 Evaluation study on the performance of bioclimatic design strategies at residential college in University of Malaya towards low energy building By: Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin BHA

3 Why? Depletion natural resources > increase the price of energy Wasteful of energy > GHGs emissions > climate change Electricity demand remains on of crucial elements to meet sustainable requirements while thermal comfort should be maintained Small number of research on comfort & EEI at residential buildings (RC) > lack of data esp. for tropical climate No specific benchmark of comfort and EEI for residential college or multi-storey residential building in KL.

4 What? Aim To analyse the impact of implementing bioclimatic design strategies on the comfort of selected rooms in the UM campus. Purpose Justifying the effectiveness of applying bioclimatic design strategies for RC in the UM campus Objectives 1. Identify the RC with the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies & EEI performance. 2. Evaluate comfort level of resident on bioclimatic design strategies which currently implemented. 3. Evaluate building performance. 4. Determine resident living behaviour to achieve a state of comfort. 5. Identify bioclimatic design strategies that are applicable to RC building.

5 How? Research methods 1 Preliminary study Identify the current implementation of bioclimatic designs strategies at RC The measurement of EEI Sampling/Case study selection (Criteria : Best practice, Lower EEI & Min Uncontrolled variables) Building investigation Building, electricity usage & Landscape Satisfaction & perception survey 2 Post Occupancy evaluation (POE) Building performance evaluation Living behaviour assessment 3 Data analysis

6 Findings Residential colleges Year established EEI (kwh/m 2 /year) for Horizontal overhangs along the wall with windows Vertical overhangs along the wall with windows Tinted window glass Balconies/Veranda Deep recesses Sky courts/internal courtyard Articulated light shelves Light pipes Skycourt/Internal courtyards Balconies/Veranda Window opening with horizontal adjustable/closing devices Window opening with vertical adjustable/closing devices High level fixed/adjustable exhaust opening Low level fixed/adjustable exhaust opening Transom/fixed opening over the doorway of the room Wall opening (create wind pressure inside the room) Balconies/Veranda Internal courtyard Location of opening with respect to wind direction Corridor & staircase area Homogeneity of building design Preliminary study Bioclimatic design strategies Daylighting and Natural ventilation Solar control devices Daylight concept Wind & natural ventilation Others R R R R Closed with adjustable & fixed opening devices Closed with adjustable & fixed opening devices Closed with fixed opening devices Closed with adjustable & fixed opening devices R Open R R R R R Closed with fixed opening devices Closed with adjustable & fixed opening devices Closed corridor and open staircase area Closed with adjustable & fixed opening devices Closed corridor and open staircase area R Open R Closed corridor and open staircase area

7 Findings Satisfaction & perception survey The performance indicators Architectural elements The residential building layout (internal courtyard with open corridor) The residential building is an environmental friendly with efficient energy usage The importance of the buildings is built in an environmentally friendly way The overall quality of the residential building The general room layout The room is fulfil the needs The provision of privacy in the room The feeling of safety in the room and building The overall comfort level of the room The influence of overall room conditions on the degree of work productivity Thermal comfort and indoor air quality The thermal comfort/indoor air temperature at the room The ventilation and air quality of the room The control of the ventilation of the room The air movement in the room (without the aid of mechanical fan) The provision of air movement in the room Likert scale / Residents responses (%) Strongly disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree Mean Overall rating* 3.17 Poor 3.35 Disagree Not at all Slightly important Moderate Very important Extremely important 3.93 Very important Poor Poor Strongly disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree Disagree Poor Very unsafe Unsafe Neither Safe Very Safe Unsafe Very uncomfortable Uncomfortable Neither Comfortable Very comfortable Uncomfortable Much decreased Decreased No changes Increased Much increased Decreased Still air Inconspicuous still air Neither Breezy Very breezy Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very satisfied Poor 3.03 Poor 2.78 Poor 2.77 Inconspicuous still air 2.67 Dissatisfied

