FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY

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2 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY In order to manage the world s increasingly scarce water resources we must have a sound understanding of how water moves around the planet and what influences water quality. Fundamentals of Hydrology provides an engaging and comprehensive introduction to this subject and provides real-life examples of water resource management in a changing world. The second edition of this popular book brings the text up-to-date with additional case studies and diagrams and a greater synthesis of water quality with physical hydrology. The chapters on runoff and evaporation have been updated and the final chapter on hydrology in a changing world has more material on water resource management strategies. Additionally the chapter on streamflow analysis now includes a more in-depth section on modelling runoff. The book begins with a comprehensive coverage of precipitation, evaporation, water stored in the ground and as snow and ice, and runoff. These physical hydrological processes show with respect to the fundamental knowledge about the process, its measurement and estimation and how it ties in with water quality. Following this is a section on analysing streamflow data, including using computer models and combining hydrology and ecology for in-stream flow assessment. A chapter on water quality shows how to measure and estimate it in a variable environment and finishes with a section on pollution treatment. The final chapter brings the text together to discuss water resource management and real-life issues that are faced by hydrologists in a constantly changing world. Fundamentals of Hydrology is a lively and accessible introduction to the study of hydrology at university level. This new edition continues to provide an understanding of hydrological processes, knowledge of the techniques used to assess water resources and an up-to-date overview of water resource management in a changing world. Throughout the text, wide-ranging examples and case studies are used to clearly explain ideas and methods. Short chapter summaries, essay questions, guides to further reading and a glossary are also included. Tim Davie is a research scientist working in the areas of land use change hydrology and Integrated Catchment Management in New Zealand. He is President of the New Zealand Hydrological Society and previously lectured in Environmental Science and Geography at Queen Mary College, University of London.

3 ROUTLEDGE FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY SERIES Series Editor: John Gerrard This new series of focused, introductory text books presents comprehensive, up-to-date introductions to the fundamental concepts, natural processes and human/environmental impacts within each of the core physical geography sub-disciplines. Uniformly designed, each volume contains student-friendly features: plentiful illustrations, boxed case studies, key concepts and summaries, further reading guides and a glossary. Already published: Fundamentals of Soils John Gerrard Fundamentals of Biogeography Second Edition Richard John Huggett Fundamentals of Geomorphology Second Edition Richard John Huggett Fundamentals of Hydrology Second Edition Tim Davie

4 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY Second edition Tim Davie Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography

5 First published 2002 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-library, To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge s collection of thousands of ebooks please go to , 2008 Tim Davie All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Davie, Tim. Fundamentals of hydrology / by Tim Davie. 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Hydrology Textbooks. I. Title. GB661.2.D dc ISBN Master e-book ISB ISBN10: (hbk) ISBN10: (pbk) ISBN10: (ebk) ISBN13: (hbk) ISBN13: (pbk) ISBN13: (ebk)

6 To Christine, Katherine and Sarah Davie

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8 CONTENTS List of Plates List of Figures List of Tables Series editor s preface Author s preface (First edition) Authors preface (Second edition) viii ix xiii xv xvii xix 1 HYDROLOGY AS A SCIENCE 1 2 PRECIPITATION 14 3 EVAPORATION 36 4 STORAGE 56 5 RUNOFF 78 6 STREAMFLOW ANALYSIS AND MODELLING WATER QUALITY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN A CHANGING WORLD 151 Glossary 175 References 183 Index 196

9 PLATES 1 Satellite-derived global rainfall distribution in the month of January 2 Satellite-derived global rainfall distribution in the month of July 3 Water droplets condensing on the end of tussock leaves during fog 4 Cloud forming above a forest canopy immediately following rainfall 5 Ice dam forming in a river in Canada 6 A river in flood 7 Satellite image of southern Mozambique prior to the flooding of Satellite image of southern Mozambique following Cyclone Eline 9 The Nashua river during 1965, prior to water pollution remediation measures being taken 10 The Nashua river during the 1990s, after remediation measures had been taken 11 The upper reaches of the Cheonggyecheon river at night

10 FIGURES 1.1 The atomic structure of a water molecule The arrangement of water molecules with hydrogen bonds The density of water with temperature Map of the Motueka catchment/watershed A three-dimensional representation of a catchment The global hydrological cycle Proportion of total precipitation that returns to evaporation, surface runoff or groundwater recharge in three different climate zones Water abstracted per capita for the OECD countries Processes in the hydrological cycle operating at the basin or catchment scale Annual precipitation across the USA during Rainfall distribution across the Southern Alps of New Zealand (South Island) Rainfall above and below a canopy The funnelling effect of a tree canopy on stemflow A rain gauge sitting above the surface to avoid splash Surface rain gauge with non-splash surround The effect of wind turbulence on a raised rain gauge Baffles surrounding a rain gauge to lessen the impact of wind turbulence Siting of a rain gauge away from obstructions The insides of a tipping-bucket rain gauge Throughfall trough sitting beneath a pine tree canopy Thiessen s polygons for a series of rain gauges (rî) within an imaginary catchment Calculation of areal rainfall using the hypsometric method Areal mean rainfall (monthly) for the Wye catchment, calculated using three different methods Rainfall intensity curve for Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, UK Storm duration curves Factors influencing the high rates of interception loss from a forest canopy 41