7th Grade. Slide 1 / 161. Slide 2 / 161. Slide 3 / 161. Global Climate Change. Global Climate Change

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1 Slide 1 / 161 Slide 2 / 161 7th Grade Global Climate Change Global Climate Change Slide 3 / 161 Climate and Weather The Greenhouse Effect Global Climate Change Anthropogenic Causes Natural Causes Impacts of Climate Change Climate Science Reducing Climate Change Mitigation Strategies Adaptation Strategies Click on the topic to go to that section

2 Slide 4 / 161 Climate and Weather Return to Table of Contents Weather How did you decide how to dress for school today? Would need a jacket or could you wear shorts? Did you need to bring an umbrella? Slide 5 / 161 You might have watched the weather report on the news or checked your smartphone to help you make these decisions. Weather Slide 6 / 161 The atmospheric condition at any given time or place is called weather. The weather can change hour to hour and day to day.

3 Weather Slide 7 / 161 Weather also changes season to season in many places on Earth. Weather Brainstorm some terms that you associate with weather. Slide 8 / 161 Weather Terms Slide 9 / 161 Did you come up with some of these terms? sunshine cloud cover rain sleet hail snow windy freezing rain thunder blizzard humidity heat wave fog

4 Climate Climate refers to the long term average weather conditions of a specific location. Slide 10 / 161 For example, Hawaii has a warm and humid climate year round. However, one day the weather might be overcast and rainy, while the next it is sunny and only partly cloudy. Climate versus Weather Slide 11 / 161 Though weather is an expression of climate, they are not the same. Compare and contrast the weather and climate of your city. Write your thoughts below. Click here to watch a video on the differences between climate and weather. 1 You walk to the bus stop and it suddenly gets really windy and overcast. This is an example of climate. Slide 12 / 161

5 1 You walk to the bus stop and it suddenly gets really windy and overcast. This is an example of climate. Slide 12 () / Suppose that this summer was much hotter than last summer. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Slide 13 / 161 Yes No 2 Suppose that this summer was much hotter than last summer. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Slide 13 () / 161 Yes No No This is too short a time period to make the claim that climate is changing.

6 3 Suppose that every winter for the past three decades has been warmer than usual. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Slide 14 / 161 Yes No 3 Suppose that every winter for the past three decades has been warmer than usual. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Slide 14 () / 161 Yes No Yes Because the observation is being made over a long time period. 4 Climate is the long term average of weather conditions. This average is usually taken over. Slide 15 / 161 A a couple of days B several months C at least 20 years D at least one year

7 4 Climate is the long term average of weather conditions. This average is usually taken over. Slide 15 () / 161 A a couple of days B several months C at least 20 years C D at least one year Climate Graphs Activity Slide 16 / 161 In your group, answer the questions about the following climate graph on your paper. The data on the graph is over a 30 year time period from daily extreme highs average daily extreme lows image from esrl.noaa.gov Slide 17 / 161 The Greenhouse Effect Return to Table of Contents

8 Global Climate System To understand whether or not the climate is changing, we must first understand what causes our global climate. Slide 18 / 161 The global climate system arises from the interaction of sunlight with Earth's atmosphere, land, oceans, ice caps and other parts of Earth. Solar Radiation Sunlight is energy in the form of radiation. The types of radiation emitted by the sun are ultraviolet (UV) waves and visible waves, or shortwaves. Slide 19 / 161 Why do you think these waves are sometimes referred to as short waves? The Greenhouse Effect Slide 20 / 161 So what happens to all that solar radiation when it reaches Earth's atmosphere? image from ipcc.unibe.ch

9 Incoming Shortwave Solar Radiation Slide 21 / 161 About 30% of incoming solar radiation is reflected by clouds and Earth's surface. The amount of Earth's reflectivity is called albedo and is dependent on the surface. Some surfaces reflect better than others. For example, ice has a higher albedo than grass. Generally, objects that are closer to the color white reflect more or have a higher albedo than darker colored objects. Incoming Shortwave Solar Radiation Slide 22 / % of solar radiation is directly absorbed by Earth's surface and warms it. The remaining 20% of solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. 2 Longwave Infrared Radiation Slide 23 / 161 After solar radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface and atmosphere, some of it is converted into infrared (or heat) waves. This type of radiation, which is a form of energy, is often called longwave radiation. Why do you think it is called longwave radiation when compared to solar radiation?