8 Findings The performance indicators Visual comfort The adequacy of natural daylight in the room The control of the daylight in the room The adequacy of artificial light in the room The control of the artificial light in the room The effectiveness of curtains in controlling the level of lighting The satisfaction with the quality of the lights in the room The view out of the room from the inside The existing windows/ opening area of the room Landscape The residential building is sensitively designed for the landscape setting The quality of landscape at residential college areas The influence of landscape setting on the quality life The quality of landscape setting at the internal courtyard The frequency of spending time at the internal courtyard in a day The influence of landscape setting at the internal courtyard on the quality life Likert scale / Residents responses (%) Too Dark Dark Neither Bright Too Bright Too Dark Dark Neither Bright Too Bright Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very satisfied Very small Small Fair Big Very big Strongly disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree Not at all Slightly Moderate Very Extremely Never Rarely Sometimes Frequently Every time Not at all Slightly Moderate Very Extremely Mean Overall rating* 2.85 Dark 2.85 Poor 2.93 Dark 2.94 Poor 3.43 Poor 3.16 Dissatisfied 3.16 Poor 3.15 Small 2.79 Disagree 2.63 Poor 3.15 Slightly 2.91 Poor 2.81 Rarely 2.84 Slightly Question ASHRAE 7 point sensation scale / Residents responses (%) Overall, how do you feel about thermal comfort in this room? Cold Cool Slightly cool Neutral Slightly warm Warm Hot

9 Findings 266 respondents, 39.6% : male & 60.4% : female. (95% of confident level and ±5% margin of error overall population). 1 st /GF : 15.4%, 2 nd F : 31.7%, 3 rd F : 30.9%, 4 th F : 22.0%. Satisfied and comfortable with the condition of the room & building (except the provision of air movement neutral). Degree of satisfaction based on graduate scale: Dissatisfied & uncomfortable. Correlation analysis: 1. Significant positive relationship of satisfaction and perception level of overall comfort and degree of work productivity with all performance criteria. 2. The capabilities of the room in fulfil the need of residents showed a strong relationship with the overall comfort. 3. The landscaping in the surrounding of 5th RC influenced the level of overall comfort and the degree of work productivity as compared to the landscaping at the internal courtyard

10 Findings Building performance evaluation Mean temp.: 28 C-30 C & RH: 66%-75% (distinguishable different between min & max daily temp due to day & night factor). Higher temp. recorded on the top level compared to the ground floor. No significant differences observed: 1. based on the orientation of the room due to the presence of shady landscaping. 2. based on opening or closing of all windows in the room. 3. between mean temp. values of indoor, corridor & microclimate. The reduction of fan speed consistently & drastically increased the room temp. (1 C to 2 C) & reduced RH by a margin of 11% to 17%. Different amount of daylight even within the same room (faced outwards east received more daylight). Higher values of illuminance in the corridor as compared to the room.

11 Findings Living behaviour assessment The activity, garment dressed, usage of room opening and electronic devices by the residents according to different time periods The performance indicator Time & Percentages of usage Overall Morning Afternoon Evening % Activity Reclining (0.8 Met) Seating relaxing (1.0 Met) Sedentary activity (1.2 Met) Standing relaxed (1.2 Met) Domestic work (1.7 Met) Walking on 5 km (3.4 Met) Garment dressed Mean value (clo) ( )* ( )* ( )* ( )* Windows Open Close Curtain Open Close Fan On Off Fan speed Ceiling lamp On Off Study lamp On Off Computer On Mobile phone charger Note: Off On Off * Minimum and maximum value Morning: 6 a.m. 12 p.m.; Afternoon: 12 p.m. 6 p.m.; Evening: 6 p.m. 12 a.m. Light activity & light clothes were worn at most of the time. Fan with full speed at all time - to maintain the air circulation and movement in the room when the windows have been closed in the most of the time. Curtains fully utilised - controlling the amount of daylight. The basic electrical appliances were fully utilised in the evening when the room is fully occupied - internal thermal loads.

12 Post Occupancy evaluation (POE) Conclusion Objectives Methods Findings 1. Identify the RC with the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies & EEI performance 1 Preliminary study The 5 th RC is the RC with the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies. Various implementations : 24 to 33 kwh/m 2 /year. Less application : 40 to125 kwh/m 2 /year. 2. Evaluate comfort level of residents on bioclimatic design strategies which currently implemented Satisfaction & perception survey The satisfaction & perception level of the residents were in a positive manner. 3. Evaluate building performance 2 Building performance evaluation The mean temperature and relative humidity were in the range of 28 C to 30 C and 66% to 75% respectively >>> provide a comfortable living space. The condition of the room is more influenced by the location/level, ceiling fan & trees with a large canopy. Different amounts of daylight were recorded even within the same room. The internal courtyard provides the adequacy of daylight at the corridor up to ten hours daily, and offers a comfortable room as a living space and a bedroom. 4. Determine resident living behaviour to achieve a state of comfort Living behaviour assessment The comfort level was successfully maintained with the good adaptation of living behaviour including the activity, garment dressed (cloth insulation value in the range of 0.06 to 1.03 clo), usage of room opening & electronic devices.

