Hydrogen - The Ultimate Vehicle Fuel

Transcription

1 HYPOTHESIS IV 9-14 September 2001 Reinhold Wurster L-B- Systemtechnik GmbH D Ottobrunn, Germany

2 Main Drivers for Clean, Sustainable and Renewable Energy Systems Global Warming (more than 90% of all GHG scientists agree that humans influence climate, first negative effects already can be identified, transport sector is one of the fastest growing contributors to human made CO 2 in Europe) Resource Depletion (Europe s dependency on fossil energy sources will grow from today 75% to almost 90% in 2020, concentration of petroleum sources in the middle east, dramatic decline of US natural gas and oil resources, non-conventional oil cannot provide any relieve in time and with acceptable CO 2 emissions) Population Dynamics (world population continues to grow, population in OPEC countries will double in the next 30 years) Energy Consumption (due to population growth energy consumption will grow, and even worse the per capita energy demand will grow even more rapidly, leading almost to a doubling of energy demand by 2030)

3 Main Drivers for Clean, Sustainable and Renewable Energy Systems Vision & Reality (Concepts for a solar hydrogen economy exist since 20 years, increasingly its components become technically and commercially available) Technology Development (significant progress in H 2 & FC has been made over the last decade and will be made over the next 10 years) Infrastructure & Technology Implementation (first concepts for the implementation of vehicle refueling infrastructure are developed and standardization of regulations for approval of H 2 and FC technology for mobile and stationary applications is under way [EIPH, ISO, SAE])

4 Actions & Goals Assisting the Introduction of Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel The Transport Energy Strategy, an industrial group of automotive manufacturers and fuel supply companies seems to have agreed upon hydrogen as the additional fuel to be introduced over the next 20 years in Germany The announcement by BMW that it intends to offer liquid hydrogen at refueling stations together with a fuel retailer in the vicinity of each BMW dealership by 2005 in Europe The fleet demonstration of some 20 to 60 zero emission hydrogen fueled fuel cell driven passenger cars and transit buses by the California Fuel Cell Partnership in the time frames of (20) and (60) and the demonstration of approx. 100 hydrogen vehicles in the frame of the Clean Energy Partnership Berlin between 2002 and 2005 The announcements made by GM/Opel and DaimlerChrysler indicating the introduction of large volume manufactured fuel cell vehicles into the German/ European market by latest 2010, 10% of all Opel vehicles for sale, and between 10% to 20% of all DC vehicles for sale.

5 Global Warming

6 ACEA Commitment on CO 2 emission reductions for new cars: The ACEA Commitment is supported by all its car manufacturing members who collectively have agreed to make substantial reductions in new car CO 2 emissions. In particular, ACEA has made the following ambitious commitments: to introduce to the EU market, not later than 2000, models emitting 120 g CO 2 /km or less (corresponding to an average fuel consumption of 4.9 l/100km), to achieve an average CO 2 emission target of 140 g/km for their fleet of new cars sold in the EU in 2008 (corresponding to an average fuel consumption of 5.7 l/100km), to review the situation in 2003 to evaluate the prospects for further reduction towards the Community s objective of 120 g CO 2 /km by The central commitment for 2008 corresponds to a 25% reduction in fuel consumption compared to This target goes far beyond what any other car manufacturing industry in the world has been prepared to consider so far.

7 Resource Depletion

8 IEA International Energy Outlook 1998: Crude Oil Balances Economic Assumptions Oil price: 1997: 16 $/bbl 2010: 17 $/bbl 2020: 25 $/bbl OPEC Share 1997: 28 % 2010: 52 % 2020: 63 % Million Barrels per Day Demand Known Unconventional Crude Oil+NGL/Condensates Non-OPEC Missing Crude Oil!!! (Balancing Item) OPEC EUR = 2300 Gb Sum of Conventional Crude Oil Reality 0 2% production cut in 1999 at <30% Year OPEC share caused [Compilation: LBST 2000] oil price > 30$/bbl

9 Shrinking Oil Resources in the UK - Production of all Fields by End of Tonnen Öl p.a. (inkl. NGL) Datenquelle: Department of Trade and Industry, 2000 Produktionsprognose: LBST 20 Gb 5 Gb EUR: 32 Gb 2 Gb Not yet developed : 5 Gb 3 Gb Gb

10 Natural Gas Resources and their Depletion - A Parametric Study Annual Growth at Annual Growth Rate Present Annual Consumption Annual Growth Source: Beyond the Limits by D. Meadows, 1992

