Ocean Accounts: The economy and beyond. Michael Bordt, ESCAP Statistics Division Natalie Harms, ESCAP Environment and Development Division

Transcription

1 Ocean Accounts: The economy and beyond Michael Bordt, ESCAP Statistics Division Natalie Harms, ESCAP Environment and Development Division

2 Today s discussion The Ocean Accounts Partnership: What ESCAP is doing (Natalie) What ocean accounts (could) look like (Michael) Questions, comments 2

3 Why Ocean Accounts? stores 50 times more carbon than our atmosphere >71 % of global fish production reef-based tourism valued at US$258 million in the Coral Triangle alone data and policies exist, but little coherence request for ESCAP support for ocean governance, partnerships, statistical capacity 3

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5 Ocean Accounts Partnership in action Partnerships Capacity needs assessment Regional expert workshop 1-3 AUG 18 Case studies & pilots Research & technical assistance Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean 20 NOV 18 5

6 Ocean Accounts Partnership in action Partnerships international, regional & national United Nations Statistical Commission invited ESCAP & UN Environment to lead SEEA ecosystems revision on the ocean Regional expert workshop 1-3 AUG 18 Case studies & pilots Research & technical assistance Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean 20 NOV 18 6

7 Ocean Accounts Partnership in action Partnerships Capacity needs assessment 92% consider SDG14 a national priority over 70% reported national mechanisms for SDG14 human resource capacity coordination clear regulation, standards, enforcement access to data and data management access to funding Regional expert workshop 1-3 AUG 18 Case studies & pilots Research & technical assistance Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean 20 NOV 18 7

8 Ocean Accounts Partnership in action Partnerships Capacity needs assessment Regional expert workshop 1-3 AUG 18 >80 international, regional, national experts: science statistics governance reaffirmed capacity needs established Community of Practice validated need & feasibility of Ocean Accounts guidance on standards & pilot studies Case studies & pilots Research & technical assistance Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean 20 NOV 18 8

9 Ocean Accounts Partnership in action Partnerships Capacity needs assessment Regional expert workshop 1-3 AUG 18 Case studies & pilots scoping study: national vision, policies, regulations institutions, plans policy gaps, coherence, good practices data providers, users & stakeholders support national working group: integrate data for priority subset pilot accounts publish data Indonesia, Thailand, Vanuatu you? 9 Research & technical assistance Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean 20 NOV 18

10 Ocean Accounts Partnership in action Partnerships Capacity needs assessment Regional expert workshop 1-3 AUG 18 Case studies & pilots Research & technical assistance Ocean Cities: ocean-focussed climate-responsive urban development in islands Closing the Loop: reduce leakage & recover plastic resources by linking the informal & formal Accelerating SDG14: prioritize needs, identify entry points for action, support follow-up & review statistical recommendations: integrate components of SEEA and SNA 10 Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean 20 NOV 18

11 Ocean Accounts Partnership in action Partnerships Capacity needs assessment Regional expert workshop 1-3 AUG 18 Case studies & pilots Research & technical assistance Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean 20 NOV 18 take stock of progress made on voluntary commitments lessons learned expand COA catalyse new commitments for a healthy ocean register as a presenter 11

12 Focus on statistical frameworks Already much in SNA and SEEA (central framework and ecosystems) Not adapted or tested for ocean Need to fill in some missing bits to address SDG14 12

13 System of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA) Stocks (P & Q) Minerals & energy Land, Soil Timber Aquatic Other biological Flows (P & Q) Materials Environment National wealth National Balance Sheet Resource life Critical Natural Capital Water Benefits/Costs Ecosystems + conditions P = Price (monetary value) Q = Quantity (physical) Residuals (Q) Solid waste Air emissions Water emissions Ecosystem impacts Energy Water Ecosystem services Economy Production Consumption Accumulation Imports Exports Mitigate & Manage (P) Protection $ Goods & Services Taxes & subsidies SNA: Contribution of natural inputs to economy (rent) Depletion, degradation adjusted net savings Non-SNA: Contribution of natural inputs to well being Externalities (health, poverty) 13

14 SEEA-Ecosystems (spatially detailed) Physical Thematic: Land, Water, Carbon, Biodiversity Extent Condition Services Supply Services Use Tools: Valuation techniques Tools: Classifications, Spatial units, scaling & aggregation, Biophysical modelling Monetary Asset Services Supply Services Use Supporting: SNA, I-O tables, economic production functions Augmented I-O Table Integrated Sector Accounts and Balance Sheets 14

15 SEEA Ecosystems Early work Source: Remme et al., 2014 (Limburg, the Netherlands) Source: Statistics Canada,

16 The Ocean A Different kind of ecosystem It s very large Water & species keep moving Multi-layer All looks the same from a satellite Trans-boundary / shared / most outside of national jurisdictions Less studied / known / measured Links to climate, disaster, food Not tested with SEEA ESCAP YouTube Video; UN Environment: Ocean Pollution 16

17 Ocean Science 101 Knowns: The ocean is essential. Known unknowns: How essential? Unknown unknowns: What if? +Oxygen -CO 2 Atmosphere Climate Weather Land & Freshwater Biophysical Ecosystems +Water +Natural inputs +Services -Residuals -Modification Socioeconomic Consumption Accumulation -Heat -Acidification -CO 2 +Oxygen The ocean Biophysical Ecosystems Impacts: Climate change Sea-level rise Natural disasters Ecological collapse 17