10 5 The global climate system is influenced only by Earth's atmosphere. Slide 24 / The global climate system is influenced only by Earth's atmosphere. Slide 24 () / 161 It is determined by the interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere, land and ocean. 6 Solar radiation is a type of energy composed of waves. (Select all that apply.) A infrared Slide 25 / 161 B UV C visible light D radio

11 6 Solar radiation is a type of energy composed of waves. (Select all that apply.) A infrared Slide 25 () / 161 B UV C visible light D radio B and C 7 Over half of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by Earth's surface and clouds. Slide 26 / Over half of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by Earth's surface and clouds. Slide 26 () / 161 Only about 30% is. 50% is absorbed by the surface and 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere.

12 8 The amount of shortwave reflectivity from Earth's surface depends on the surface type. Another word for the amount of reflectivity from a surface is. Slide 27 / 161 A atmospheric ability B reflectability C albedo D UV reflection 8 The amount of shortwave reflectivity from Earth's surface depends on the surface type. Another word for the amount of reflectivity from a surface is. Slide 27 () / 161 A atmospheric ability B reflectability C albedo D UV reflection C 9 Snow will have a higher albedo than grassland. Slide 28 / 161

13 9 Snow will have a higher albedo than grassland. Slide 28 () / Some of the solar radiation that is absorbed by Earth and the atmosphere is converted into heat energy. Slide 29 / Some of the solar radiation that is absorbed by Earth and the atmosphere is converted into heat energy. Slide 29 () / 161 Heat energy is the same as infrared radiation (or waves).

14 Outgoing Longwave Infrared Radiation Slide 30 / 161 Earth emits Infrared (IR) Radiation outward. Some of this IR radiation passes through the atmosphere back to outer space. 1 Some is absorbed by clouds and reemitted in all directions. 2 Most of the IR radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-emitted in all directions as heat. 3 The Greenhouse Effect Slide 31 / 161 Without greenhouse gases to absorb and re-emit Earth's infrared radiation, what would happen to the temperature on Earth? Come up with an idea with your group. Be prepared to explain. The primary greenhouse gases to remember are: Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Ozone Water vapor The Greenhouse Effect Slide 32 / 161 To summarize the greenhouse effect simply: Some sunlight enters Earth's atmosphere and heats it.

15 The Greenhouse Effect Slide 33 / 161 Some of this heat escapes into outer space. The Greenhouse Effect Slide 34 / 161 Some of this heat is trapped in the atmosphere acting to keep our planet warm and habitable. 11 Most of the long wave radiation emitted by Earth escapes the atmosphere and goes back into space. Slide 35 / 161

16 11 Most of the long wave radiation emitted by Earth escapes the atmosphere and goes back into space. Slide 35 () / 161 Most is absorbed and reemitted by greenhouse gases. 12 Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? Slide 36 / 161 A carbon dioxide B methane C oxygen D nitrous oxides 12 Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? Slide 36 () / 161 A carbon dioxide B methane C Oxygen is in the atmosphere C oxygen but it is not a greenhouse gas because it does not absorb IR D nitrous oxides radiation.

17 13 Without greenhouse gases, Earth's temperature would be. Slide 37 / 161 A much higher B much lower C unchanged 13 Without greenhouse gases, Earth's temperature would be. Slide 37 () / 161 A much higher B much lower C unchanged B Slide 38 / 161 Global Climate Change Return to Table of Contents

18 Global Climate Change Slide 39 / 161 The climate in a specific area such as Hawaii or Alaska is called regional climate. Global climate refers to the average climate around the entire world. How do scientists tell if global climate is changing? What data would they examine? Global Climate Change Slide 40 / 161 It is not enough to look at a single event that seems abnormal from the normal conditions. One must look at decades worth of data to see if and how climate deviates from a normal condition. The deviation of something from a normal condition is called an anomaly. One key indicator of climate change is the anomalies of global temperature. Is Global Climate Change Occurring? This graph shows the global temperature anomalies (or deviations) in degrees Celsius for the years Slide 41 / 161 Do you notice a pattern? How would you describe it? *graphs from pbs.org

19 Is Global Climate Change Occurring? Slide 42 / 161 This graph shows the global temperature anomalies over a much longer time period (1000 years). How does this graph compare to the previous one? Is Global Climate Change Occurring? This graph shows the total concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 2000 (in parts per million). Slide 43 / 161 Can you think of reasons carbon dioxide would have increased this way? Is Global Climate Change Occurring? This last graph shows the total concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for a 450,000 year record. Slide 44 / 161 What caused the patterns you see in this graph?