11 Population Dynamics

12 Population Dynamics and Energy Consumption World Population billions billions billions billions billions billions billions Energy Use TWa/a TWa/a TWa/a TWa/a TWa/a 2030 > 20 TWa/a 2075? + 10% -15% non-commercial energies (biomass)

13 Human and Automobile Population Growth Presently we have about 700 million automobiles with internal combustion engine world-wide The per capita density of motor cars in the US and in Italy lies at about 700/1000 and 550/1000 respectively In the year 2030 in Asia the following population is estimated for the three largest countries: Imagine: India 1,500 million These three countries would become China 1,500 million motorized on a per capita density of 200/1000 Indonesia 400 million then world automobile population would double (not yet considering Latin America, Total: 3,400 million Russia and Africa If we take into account that the maximum of oil production is reached before 2010 then it becomes clear that the supply of the present vehicle population and of this additional projected growth has to be achieved with new and cleaner fuels and propulsion concepts, such as hydrogen and fuel cells.

14 Energy Consumption

15 Shell Energy Supply Scenario World Energy Demand (exajoules, ) Sustained Growth: 2% p.a Year [Source: Shell International Petroleum Company, 1994] Renewable Hydro & Nuclear Gas Coal Oil Traditional Biomass

16 Vision & Reality

17 Potential for Solar Electric and Solar Hydrogen Energy Supply Photovoltaics Area required to supply Solar Energy covering the total energy demand of Germany, Europe, World [50% via Electric Power 50% via Solar Hydrogen] H 2 -Liquefaction Solar Thermal Electr. Generation Electrolysis [Source: LBST, Pilkington Solar, Linde, HDW/GL] LH 2 Trailer Transport Maritime LH 2 Transport

18 EQHHPP - German Participation in the Euro-Quebec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Project MAN LH 2 ICE City Bus LH 2 Transport Storage Tanks LH 2 Storage Tanks and Refueling Equipment for all EQHHPP Buses Source: LBST + EQHHPP Partners 1999 BMW LH 2 Vehicle Tank Testing LH 2 Storage System for FC Boat LH 2 - Supplied PAFC Cogeneration Plant

19 EQHHPP - Bavarian ICE LH 2 -Bus - Erlangen & Munich from 1996 to 1998 LH 2 ICE City Bus Demonstration in Erlangen [Sources: MAN, ESTW, Linde]

20 Technology Development

21 BPA s Well-to-Wheel Energy Efficiency Analysis Overall Energy Efficiency (%) ENERGY EFFICIENCY WELL-TO WHEELS Internal Combustion Engines Hybrids Electric Fuel Cells Fuel Supply Car (mixed use) Total E-Vehicle from NG 10 0 Gasoline ex Crude Diesel ex Crude CNG MeOH ex NG MeOH ex Coal H2 ex NG Gasoline ex Crude + GDI Hybrid Diesel ex Crude + HSDI Hybrid Electricity ex NG (CCGT) Electricity ex Coal MeOH ex Gas + Fuel Cell MeOH ex Coal + Fuel Cell Gasoline + Fuel Cell H2 ex NG + Fuel Cell CGH 2 -FCV from NG

22 Fuel Cell Efficiency in Comparison to Internal Combustion Engine PERCENT THERMAL EFFICIENCY Pass. Car Average Power FUEL CELL SYSTEM USING H 2 (GM Data) Bus/Truck Average Power HSDI DIESEL G-DI ENGINE PERCENT LOAD Source: Ricardo, Feb 1999

23 Key Parameters of Fuel Cell Prototype, ICE Production and Hybrid Vehicles Driving Cycle Efficiencies [New European Driving Cycle for Passenger Cars] Daimler Chrysler: Common rail direct injection diesel vehicle % NECAR 4 (LH 2 ) Fuel Cell prototype vehicle 37.7 % NECAR 4 Advanced (CGH 2 ) FC Prototype 40 % GM/Opel: Direct injection diesel vehicle 24 % ZAFIRA HydroGen1 ((LH 2 ) FC prototype van 38 % h+ 50% h+ 50% Hybrids (e.g. Toyota Prius, Honda Insight): Fuel efficiency in typical urban driving cycles superior to conventional ICE (due to stop and go characteristics battery is recharged and overall efficiency improved, ICE at part load) Fuel efficiency in typical highway driving cycle inferior to conventional ICE (battery is empty after relatively short driving distances and then for high speeds small ICE runs at full capacity)