13 Objectives Methods Findings 5. Identify bioclimatic design strategies that are applicable to RC building in the tropical region to reduce energy consumption while sustaining the thermal and visual comfort 3 Data analysis Internal courtyard of building layout. All openings of the rooms/windows located on the north-south orientation. Only service areas, such as the toilet, bathroom, store, staircase and balcony locate at west-east orientation. Big room s floor area & volume (more than 17m 2 and 47m 3 ) with lower density (max. 2 occupants in each room). Large window area with tinted glass. Two types of window; centre pivot and awning. Transom/fixed opening over the doorway of the room. Horizontal & vertical overhangs along the wall with windows. Wall opening to create wind pressure inside the room. Well-designed of landscape setting at internal courtyard & the surrounding of residential college building.

14 Contribution i. The compilation of information on current implemented bioclimatic design strategies and energy performances of residential college buildings in Kuala Lumpur. ii. Establish the comfort levels of selected residential college units with the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies. iii. Design strategies for the reduction of wasteful energy usage in residential college buildings especially for cooling and lighting purposes. iv. Contribute to the establishment of EEI specifically for residential college buildings. v. Formulation of design guidelines for modification or retrofitting of residential college buildings or multi-storey residential buildings in line with the move towards low energy buildings.

15 Future research i. Identifying the efficiency of electric use of residential college building in all local universities/higher education centres for the establishment of Energy Efficiency Index specifically for residential college building/multi-residential building in Malaysia. ii. Optimizing the application of bioclimatic design strategies, particularly on natural ventilation and daylighting at different type of building towards low energy building. iii. The development of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) procedure for different type of buildings in Malaysia. iv. Potential and implementation of roof top garden at residential college building in different perspectives (i.e. comfort, energy & safety issues). v. The effective design of internal courtyard/transom/window for residential college/multi-residential building in Malaysia towards low energy building and sustainable living. vi. The carbon foot print of residential college building the best practice of bioclimatic design strategies via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

16 Publication Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Hazreena Hussein, Nila Keumala & Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin The dynamic of daylighting at residential college building with internal courtyard arrangement. International Journal of Architectural Research. (Accepted). Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Keumala, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Hazreena Hussein Satisfaction and perception of residents towards bioclimatic design strategies: Residential college buildings. Indoor and Built Environment 23(7): Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Keumala, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Hazreena Hussein Landscape and sustainability: Three residential college buildings in the tropics. Open House International 39(1): Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Hazreena Hussein, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Nila Keumala A study on different natural ventilation approaches at a residential college building with the internal courtyard arrangement. Energy and Building 72: Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Noor Zalina Mahmood, Nila Keumala, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Hazreena Hussein Energy audit and prospective energy conservation - Studies at residential college buildings in a tropical region. Facilities 31(3/4): Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary Mohd Arffin & Hazreena Hussein Energy performance: A comparison of four different multiresidential building designs and forms in the equatorial region. International Journal of Renewable Energy Resources 2(1): Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Hazreena Hussein Energy performance of three Residential College buildings in University of Malaya Campus, Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Design and Built Environment 9: Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin Satisfaction and perception of residents with bioclimatic design strategies A discovery from racial and ethnic perspective. Proceeding USM International Conference of Social Sciences 2015 (USM ICOSS 2015). Rainbow Beach Paradise Beach Resort, Penang, Malaysia, August Hazreena Hussein & Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin POE of bioclimatic design building towards promoting sustainable living. AicE-Bs 2014 Magdeburg. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Science 168, hlm A.A. Jamaludin, H. Hussein, N. Keumala & A.R.M. Ariffin. (2013). Living behaviour assessment at residential college building with bioclimatic design strategies. Prosiding International Conference on Engineering & Built Environment (ICEBE 2013), Part II, ID03, hlm. 5. Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nila Inangda, Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Hazreena Hussein. (2011). Energy performance: A comparison of four different multiresidential building designs and forms in the equatorial region. In UMPEDAC (Ed.), 2011 IEEE First Conference on Clean Energy and Technology (CET 2011). (pp ). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Hazreena Hussein, Nila Keumala & Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin. Subjective and objective evaluations of residential college building with bioclimatic design strategies in equatorial region. Jurnal Teknologi. (Under review). Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Hazreena Hussein, Nila Keumala & Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin. Satisfaction and perception of residents towards an energy efficient building with bioclimatic design strategies. Facilities. (Under review). Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Hazreena Hussein, Nila Keumala & Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin. Building performance evaluation A study at a residential college building with bioclimatic design strategies. Journal Design and Built Environment. (Under review).

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