20 Slide 45 / 161 Anthropogenic Causes of Global Climate Change Return to Table of Contents The Role of Greenhouse Gases Slide 46 / 161 Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be uncomfortably cold. But what happens when there is an overabundance of greenhouse gases? What causes this overabundance of greenhouse gases? Watch the following video. Some of it is review, but pay close attention so you can answer the questions afterwards. Click here to watch the video. 14 Greenhouse gases are not needed in Earth's atmosphere. Slide 47 / 161

21 14 Greenhouse gases are not needed in Earth's atmosphere. Slide 47 () / 161 Some are needed in order to keep the planet warm enough for plants to grow and humans to live. 15 If there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the temperature of Earth will increase overall because more heat is being trapped in the atmosphere. Slide 48 / If there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the temperature of Earth will increase overall because more heat is being trapped in the atmosphere. Slide 48 () / 161

22 16 Which of the following are responsible for increased greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) A cars Slide 49 / 161 B factories C the sun D using electricity 16 Which of the following are responsible for increased greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) A cars Slide 49 () / 161 B factories C the sun A, B and D D using electricity 17 Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels such as gas, coal and oil are burned. Slide 50 / 161

23 17 Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels such as gas, coal and oil are burned. Slide 50 () / Which of the following are a consequence of increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) A shorter days Slide 51 / 161 B melting glaciers C rising sea levels D changing snow patterns 18 Which of the following are a consequence of increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) A shorter days Slide 51 () / 161 B melting glaciers C rising sea levels B, C and D D changing snow patterns

24 Anthropogenic Climate Change Slide 52 / 161 Climate change caused by humans is called anthropogenic climate change. This is a result of humans putting more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The major cause of this is burning fossil fuels. The three major forms of fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil Fuels: Coal Slide 53 / 161 Used for: electricity cement production steel manufacturing Fossil Fuels : Oil Slide 54 / 161 Used to make: transportation fuel plastics asphalt

25 Fossil Fuels: Natural Gas Slide 55 / 161 Used for: electricity heating buildings cooking transportation Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases Slide 56 / 161 This pie graph shows a percentage break down of the greenhouse gases emitted by anthropogenic (human) sources that are most responsible for climate change. image from epa.gov What greenhouse gas are humans releasing the most of? The least? Activities that Contribute to Greenhouse Gases Slide 57 / 161 This pie graph shows a percentage break down of human activities that contribute to the major greenhouse gases emitted on the previous slide. image from epa.gov

26 19 Humans increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. Slide 58 / Humans increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. Slide 58 () / The three main forms of fossil fuels are oil, natural gas and. Slide 59 / 161 A Solar B Coal C Electricity D Biofuel

27 20 The three main forms of fossil fuels are oil, natural gas and. Slide 59 () / 161 A Solar B Coal C Electricity D Biofuel B 21 The greenhouse gas emitted most by human sources is methane. Slide 60 / The greenhouse gas emitted most by human sources is methane. Slide 60 () / 161

28 22 Anthropogenic climate change means climate change that occurs due to human influences. Slide 61 / Anthropogenic climate change means climate change that occurs due to human influences. Slide 61 () / The human activity that contributes most to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is electricity. What is the activity that contributes the next most? Slide 62 / 161 A agriculture B industry C transportation D businesses

29 23 The human activity that contributes most to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is electricity. What is the activity that contributes the next most? Slide 62 () / 161 A agriculture B industry C transportation C D businesses Slide 63 / 161 Natural Causes of Global Climate Change Return to Table of Contents Solar Variation Slide 64 / 161 Recall that Earth gets it's energy from the incoming shortwave radiation from the sun. If the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth changes, climate can be affected.