24 DaimlerChrysler NECAR + NEBUS + Sprinter - Hydrogen Fuelled FC-Vehicles [Sources: DC, NH 2 F, LBST]

25 Bavarian FC-Bus - Inauguration at Bavarian Day of the Fuel Cell 08MAY 2000 Bavarian CGH 2 PEMFC Bus Demonstration by MAN, Siemens, Linde

26 Bavarian FC-Bus - Details of Component Integration Hydrogen storage Cooling system Power control Breaking resistor [Sources: MAN, Siemens 2000] Water separator Electric motor Fuel cell modules Air filter Water deioniser Air compressor

27 Bavarian FC-Bus - CGH 2 Demo Refueling Station [Source: Linde AG]

28 H2MUC - LH 2 and CGH 2 Vehicle Demonstration at Munich Airport [Sources: LBST 1999, BMW , Linde 2000]

29 H2MUC - Hydrogen Project at Munich Airport - Phase 2 Energy supply Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen consumption Power converter AC/DC GH 2 Natural Gas 2,5 bar 125Nm³/h Pipeline 1,2 km Electrolysis 450 kw el ~ = H 2 -cleaning Steamreformer H 2 O 2 40 bar and drying Nm 3, 30 bar hydridstorage H 2 (Quality 5.0) 125 Nm 3 /h bar H 2 -vaporizer PEM-fuel cell fork lift Tubular storage 350 bar, V = 8 m 3 Manual refilling station MAN-low floor bus with advanced H 2 -ICE Operation at the Munich airport apron area: 3 articulated buses with advanced hydrogen ICE Manual refilling station 2 PEMFC buses 350 bar hydrogen storage LH 2 -pump 120 l LH 2 /h LH 2 LH 2 -storage l [Source: H2MUC] Roboticrefilling station VIP-cars (BMW LH 2 -ICE)

30 W.E.I.T. - CGH 2 ICE Van Fleet Demonstration in Hamburg FC Van - newly added 2nd half of 2001 [Sources: HaWA and LBST 1999, DC 2001]

31 California FC Partnership - Groundbreaking Ceremony - 01NOV2000 MB NEBUS in front of refueling station Liquid hydrogen delivered by truck and stored in a 17,000 l tank Provides gaseous hydrogen at two pressures: 24.8 MPa and MPa Joe Irvin in front of LH 2 storage and refueling station [Source: fair-pr]

32 American Honda Motors Co MPa CGH 2 Refueling Station in Greater LA [Source: Honda Motor Co.]

33 CGH 2 Coupling Device - coupling design by WEH GmbH [Source: Linde AG]

34 BC HydroGEN - 70 MPa CGH 2 Refueling Station - Artist View [Source: BC HydroGEN TM ]

35 Hydrogen Filling Stations - comparison of dispensers CGH 2 dispenser LH 2 dispenser [Source: Linde AG]

36 Clean Energy World Tour BMW Fleet Test with 10 Vehicles [Source: BMW] Berlin: / Dubai: / Brussels: / Milano: / Tokyo/Kyoto: / Los Angeles:

37 GM/Opel - HydroGen1 with LH 2 Storage - Public Events in Brussels Press Event June 2000 Presentation in West-Sacramento at California Fuel Cell Partnership Opening - 1 November 2000 Marathon Pace Car at Sydney Olympic Games September 2000 Presentation in Beijing October 2000 [Source: GM/Opel] Endurance Testing at GM Mesa Grounds in Arizona - May 2001

38 MAN PEMFC-Bus with Air Liquide FC System und Linde LH 2 Storage drive direction supercapacitor system LH 2 -storage Linde 600 l LH 2 / -253 C cooling system braking resistors secondary water pump power converter Air Liquide/Nuvera fuel cell module 40 kw net, V DC electric drive 2 x 75 kw max fuel cell system 3 modules, 3 x 40 kw net, V DC

39 Linde 600 l LH 2 Storage for MAN PEMFC-Bus Berlin - Copenhagen - Lisbon [Source: Linde AG]

40 Linde Refuelling Station Layout for LH 2 and LCGH 2 for Berlin [Source: Linde AG]

41 LH 2 Coupling - the actual technology generation by Linde AG The manual operated version, with pneumatic actuated cold finger. female part on vehicle side male part on fuel station side [Source: Linde AG]

42 Reduction of LH 2 Refueling Times and Product Losses Source: F.-J. Wetzel in Int. Jour. Hydr. Energy N 5, 1998, Vol. 23, p. 341

