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1 RESOURCES SCIENCE Vol. 27,No. 4 July,2005 : (2005) ,,,,, (, ) :, :, 1131 hm 2 ; ( ), 2145hm hm 2 Πcap ;,, 1163 hm 2 Πcap,6713 % ; 5,75 %,,, 5, ( GDP ), () () 10 ; ( ) ;(), : ;; ; ; 1 30,,, 1992,, 21 ( ),,,,, [1 5 ] 2000 WWF ( World Wide Fund for Nature) RP (Redefining Progress), [6 ], 14,, 2,,,Wackernagel 1999 National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept G. Stoglehner [7 ] [8,9 ],, Kathryn B. Bicknell, 3 : ; : :(:1711) : (1971 ),,,,, 转载

2 27 4 : 119,, [10 ],Manfred Lenzen,, (consumption2land use matrix), 311 [11 ] Helmut Haberl, , 3, [12,13 ] km 2, km 2, Matthew A. Luck 44 %15 % ;, : km 2,2815 %, [14 ], km 2, 3815 % ; km 2, 216 % ; (, ( ) [15 ] ) km 2, 818 % ; km 2, [20 ], ( Eric Kopetski ), ( ) 1),, 1) Eric K, Rob K, Adam C, et al The Ecological Footprint of a Dole Banana.,, [16 ] 619 % ; km 2, 1416 % (www11cei. gov. cnπreiπdqgkπliaoning. htm),, 2 178km,12 %, 41815, 10 4 hm 2, 2817 %,115, 64,,Wackernagel 7,, 4 5,,, Ecological Footprint, of Nations, 39, WWF Living, hm 2, Planet Report (www. fsgzj. comπcgi2binπtopic. cgi ),, Klaus Hubacek Jan Otto Andersson John L., R. Proops [17,18 ] Leigh Holland [19 ],,, Stefan Gossling (Seychelles), , ( FAO) (WWF),

3 ,, : i j = i i j j + i i j j : i j () = i j () Πj () ;, ( ) ( ), WWF 1999,, :1t = Gj (),1Pj = Gj,, : 2002 ; : ;, ; ;,, ;, 1) ; ( ) 1) Wackernagel M, Onisto L, and Bello P, et al. Ecological Footprints of Nations : How much nature do they use? How much nature do they have? [ R]. Commissioned by the Earth Council for the Rio + 5 Forum. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, Toronto. 1997, , hm 2,, 12 % [21 ], 1110 hm hm 2,, 1132 hm 2 212,,, 1163hm 2, 6713 % ; 0159hm 2, 2414 %, 0120hm 2, 813 %, 9717 % 112 % 111 %, Table 1 Demand and supply of ecological footprint in Liaoning in 2001 ΠΠ hm 2 Πcap) : , 0146hm 2 Πcap,,12 5, 5130hm hm 2 14 Π 1 :,;

4 27 4 : Table 2 Ecological footprints of individual cities in Liaoning in 2001 Π Π ( 10 4 ) ;,; -, Fig. 1 Geographical distribution of ecological footprint in Liaoning in 2001,11, % : 5 14 ( 75 %, 14, Π) 3 14,,, 8016 % 9619 % Table 3 Ecological footprint components of the 14 cities in Liaoning in

5 ,13 ( ) ; CO 2 ( ) ( ) ; ; 11,, 5 ; 3 ; 5 ; ( ) hm 2 Πcap 019 hm 2 Πcap [22 ] 1167hm 2 Πcap 1) ; 14 2,, 4, 14, 4 14 Table 4 Comparison of ecological footprints of the 14 cities with ecological yardsticks at different levels ef < ef > ) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Living Planet Report Gland, Switzerland ( HttpΠΠwww. panda. orgπlivingplanetπlpr00π2001). ( GDP), , 3 (7116 hm 2 Π) (6101 hm 2 Π) (4198 hm 2 Π ), ; 3 (0169 hm 2 Π) (1102 hm 2 Π) (1147 hm 2 Π),, : ( ) ; ( ) Fig12 Eco2efficiencies and resources use intensities of individual cities in Liaonjing in 2001, ,,,, :,,, ;,,, ;,,,