30 Solar Variation: Sunspots Slide 65 / 161 Sunspots are dark, cooler than average regions on the sun's surface. The surrounding margin of a sunspot, however, is hotter than average. Solar Variation: Sunspots Sunspot activity varies on a 12 year cycle. An increased number of sunspots are correlated to increased solar radiation. Why? Slide 66 / 161 Solar Variations: Milankovitch Cycles Slide 67 / 161 Earth's position relative to the sun can also affect how much solar radiation reaches Earth. Milankovitch Cycles describe the regular variations in three categories for Earth : Orbital eccentricity Precession (wobble) Tilt

31 Solar Variations: Milankovitch Cycles Slide 68 / 161 image from universetoday.com (UCAR) Solar Variations: Milankovitch Cycles Slide 69 / 161 How do you think each of these three factors affect solar variation on Earth? Volcanoes Slide 70 / 161 Another occurrance which affects the climate are volcanoes. How do volcanoes change the climate?

32 Volcanic Dust Slide 71 / 161 The natural eruption of volcanoes releases large amounts of dust and gaseous materials into the upper atmosphere. The accumulation of volcanic dust and gas in the upper atmosphere primarily results in a net decrease in solar radiation reaching Earth because the dust and gas scatter and reflect it back to space. Can you see the dust in this picture? Look at the light rays. How would a decrease in solar radiation effect Earth's temperature? 24 The three main natural causes of global climate change are volcanoes, Michigan cycles and sunspots. Slide 72 / The three main natural causes of global climate change are volcanoes, Michigan cycles and sunspots. Slide 72 () / 161 Milankovitch Cycles

33 25 The three main natural causes of climate change influence the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives. Slide 73 / The three main natural causes of climate change influence the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives. Slide 73 () / More sunspots on the Sun results in decreased solar radiation because sunspots are dark, cooler than average regions of the sun. Slide 74 / 161

34 26 More sunspots on the Sun results in decreased solar radiation because sunspots are dark, cooler than average regions of the sun. Slide 74 () / 161 Because sunspots are surrounded my a margin of much hotter than average temperatures resulting in a net increase in solar radiation. 27 Sunspots on the Sun follow a cycle that repeats itself roughly every. Slide 75 / 161 A 5 years B 8 years C 12 years D 13 years 27 Sunspots on the Sun follow a cycle that repeats itself roughly every. Slide 75 () / 161 A 5 years B 8 years C 12 years D 13 years C

35 28 The Milankovitch Cycle describes the natural and regular variation of Earth's: (Select all that apply.) A orbit around the sun Slide 76 / 161 B tilt C shape D precession 28 The Milankovitch Cycle describes the natural and regular variation of Earth's: (Select all that apply.) A orbit around the sun Slide 76 () / 161 B tilt C shape D precession A, B, D Anthropogenic versus Natural Causes Slide 77 / 161 Scientists have used computer models to examine the role of different causes of climate change. Do the results from this computer model support the conclusion you came to in your groups?

36 Slide 78 / 161 Impacts of Climate Change Return to Table of Contents Impacts of Climate Change Slide 79 / 161 The changing global temperature is the key indicator that climate is changing. However, there are other observed indicators that also have an impact on people and animals. Fill in your table as we go to help you with your homework. Let's first look at how climate change impacts the oceans. Higher Temperatures Slide 80 / 161 As discussed earlier, rising global temperature is the main indicator that climate is changing. image from c2es.org

37 Warmer Oceans Slide 81 / 161 As the air temperature rises, the oceans absorb some of this heat resulting in warmer oceans and rising sea surface temperatures. image from epa.gov Melting Ice Caps Slide 82 / 161 The rising atmospheric and oceanic temperatures cause ice caps to melt. Click on the image to the right to see how the Arctic ice cap has changed from 1980 to Melting Ice Caps Slide 83 / 161 Ice has a high albedo (what did that mean?), so it reflects more solar radiation than grasslands and other biomes. What do you think happens to the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth when ice caps melt? How will this impact the temperature? Click on the image on the next slide for the answer.