43 Filling Station Concept - universal cryogenic fuel station,principle scheme - supply connection vent flue valve & remote box LH 2 fuel station LH 2 - dispenser LH 2 dispenser standard filling up to l/h ventgas; LH 2 - filling LH 2 storage tank CGH 2 - dispenser CGH 2 dispenser standard filling up to 350 bar CGH 2 - high pressure storage boil off gas compressor boil off gas heater CGH 2 high pressure evaporator LH 2 transfer pump capacity: l/h cryogenic piston pump [Source: Linde AG]

44 Cryogenic Storage & Filling Station - universal cryo-fuel station during erection [Source: Linde AG]

45 NovArs - CGH 2 Propelled PEMFC Bike Dr. Koschany & Dr. Bölkow CGH 2 Supplied PEMFC Electric Bike [Source: novars FEB 2001]

46 Infrastructure & Technology Implementation

47 Strategic Advantage of Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel No vehicle fuel can be produced from as many feedstocks as hydrogen: fossil sources (natural gas, crude oil, coal) waste (biogenic and non-biogenic waste) renewable sources (biomass, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, ocean power) In a coordinated approach, hydrogen refueling infrastructure build-up will not be a technical nor an economic issue! Consequence: This allows a very robust and flexible introduction and implementation strategy for hydrogen as a vehicle fuel with a very high probability to avoid market niches and to enter real mass markets

48 Transport Energy Strategy TES (VES) [BMW, DC, MAN, Opel VW, ARAL, BP, RWE, SHELL] Primary- or input energy Main innovations by TES Biomass Non biogen residuals Natural gas fossile renewable Collection Transport Extraction Purification Transport Extraction Purification Liquefaction Transport Electricity generation and -transport Electricity 1. conversion stage 2. Conversion stage Anaerobic Purification fermentation 97 Reforming Reforming, methanol synthesis Gasification H 2 -separation and purification Methanol synthesis DME-direct conversion Hydrocarb.-synthesis (FT) Reforming H 2 -separation and purification Methanol synthesis DME-direct conversion Hydrocarb.-synthesis (FT) Elektrolysis Purification Elektrolysis CO 2 - extraction Methanol synthesis DME-synthesis Mobil-process, PEconversion Fuelconditioning Liquefaction Compression Evaporation Transport Liquefaction Evaporation Compression Transport Fueling Transport Fueling Transport Fueling Fuel LNG CNG LH 2 CGH 2 Methanol DME Gasoline Diesel VES_Chains.ppt [Fuel Supply Path Analyses ]

49 TES - Strategy for Fuel Introduction Strategy proposal for introduction of hydrogen: market share of 2.5% until 2010 (i.e. 5-10% of new vehicle registrations) market share of 15% until 2020 (i.e % of new vehicle registrations) Additionally the following plans will be developed: build-up of a hydrogen infrastructure for mobile use implementation program defined together by vehicle and energy industry detailed timelines for implementation necessary framework conditions (government, society, economy) extending the initiative towards Europe Should a short/ medium-term introduction of hydrogen become much more difficult due to changed framework conditions within the period of the market introduction of hydrogen, the Task Force will keep options open to use either natural gas or methanol as bridging fuels. [Source: Schaller, Gruber - VDA Technical Congress 2000]

50 TES - Strategy for the Build-up of Hydrogen Refueling Stations [Source: Heuer, DC, Essen - 14FEB2001] TES Strategy LBST Remarks 2-3 years of fleet vehicle supply Wide-spread introduction for passenger cars (statistical distribution) Incentives to cover low utilization rate and further build-up (e.g. any type of tax preferential for H 2 fuel) Decreasing financial incentives (e.g. reduced tax preferential on H2 fuel) and entering into final retail structure

51 Transport Energy Strategy TES (VES) - Clean Energy Partnership Berlin

52 TES - Comparative Economics of CGH 2 as Vehicle Fuel CO 2 - equivalent [g/kwh] without gasoline/diesel With tax CGH 2 from... Biomass Hydro Windpower offshore Costs [DM/l gasoline equivalent ] Solarthermal The cheapest renewable hydrogen production paths are based on biomass and are approx. 3 times as expensive as untaxed gasoline. Then follow existing hydropower and offshore wind energy. The most abundantly available renewable path is based on solar thermal energy conversion leading to hydrogen fuel prices of approx. 8 times as high as untaxed gasoline. The cheapest fossil hydrogen production path is via from natural gas and leads to hydrogen fuel prices of approx. 1.5 times as high as untaxed gasoline.

