LES PÉTROLE ET GAZ DE SCHISTES. LA GÉOMÉCANIQUE DEVIENT LE «4 ÈME G» DE L EXPLORATION PÉTROLIÈRE

Transcription

1 LES PÉTROLE ET GAZ DE SCHISTES. LA GÉOMÉCANIQUE DEVIENT LE «4 ÈME G» DE L EXPLORATION PÉTROLIÈRE By Philippe Charlez - Total thias / Total Kuch Latt CFMR 10/10/2014

2 & 2008 : the start of an oil & gas revolution Mbbl/day 80 Bcf/day BP outlook Production MMbbl/day Irak 3,14 Import US growth 3, Date Oil (Mbopd) Gas (Mboepd) Prod Import Prod Import ,7 12 8,9 1, ,8 14 8,6 1, ,8 11,3 08 0,8 40 Bcf/day Production Qatar 21,00 15,30 20 Import US growth 17, Oil production increases by 38 % Oil import decreases by 22 % Gas production increases by 30 % Gas imports decrease by 92 %

3 How hydrocarbons are manufactured? Mineral Organic 1. Sedimentation of minerals (quartz/lime/clay) Overburden Time 2. Sedimentation of biomass (C+H+O+N) Biodegradation T Sea floor biomass mud Bacteria T <80 C Biogenic gas Kerogen (C+H) P Tem Burial Pressure incre mperature in eases creases 2 km 3,5 km Oil window 80 0 C to 130 C Thermal alteration Re esidue Oil + gas Gas + oil Gas Depth Depth

4 Oil & gas system : from source rock to reservoir Land surface Conventional exploits reservoir Unconventional exploits source rock Overburden Trap Réservoir Seal Reservoir 1. Medium to coarse grains, 2. High permeabilities (md to D) 3. Limited extension (1000 km 2 ) 100 µ Source rock Manuturation of HC = Temperature + Time (Myrs) Time condition = very low permeability Basement Source rock 1. Very fine grains 2. Very low permeabilities (nd) 3. Very large extensions 1 µ

5 Production of conventional & unconventional Res. quality Economic production Reserves k economic Non economic production Conventional Play quality Mature HC k uneconomic Pore pressure Economic production Non economic production Unconventional Reserves O&GIP HC in place are not naturally transformed in reserves Economiic permeability to be manufactured artificially

6 Coupling horizontal and HF to build a SRV Original rock permeability Improved rock permeability Main fractures Flow back = 25 % to 50% Per frac stage, 0,5 to 1 olympic pool = 1000 to 2000 m 3 Well Sand from 0,5 to 4 ppg Per frac stage (0,75 ppg) = 150 to 200 tons of sand Border of macroparcell bcf/year A U T O R O U T E Quick decline Low recovery 5 to 10 % for oil 10 to 20 % for gas Production IHS Cera Well Microparcell are drained Years

7 SRV quality Play quality SRV quality Mature HC Uneconomic k Pore pressure Stresses Natural fractures Brittleness Hydrocarbon in place Reserves? 3G 4 th G Sweet spots = play quality + SRV quality

8 Main parameters controlling SRV quality 1. In-situ stresses 2. Natural fractures 3. Brittleness (mineralogy) Wellbore breakouts Outcrop analysis Drilling Induced fractures Well imagery Core analysis Completion becomes a geosciences problem Unconventional Seminar Bougival 13 & 14 May

9 Sweet spots = play quality + SRV quality Logs data Core data Upscaling Multivariate & ranking Seismic data 0 0 SRV quality Play quality 1. Low play & SRV 2. High play & low SRV 3. High play & SRV Locate sweet spots = minimizing wells Economical & acceptability challenge Unproductive zone Unproductive wells

10 SRV modeling to optimise completion strategy

11 LPG alternative fluids to water Flow back = 20 % to 40% of injected volume 100% % fluid back LPG Per frac stage 1 olympic pool = 2000 m 3 of water 50% 0% WATER Days Production (boe/day) LPG Water Time (days) Physical properties Water Propane Viscosity it (cps) ,08 Specific Gravity 1,02 0,51 Surface Tens (d/cm) 72 7,6 Clay sensitivity Reactiv Inert Corrosion Yes No Bacteria Yes No Scale Yes No SAFETY issue

12 Contamination of aquifers 0 De epth (m) After Warpinski et al Typical Typical aquifer depths depth Fracture tops Fracture bottoms Fracture tops & bottom can be mapped real time monitoring µseismic activity 11 Eiffel towers Average perforation Average depth perforation depth Fracture stages Fracture stages 1 Probability 0.5 All shale data Weibull Reservoir several thousand meters below the fresh aquifer Upward fracture height growth (ft)

13 Conclusion : from source rock to reservoir From «play»..to..reservoir Rock mechanics transforms the «trial» 13