38 Melting Ice Caps Slide 84 / 161 More solar radiation will reach Earth, causing a further increase in temperatures. This will further melt the ice caps which will then lead to more solar radiation reaching Earth... Do you see a cycle here? Melting ice caps are an example of a positive feedback mechanism for climate change. This is because the melting sea ice acts to further increase global climate change. Melting Glaciers Slide 85 / 161 Glaciers are huge masses of snow and ice that have developed over a long time. When the temperature rises, glaciers also melt. Rising Sea Level Slide 86 / 161 What happens when you leave a cup full of ice out and it melts? The same thing happens when ice caps and glaciers melt. This adds water to the oceans causing the sea level to rise. image from epa.gov

39 29 The change in global temperature is the only way we know that climate is changing. Slide 87 / The change in global temperature is the only way we know that climate is changing. Slide 87 () / Over the last several decades, the coverage of the Arctic Sea Ice caps: Slide 88 / 161 A has increased and decreased equally over time B remains roughly the same C has dissappeared to nothing D has significantly decreased

40 30 Over the last several decades, the coverage of the Arctic Sea Ice caps: Slide 88 () / 161 A has increased and decreased equally over time B remains roughly the same C has dissappeared to nothing D D has significantly decreased 31 Melting ice caps represent a positive feedback mechanism for climate change because they: Slide 89 / 161 A further enhance rising global temperatures. B have a higher albedo than grasslands. C absorb more solar radiation. D positively add to the ocean water. 31 Melting ice caps represent a positive feedback mechanism for climate change because they: Slide 89 () / 161 A further enhance rising global temperatures. B have a higher albedo than grasslands. A C absorb more solar radiation. D positively add to the ocean water.

41 32 What causes the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? (Discuss with your group, not a responder Students type question.) their answers here Slide 90 / What causes the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? (Discuss with your group, not a responder Students type question.) their answers here Slide 90 () / 161 melting glaciers/ice caps 33 Do both melting glaciers AND melting ice caps cause the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? Slide 91 / 161 Yes No

42 33 Do both melting glaciers AND melting ice caps cause the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? Slide 91 () / 161 Yes No Yes 34 As the global temperature rises, the temperature of the ocean: A remains the same. Slide 92 / 161 B increases. C decreases. D increases but on average remains the same. 34 As the global temperature rises, the temperature of the ocean: A remains the same. Slide 92 () / 161 B increases. C decreases. B D increases but on average remains the same.

43 Impacts of Climate Change Slide 93 / 161 The changing global temperature also affects our weather and long term climate in a number of ways. Increased Tropical Storms Slide 94 / 161 Tropical storms and hurricanes get their energy from the warm sea surface. When sea surface temperature increases, the frequency and strength of storms and hurricanes also increase. image from epa.gov Changing Precipitation Patterns Slide 95 / 161 As the temperature rises, more water from the surface of Earth evaporates into the atmosphere. This provides more moisture to the atmosphere, leading to increased precipitation in some areas. This precipitation can be in the form of rain or snow. image from c2es.org

44 Drought Slide 96 / 161 Although some areas may receive higher than average amounts of precipitation due to increasing temperatures and evaporation from land, others may not. As a result, some areas experience drought conditions due to climate change. Heat Waves Slide 97 / 161 Increasing temperatures are accompanied by extreme high temperatures and heat waves. A heat wave is an extended period of abnormally hot weather. Record highs now occur more often than record lows. Wildfires Slide 98 / 161 With increased temperatures and areas receiving less precipitation than normal, wildfires are more frequent, larger, and last longer.

45 Consequences of Global Climate Change Slide 99 / 161 We should be concerned about climate change because it affects: agriculture (food supply, irrigation demands) human health (weather-related deaths, disease, air quality) ecosystems (forests, coasts, loss of species) water resources 35 As the sea surface temperature rises, hurricanes and tropical storms: (Select all that apply.) Slide 100 / 161 A get stronger B occur more frequently C are not affected D get stronger but do not increase in frequency 35 As the sea surface temperature rises, hurricanes and tropical storms: (Select all that apply.) Slide 100 () / 161 A get stronger B occur more frequently A and B C are not affected D get stronger but do not increase [This object in frequency is a pull

46 36 Rising global temperatures lead to: (Select all that apply.) A increased sea surface temperatures. Slide 101 / 161 B an increase in precipitation everywhere. C more evaporation of water from Earth's surface. D less ice cap coverage. 36 Rising global temperatures lead to: (Select all that apply.) A increased sea surface temperatures. Slide 101 () / 161 B an increase in precipitation everywhere. A, C and D C more evaporation of water from Earth's surface. D less ice cap coverage. 37 Droughts can deplete both food and water supplies. Slide 102 / 161

47 37 Droughts can deplete both food and water supplies. Slide 102 () / Heat waves: (Select all that apply.) A can destroy crops. Slide 103 / 161 B affect human health. C may lead to more greenhouse gas emission. D are occuring more frequently due to climate change. 38 Heat waves: (Select all that apply.) A can destroy crops. Slide 103 () / 161 B affect human health. All answers are correct. (C due to the increased use of C may lead to more greenhouse gas emission. air conditioners which burn fossil fuels) D are occuring more frequently due to climate change.