6 27 4 : 123,,,,, (),,,,, ;, ; GDP ( GS) (ISEW), ( References) : [ 1 ] Rees W E. Economic development and environmental protection : an ecological economics perspective [J ]. Assessment, 2003, 86 : Environmental Monitoring and [ 2 ] York R,Rosa E A, Dietz T,Footprint on the earth : the environmental consequences of modernity[j ]. American Sociological Review, 2003, 68 (2) : [ 3 ] Wackernagel M, Lewan L, Hansson C B. Evaluating the use of natural capital with the ecological footprint : application in Sweden and sub regions[j ]. Ambio, 1999, 28 (7) : [ 4 ],. [J ]., 2003,21 (3) : [ WANG Shu2hua, WANG Zhong2jing. Value of the coordination to eco2economy in mountain district based on ecological footprint model [J ]. Journal of Mountain Research, 2003,21 (3) : ] [ 5 ],,,. 12 () [J ]. 2001,56 (5) : [ ZHANG Zhi2qiang, XU Zhong2min, CHENG Guo2dong, et al. The ecological footprint of the 12 provinces of West China in 1999[J ]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2001, 56 (5) : ] [ 6 ] ( ). [M]. :, [ TAO Zai2pu ( Austria ). Eco2Rucksack and Eco2 Footprint [M]. Beijing : Economic Science Press, ] [ 7 ] Hernot S. Ecological footprint a tool for assessing sustainable energy supplies[j ]. Journal of Cleaner Production 2003, (11) : [ 8 ],,. [J ].,2000,15 (6) : [ YANG Kai2zhong, YANG Yong, CHEN Jie. Ecological footprint analysis : concept, method and case [J ]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2000, 15 (6) : ] [ 9 ],,. [J ].,2000, (10) :8 101 [ ZHANG Zhi2qiang, XU Zhong2min, CHENG Guo2dong. The concept of ecological footprints and computer models[j ]. Ecological Economy, 2000, (10) :8 101] [10 ] Kathryn B B, Richard J B, Ross C, et al. New methodology for the ecological footprint with an application to the New Zealand economy [J ]. Ecological Economics, 1998, 27 : [11 ] Manfred L, Shauna A M. A Modified ecological footprint method and its application to Australia [J ]. Ecological Economics, 2001, 37 : [12 ] Helmut H, Karl2Heinz E, Fridolin K, How to calculate and interpret ecological footprints for long periods of time : the case of Austria [J ]. Ecological Economics, 2001, 38 : [13 ] Karl2Heinz Erb, Actual land demand of Austria : a variation on ecological footprint assessments [J ]. Land Use Policy, 2004, 21 : [14 ] Matthew A. Luck, G. Darrel Jenerette, Jianguo Wu, et al. The urban funnel model and the spatially heterogeneous ecological footprint [J ]. Ecosystems, 2001, 47 : [15 ],,, [J ].,2003,14 (2) : [ XU Zhong2min, ZHANG Zhi2qiang, CHENG Guo2dong, et al. Ecological footprint calculation and development capacity analysis of China in 1999[J ]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecological, 2003, 14 (2) : ] [16 ],,,. [J ]., 2001, 23 ( 6) : [ XIE Gao2di, LU Chun2xia, CHENG Sheng2kui, et al. Evaluation of natural capital utilization with ecological footprint in china [J ]. Resources Science, 2001, 23 (6) : ] [17 ] Klaus H, Stefan G. Applying physical input2output analysis to estimate land appropriation (efs) of international trade activities[j ]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 44 : [18 ] Jan O A, Mattias L. Ecological unsustainable trade [J ]. Economics, 2001, 37 : Ecological [19 ] Leigh Holland. Can the principle of the ecological footprint be applied to measure the environsibility and Environment management [ J ]. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment Management, 2003, 10 : [20 ] Stefan G, Carina B H, Oliver H, et al. Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability [J ]. Ecological Economics, 2002, 43 : [21 ],,, [J ].,2004,2 (1) : [ GU Xiao2wei, LIU Jian2xing, WANG Qing et al. Calculation and analysis of ecological footprints for Liaoning in 2001[J ]. Journal of Ecological Economics, 2004,2 (1) : ]

7 [22 ],,, [J ].,2004, 2 (2) : [ WANG Qing, LIU Jian2xing, GU Xiao2wei,et al. Calculation and analysis of ecological footprint of China in 2001 [ J ]. Journal of Ecological Economics, 2004, 2 (2) : ] Ecological Footprint in Sustainable Use of Resources in Liaoning Province GU Xiao2wei, WANG Qing, LIU Jian2xing, LI Guang2jun, DING Yi, LIU Jing2zhi ( Resources and Ecological Economics Research Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang , China) Abstract : The ecological footprint method was applied to study sustainability of natural resources use in Liaoning province and its 14 cities. This paper presents detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio2capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, and provides a clear sustainability picture of the province. Results show that ecological footprints at most of the cities in Liaoning exceed their respective bio2capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province is 1131 hm 2 Πcap1 Those cities with resources extraction or primary material2making as their main industries constitute the ecologically black band and their ecological deficits are the highest in the province (ranging from 2145 to 5123 hm 2 Πcap). These cities include Panjin, Anshan, Liaoyang, Benxi, and Fushun whose sustainability is of a severe situation. Jinzhou is the only city that does not have an ecological deficit and, thus, is on a relatively sustainable track of development. Fossil energy consumption is the major source of footprint which is 1163 hm 2 Πcap at the provincial level,taking up 6713 % of the total. The five cities with the highest ecological deficits, the fossil energy footprints take up more than 75 % of their respective total. For cropland, relatively high ecological surpluses occur in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while relatively high ecological deficits occur in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus at provincial level. Liaoning has a relatively high surplus of fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, and Jinzhou and the riverside cities of Dandong. Most cities have an ecological deficit in pastureland and all have a small ecological surplus in forestland. The eco2efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) 10 times of the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high2tech, and better2developed service industries have high eco2efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material making, and less developed service industries have low eco2efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning s development toward a more sustainable future. Key words : Natural resources ; Sustainable development ; Ecological footprint ; Ecological pressure ; Bio2 capacity