53 EQHHPP - Polling of LH 2 City Bus Passengers in Munich (EQHHPP 1997) Figure II: Associations of bus passengers concerning hydrogen Performed by in collaboration with the Institute of Educational Psychology of Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich Source: LBST

54 Hydrogen Safety Experiences and Measures in Transport and Refueling Hydrogen is being used in the chemical industry safely since more than a century Hydrogen is being transported in high pressure pipeline systems over hundreds of kilometers since more than 60 years On German highways annually more than 100 million standard m³ of hydrogen are transported with good safety record Liquid and compressed gaseous hydrogen storage containers due to their more rigid design behave much more benign in accident situations than conventional vehicle fuel tanks Destructive testing performed with liquid hydrogen storage tanks and with LH 2 vehicles have shown to fulfil all necessary safety requirements Today the refueling of CGH 2 and LH 2 vehicle tanks can be performed in 3 minutes (thus comparable to gasoline and Diesel) In the meantime the refueling of LH 2 can be performed without product losses Standardization of components and harmonization of approval procedures in the frame of ISO TC 197 and of the EIHP has been started during the last years and should lead to an international set of approved regulations be the end of this decade

55 EIHP - European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Japan Platform for Global Harmonisation USA EU Request for a harmonized regulation ECE, WP29 [Source: European Integrated Hydrogen Project EIHP] Australia Harmonized regulation in a global register... Fig.4 D E F S WP 29 Meeting of experts GRPE (GRSG) Application for an ECE Regulation Administr. committee (AC I) EU votes with the number of their member states vote not less then half of contracting parties. Two-thirds majority necessary. Elaboration of a Draft Proposal Document for the Licensing and Approval of Hydrogen Road Vehicles for Submission to ECE WP29 Secretary General of the UN Contracting parties Valid regulation regulation is adopted unless one-third of contracting parties disagree within 6 month. Fig.5

56 EIHP - ECE Draft Proposal Document Developed by EIHP I LH 2 Vehicle PROPOSAL FOR A NEW DRAFT REGULATION UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF: I. SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF MOTOR VEHICLES USING LIQUID HYDROGEN; II. VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE INSTALLATION OF SPECIFIC COMPONENTS FOR THE USE OF LIQUID HYDROGEN PROPOSAL FOR A NEW DRAFT REGULATION UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF: I. SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF MOTOR VEHICLES USING COMPRESSED GASEOUS HYDROGEN; II. CGH 2 Vehicle VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE INSTALLATION OF SPECIFIC COMPONENTS FOR THE USE OF COMPRESSED GASEOUS HYDROGEN EIHP

57 EIHP2 - Structure and partners of Phase II EIHP2 - Key Project Parameters Objective: Initiate and provide inputs for regulations on an EU and global level for the approval of hydrogen fuelled road vehicles, hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and the relevant interfaces. Project Duration: 36 Months [01FEB JAN2004] Project Budget: MEuro EU Funding: 50% Partners: B Hydrogen Systems D BMW, DC, Ford, FZK, LBST, Messer, Opel ES INTA F L Air Liquide SA, Commissariat à l Énergie Atomique GB Air Products, BP, Shell GR Demokritos I EC-JRC N Det Norske Veritas, Norsk Hydro, Raufoss ASA S Volvo Work Packages: WP1 Overall Coordination WP2 Refuelling Station WP3 Refuelling Interface WP4 Vehicles WP5 Safety WP6 Links EU- USA, Cluster Activities 1 European Integrated Hydrogen Project - Phase II [E I H P 2] LBST

58 3500 Mtoe/yr Soft Arguments for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Vehicle Applications The End of Cheap Oil Year EXXON : European Integrated H 2 Project Meeting the energy supply challenges over this decade may require $1 trillion in new investment in exploration and producing facilities. (12 March 2001) LH 2 refueling station close to each dealership BMW EU s 6 th Framework Program Self-commitment 140 g CO 2 /km for the entire passenger car fleet for sale in 2008 Foreseeable Funding in FP6 between Between 2000 and 2010 about 50% of all oil wells have to be replaced Introduction: Start-up capital ACEA complete coverage H 2 electrolyzers at filling stations Learning Phase ~ 30 company owned filling stations ,000 billion US$ Setup of initial public filling station network TES 02/ %-20% of all production vehicles are fuel cell vehicles OPEL DC filling stations to be installed in Germany for at least 5 billion Euro