18 Many SEEA accounts many related SDGs SEEA: Central Framework + Ecosystems 18

19 Regional expert workshop (August, 2018) The issues 1. Spatial units and ecosystem classification: delineate units 2. Ecosystem services: expand on existing classifications 3. Disaster risk & climate change: establish shared standards 4. Social: identify communities, artisanal fishers, target groups 5. Economic: links to SNA & valuation of non-sna benefits 6. Global data: what s available and how to use it? 7. Measuring SDG14: indicator metadata 8. Ocean governance: international, regional and national 9. Modelling: experience and opportunities 10. Priorities for case studies and research #oceanaccounts 19

20 Ocean accounts Map view National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) SEEA Ecosystem extent - Terrestrial and Freshwater ecosystem types (Land Accounts) - Coastal communities - Coastal infrastructure - Pollution sources Ocean spatial units - Ocean ecosystem types - Marine protected areas - Fishery, tourism, mining areas - Water quality / temperature National statistics - Emissions, effluents, wastes - Assets: fish stock - Supply/use: catch, beneficiaries Analyses - Main sources of land-based pollution (by whom) - Degraded and pristine Hot spots - Cost/benefit of rehabilitation and protection - Value of natural inputs (to whom) - Policy options values at risk - Capture of rent (returns on investment) EU04 EU10 EU01 EU05 EU07 EU08 EU02 EU06 EU09 EU11 20

21 Ocean accounts Table view SEEA-CF Mineral and Energy Assets; Aquatic resources Ocean Assets: Drivers Ocean Extent Ocean Services Supply (physical) Minerals Energy Fish Specific units Industry % to ocean hectares Ecosystem Type 2 (T) (MToE) stocks (T) Service (specific units) SEEA Air emissions Beginning of period Provisioning SEEA Effluents 1 + additions Regulating and maintenance SEEA Solid wastes 1 - reductions Cultural Ecosystem Type 1. would benefit from spatial disaggregation End of period Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport Ocean governance Ocean Conditions Ocean Services Use (physical) Minerals Energy Fish Specific units Industry Specific units Ecosystem Type 2 (T) (MToE) stocks (T) Service (specific units) Beneficiary type 4 Policies, plans and regulations Acidification (ph) Provisioning Institutions Eutrophication (BOD) Regulating and maintenance Management practices Plastics (T) Cultural Technologies Carbon 3 Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport SEEA Protection Expenditures Biodiversity 3 4. Disaggregated by coastal/urban/rural, high/low - research Temperature ( C) income, male/female - enforcement Accessibility/quality SEEA Goods and Services 2. Including critical natural capital areas, settlements, coastal Ocean Services Supply (Monetary 5 ) - technologies infrastructure, protected areas, fishing zones, designated tourist areas, Service (monetary unit) Ecosystem Type coral reefs, mangroves, coastal beaches Provisioning Note: This is a stylistic representation of the SEEA-EEA with additional components required for including sources of land-based pollution, abiotic services (such as minerals, energy and medium for transport), 3 As in the SEEA-EEA, Carbon and Biodiversity could be full accounts. Regulating and maintenance Cultural SNA for some services 6 6. Would benefit from disaggregation by Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport 5. Only some services can be valued in monetary terms. expenditures and governance. This is not as comprehensive as described large/small enterprise and Ocean Services Use (Monetary 4 ) in the text. Much of the data on flows of land-based pollution, ecosystem linkage to employment by Service (monetary unit) Beneficiary type types, and condition would be derived from detailed maps and beneficiary type. Provisioning aggregated as shown in the tables for reporting. Regulating and maintenance Cultural Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport 21

22 It s not that simple, though 22

23 Many stakeholders many partnerships UN Oceans Other UN inter-agency and supported Oceanscape Program (PROP) GESAMP: Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific International Aspects of Marine Environment Protection OECD: Ocean Economy GEF: Global Environment Facility GEO: Blue Planet IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Regional OneSharedOcean APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Forum): Ocean and See the workshop concept note for UNEP: Global Programme of Action for the Fisheries Working Group Protection of a the more Marine Environment complete from Land- list: ASEAN: Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Bases Activities (GPA) Centre (SEAFDC) DOALOS: The Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects UN Environment: Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia (COBSEA); International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) World Bank: the Pacific Islands Regional CROP: Council of the Regional Organisations in the Pacific FAO: Asia-Pacific Fisheries Commission (APFIC) PEMSEA: Partnerships in Environmental Management of the Seas in East Asia Academic ICSU: International Council for Science Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics 23

24 A partner mapping (to be continued) 24

25 Take home points ESCAP is partnering with international, regional and national organizations to provide a platform for strengthening ocean statistics and governance SEEA is a statistical standard for environmentaleconomic accounting Ecosystem accounting is a spatially-detailed extension Especially SDG 15.9 (ecosystem and biodiversity values) Ocean data and statistics are a new challenge SEEA has not been applied to the ocean Many organizations are working on different aspects Ocean Accounts extend and adapt the SNA and SEEA to SDG14 We can save the ocean! If statisticians collaborate with scientists and policy experts 25

26 Thank you for your attention! Questions and comments? Acknowledgements: Prepared by: Michael Bordt Regional Adviser on Environment Statistics ESCAP Statistics Division Natalie Harms Associate Expert for Sustainable Development ESCAP Environment and Development Division Ecosystems adapted from: Advancing Natural Capital Accounting, a collaboration between The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and is supported by the Government of Norway. Contact: seea@un.org 28