48 39 Due to climate change, wild fires are: (Select all that apply.) A larger. Slide 104 / 161 B less frequent. C last longer. D enhanced by drought conditions. 39 Due to climate change, wild fires are: (Select all that apply.) A larger. Slide 104 () / 161 B less frequent. C last longer. A, C and D D enhanced by drought conditions. 40 Impacts of climate change are closely related and affect everyone. Slide 105 / 161

49 40 Impacts of climate change are closely related and affect everyone. Slide 105 () / 161 Slide 106 / 161 Climate Science Return to Table of Contents Climate Science It is clear that the changing climate can affect everybody world wide and we should work on reducing climate change. In order to effectively reduce the level of climate change, scientists must continue to increase our knowledge of climate change. Slide 107 / 161 Climate science involves: collecting data analyzing data forming conclusions peer review

50 image from epa.gov Collecting and Analyzing Data Slide 108 / 161 One of the most compelling key indicators of climate change is the correlation between the global temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations. Scientists know that the global temperature concentrations are much higher than they were hundreds of thousands of years ago. Compare these graphs. What do you notice? Collecting and Analyzing Data Slide 109 / 161 Scientists also know that the carbon dioxide concentrations are much higher than they were all that time ago as well. Wait! How did scientists collect temperature and carbon dioxide data back when technology wasn't around? Ice Cores Slide 110 / 161 Scientist use ice cores in the Antarctic to extract atmospheric data from up to 800,000 years ago! Much like tree rings, ice cores have layers- each layer representing an original snow layer from the past that eventually turned to ice.

51 Ice Cores Slide 111 / 161 Trapped in these ice layers are air bubbles that trapped the past atmosphere. Scientists analyze the carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen in these air bubbles to reconstruct a historical climate record. Ice Cores Click on the following link to see how scientists from the British Antarctic Survey collect ice core data in the Antarctic. Slide 112 / 161 Click here to watch ice core video. 41 By learning more about our changing climate with climate science, we can more effectively reduce climate change. Slide 113 / 161

52 41 By learning more about our changing climate with climate science, we can more effectively reduce climate change. Slide 113 () / Ice cores contain information about: (Select all that apply.) A the past climate Slide 114 / 161 B the age of the ice core layers C causes of climate change D past carbon dioxide concentrations 42 Ice cores contain information about: (Select all that apply.) A the past climate Slide 114 () / 161 B the age of the ice core A, B layers and D C causes of climate C is not change correct because scientists must graph and analyze the data to make D past carbon dioxide concentrations conclusions about causes of climate change.

53 43 Each layer of an ice core represents a different atmospheric gas. Slide 115 / Each layer of an ice core represents a different atmospheric gas. Slide 115 () / 161 Collecting Data Slide 116 / 161 Other data that scientist collect include: weather observations hurricane tracking data sea surface temperatures from satellites precipitation amounts outputs from computer models

54 Analyzing Data and Forming Conclusions Slide 117 / 161 After scientists collect data, they analyze it by graphing it and/or comparing it with other data. Based on their data analysis, scientists make conclusions. What would you conclude from this graph? Peer Review Before a scientist publishes their findings and conclusions for the public, their work must be peer reviewed. Slide 118 / 161 Peer review is when scientists review the work of other scientists. This is an important part of any science because it ensures that "good science" is being released to the public. Brainstorm what you think is meant by "good science". 44 Recording the temperature and precipitation amount in a specific location every day can be used by climate scientists to study climate. Slide 119 / 161

55 44 Recording the temperature and precipitation amount in a specific location every day can be used by climate scientists to study climate. Slide 119 () / 161 This would be weather data that could be compared to historical climate data. 45 Once scientists collect climate data, they announce their findings to the public immediately. Slide 120 / Once scientists collect climate data, they announce their findings to the public immediately. Slide 120 () / 161 They must analyze, make conclusions and get peer reviewed first.

56 46 Removing temperature records so that the climate data matches the needs of certain people is okay as long as the data that is presented is valid. Slide 121 / Removing temperature records so that the climate data matches the needs of certain people is okay as long as the data that is presented is valid. Slide 121 () / 161, this is bad science. Good science is based on facts and data that has not been manipulated to favor personal interests. Slide 122 / 161 Reducing Climate Change Return to Table of Contents

57 Reducing Climate Change Slide 123 / 161 Humans are clearly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Other than fires and floods, can you name any ways humans are affected by the impacts of climate change? IPCC Slide 124 / 161 The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international panel devoted to assessing the current state of climate change using the latest climate science. image from theguardian.com They also identify impacts of climate change on society and the economy. Scientific experts from all over the world contribute to the efforts of IPCC. IPCC Slide 125 / 161 The reports that the IPCC release provide clear, unbiased information on the state of climate change and its impacts.

58 IPCC Slide 126 / 161 It is up to individual governments and institutions to decide whether or not to implement policies and strategies to address the status of climate change as reported by the IPCC. IPCC Slide 127 / 161 The most recent assessment report from the IPCC conclude that: the observed warming of the past half-century is with strong certainty due to human influences there is a clear relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and observed impacts of climate change some impacts of climate change are irreversible and will require a siginificant reduction in greenhouse gases. Mitigation and Adaptation Slide 128 / 161 The IPCC suggest two approaches to lessening human vulnerability to climate change. Mitigation involves making changes that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. What does mitigation mean? Adaptation involves altering human behavior to adapt to the changing climate that is inevitable.

59 47 The role of the IPCC is to: (Select all that apply.) A implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 129 / 161 B provide information on the current state of climate change. C review climate science contributed from experts. D examine the impact of climate change on the society and economy. 47 The role of the IPCC is to: (Select all that apply.) A implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 129 () / 161 B provide information on the current B, C and state D of climate change. C review climate science contributed from experts. D examine the impact of climate change on the society and economy. 48 The most recent IPCC report indicates that humans are probably not responsible for the observed climate change. Slide 130 / 161

60 48 The most recent IPCC report indicates that humans are probably not responsible for the observed climate change. Slide 130 () / Preventing the worsening of climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gas is known as. Slide 131 / 161 A mitigation B adaptation 49 Preventing the worsening of climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gas is known as. Slide 131 () / 161 A mitigation B adaptation A

61 50 Adaption to climate change is necessary as some impacts of climate change are irreversible. Slide 132 / Adaption to climate change is necessary as some impacts of climate change are irreversible. Slide 132 () / 161 Slide 133 / 161 Mitigation Strategies Return to Table of Contents

62 Sources of Greenhouse Gases Slide 134 / 161 Recall the main activities that contribute to the greenhouse gases that are causing climate change. Individual Contributions Slide 135 / 161 Here are four ways YOU can act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: use less energy travel green watch your water use reduce waste Can your table come up with any other ideas? 51 The activity that contributes most to the emission of greenhouse gases that change climate is electricity production. Slide 136 / 161

63 51 The activity that contributes most to the emission of greenhouse gases that change climate is electricity production. Slide 136 () / Which activities help reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (Select all that apply.) A letting a car sit idle Slide 137 / 161 B turning off the lights when not in use C using paper plates and cups at a picnic D taking the bus 52 Which activities help reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (Select all that apply.) A letting a car sit idle Slide 137 () / 161 B turning off the lights when not in use B and D C using paper plates and cups at a picnic D taking the bus

64 53 Using cold or hot water doesn't matter. The key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions is to just reduce water use. Slide 138 / Using cold or hot water doesn't matter. The key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions is to just reduce water use. Slide 138 () / 161 Hot water requires additional electricity. Clean Energy Technology Slide 139 / 161 One way to reduce greenhouse gas emission is to reduce our reliance on burning fossil fuels for energy by shifting to clean energy technology. Technology that uses clean energy emit little to no greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

65 Solar Panels Slide 140 / 161 Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar panels produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases. Solar energy is also a renewable source of energy meaning we won't run out of it like fossil fuels. Geothermal Energy Geothermal power plants use the hot rocks deep below Earth's surface to generate steam which is used for electricity production. Slide 141 / 161 Geothermal power produces NO pollutants or greenhouse gases. Like solar panels, it is a renewable energy source. Wind Turbine Energy Slide 142 / 161 Wind is used to turn turbine blades that are connected to a generator. The generator transfers energy into electricity. Wind turbines also produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases and are renewable power sources.

66 Hydroelectricity Slide 143 / 161 Hydropower plants uses the energy of water falling over a dam to produce electricity. NO pollutants or greenhouse gases here either and again, this is a renewable power source. Biomass Energy Biomass harnesses the sun's energy that is stored in plants. Slide 144 / 161 Biofuels such as ethanol come from biomass and produce less greenhouse gases when burned than fossil fuels. Green Transportation Slide 145 / 161 Transportation is a leading source of greenhouse gas emission. To address this, car technology is changing to include: Fuel efficiency- cars can travel further on smaller amounts of gas. Electric motors- some cars use a motor that requires no gasoline and instead uses an electric battery Hybrid vehicles- use a combination of an electric battery with gas overall reducing gas consumption.

67 54 A renewable source of energy is something that has a finite quantity. Slide 146 / A renewable source of energy is something that has a finite quantity. Slide 146 () / Which of the following are examples of renewable energy sources? (Select all that apply.) Slide 147 / 161 A solar B biofuels C wind D fossil fuels

68 55 Which of the following are examples of renewable energy sources? (Select all that apply.) Slide 147 () / 161 A solar B biofuels C wind D fossil fuels A and C 56 Methods of energy production that produce little to no pollutants or greenhouse gases are called energy sources. Slide 148 / 161 A clean B new C better D Earth-wise 56 Methods of energy production that produce little to no pollutants or greenhouse gases are called energy sources. Slide 148 () / 161 A clean B new C better D Earth-wise A

69 57 Which of the following produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases? (Select all that apply.) Slide 149 / 161 A solar power B geothermal power C hybrid vehicles D hydropower 57 Which of the following produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases? (Select all that apply.) Slide 149 () / 161 A solar power B geothermal power C hybrid vehicles A, B, and D D hydropower 58 Alternative energy sources such as wind energy not only reduce greenhouse emissions but also help us decrease our dependence on non-renewable resources. Slide 150 / 161

70 58 Alternative energy sources such as wind energy not only reduce greenhouse emissions but also help us decrease our dependence on non-renewable resources. Slide 150 () / Fuel efficient cars use biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 151 / Fuel efficient cars use biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 151 () / 161 They use regular gas but are designed to travel further on smaller amounts of gas.

71 Slide 152 / 161 Adaptation Strategies Return to Table of Contents Human Adaptation Taking measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will slow the rate of climate change. Slide 153 / 161 However, we are still vulnerable to the present impacts of climate change and must learn to adapt. Examples of Human Adaptation Slide 154 / 161 moving to suitable areas that have reduced risks of floods planting crops suitable for different seasons building levees to protect against rising sea levels

72 60 Humans can continue to live normally without worrying about climate change once they start implementing climate change mitigation strategies. Slide 155 / Humans can continue to live normally without worrying about climate change once they start implementing climate change mitigation strategies. Slide 155 () / 161 Some impacts of climate change are irreversible and results of mitigation strategies are not instantaneous. 61 refers to how society deals with impacts of climate change. Slide 156 / 161 A Adaptation B Mitigation

73 61 refers to how society deals with impacts of climate change. Slide 156 () / 161 A Adaptation B Mitigation A 62 Climate change refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A adaptation B mitigation Slide 157 / Climate change refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A adaptation B mitigation Slide 157 () / 161 B

74 63 Climate change mitigation refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 158 / Climate change mitigation refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 158 () / Which of the following are most definitely adaptation strategies? (Select all that apply.) Slide 159 / 161 A recycling and reducing waste B using drought resistant crops C building levees to protect coastal areas D taking public transportation

75 64 Which of the following are most definitely adaptation strategies? (Select all that apply.) Slide 159 () / 161 A recycling and reducing waste B using drought resistant crops B and C C building levees to protect coastal areas D taking public transportation 65 All living beings are able to reduce their vulnerability to climate change by adapting to it. Slide 160 / All living beings are able to reduce their vulnerability to climate change by adapting to it. Slide 160 () / 161

76 Slide 161 / 161