Water Resources Management in Pakistan

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1 Water Resources Management in Pakistan By Hassan Abbas 1 & Asghar Hussain 2 1 Hassan.abbas@scetwah.edu.pk 2 a.hussainez@gmail.com

2 1335 First Major Canal, Tughral (Later known as Western Yamna Canal)

3 1633 Water Supply for Lahore, Shahjehan (Later known as Bari Doab Canal)

4 1879 Bari Doab Canal (modified for irrigation by British)

5 1885 Lower Swat Canal

6 1886 Sidhnai Canal

7 1887 Sirhind Canal

8 1890 Sheikh Ratta Canal

9 1892 Lower Chenab Canal

10 1895 Western Yamna Canal

11 1901 Lower Jehlum Canal

12 1905 Ranbir Canal

13 1913 Lower Bari Doab Canal

14 1915 Upper Swat; Upper Jehlum; and, Upper Chenab

15 1918 Depalpur Canal

16 1927 Bahawl Canal; Bikaner Canal; Eastern Sadqia Canal; Fordwah Canal; Melsi Canal; Pakpattan Canal; Qaim Canal

17 1932 Dadu Canal; Nara Canal; Northwest Canal; Rice Canal; Rohri Canal

18 1935 Koranga Feeder Canal; Panjnad Canal

19 1938 Abbasia Canal; Abbasia Feeder

20 1939 Haveli Canal; Rangpur Canal

21 1947

22 1948 India Shuts Canals feeding into Pakistan

23 Inter-Dominion Accord Soon after creation of Pakistan, India resorted to canal closures from Madhupur and Hussainiwala headworks which irrigated areas inside Pakistan. On May 4, 1948 Inter-Dominion Accord was signed. The accord:- required India to release water for our irrigation canals in return Pakistan will make annual payments However, India kept insisting that this accord was a temporary arrangement to meet immediate requirements India kept insisting that Pakistan has to find its own water which they knew we could not.

24 India s Open Aggression on Shared Waters India planned to the maximum extent possible, blocking and dirvering waters of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers which then formed the backbone of our agriculture in Punjab However, there was not enough infrastructure on these three rivers which allowed India to shut these rivers India embarked on structural measures on mega scale to shut these rivers

25 1948 BRBD Link Canal

26 India s Open Aggression on Shared Waters India planned to the maximum extent possible, blocking and dirvering waters of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers which then formed the backbone of our agriculture in Punjab However, there was not enough infrastructure on these three rivers which allowed India to shut these rivers India embarked on structural measures on mega scale to shut these rivers

27 1949 Thal Canal

28 : Bhakra dam was a large project and would take time. So in order to pinch Pakistan as early as possible, a smaller dam at Nangal, 13 kilometers downstream of Bhakra Dam was completed along with a 165 kilometer long diversion canal with a capacity of 12,500 cusec.

29 Ferozepur Feeder off-taking from Harike Headworks was constructed. This feeder canal, with a capacity of cusec, runs 51 kilometer and diverted Ravi- Beas waters to Sirhind Feeder, Eastern Canal systems of Indian Punjab and Bikaner Canal of Rajasthan.

30 Roper Headwork and Sirhind Canal System were remodeled to divert more waters from Sutlej.

31 Roper Headwork and Sirhind Canal System were remodeled to divert more waters from Sutlej.

32 1954 Balloki Sulemanki Link Canal; Bhakra Canal

33 Hussainiwala Headworks, which regulated water for Dipalpur Canal feeding Lahore and Sahiwal and Eastern Canal to Bahawalpur, were replaced with Harike Headworks to facilitate diversion of Sutlej and Beas waters away from Pakistan. Dipalpur Canal went dry after this.

34 1955 Geological and hydrological studies were carried out to put a dam on Beas river at Pong site which would store more than 6.9 MAF, enabling India to have full control over the river.

35 1955 Fuleli Canal; Korti Canal; Lined Canal; Pinyari Canal

36 1955 Geological and hydrological studies were carried out to put a dam on Beas river at Pong site which would store more than 6.9 MAF, enabling India to have full control over the river.

37 1956 Marala Ravi Link Canal System; Sirhind Feeder Canal;

38 1958 Katch Kot Canal; Rajasthan Indra Gandhi Canal; Rajasthan Feeder

39 1959 Dera Ghazi Khan Canal; Muzaffar Garh Canal

40 1961 Indus Basin Water Treaty was signed

41 1962 Beghari Canal; Desert Canal; Ghotki Canal; Warsak Canal

42 Off taking from Harike Headwork, Rajisthan Canal was constructed with a capacity of 18,500 cusec to divert waters of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej into Rajisthan.

43 1965 Sidhnai Mailsi Link Canal

44 1966 Bist Doab Canal

45 1967 Qadirabad-Balloki link Canal; Lower Chenab Canal Feeder;

46 1970 Taunsa-Panjnad Link Canal

47 1975 Ravi Canal

48 1990 Sidhmukh Feeder

49 Post Treaty works by India 1963: Bhakra dam was completed after which flow in Pakistan in Sutlej river completely stopped Construction on Pong Dam on Beas started in 1961 and completed in Construction on Thein Dam started in 1981 and completed in Since then, bed of Ravi river is running dry in Pakistan except exceptional flows of monsoon

50 1994 Sutlej-Yamna Link Canal

51 2011 Pehur High Level Canal

52 Irrigation Demand on Water Resources World Wide Share of Irrigation Indus Basin Share of Irrigation Irrigation Other uses Irrigation Other uses (NGS 2010; Mulk 2009)

53 Worst water use efficiency in agriculture 53

54 Unsustainability

55 Irrigation Canals Provide water for irrigation but cause land degradation Water logging Salinity Flood irrigation on gravity Flood irrigation creates pools of water on the surface providing ideal breeding grounds to mosquitos and pests Transport seeds of the weeds into farmer s fields Fertilizers, Pesticides and herbicides to increase per-acre yields Add poisonous chemicals in the environment and soils Leaching into drinking water aquifers though flood irrigation Public health issues Barrages to divert canals Excessive siltation of river channels exacerbating floods Dykes to protect floods Destruction of riverine ecosystems and loss of ecological services River avulsions causing even more damage Irrigation Drains to prevent water logging and salinity Pollution and nuisance in the landscape Increased water logging and salinity at tail ends of drains!

56 Dams Hydel power:- Does not emit CO2 at turbines but large swaths of vegetation and ecosystems which absorbed CO2 and produced O2 get submerged under the reservoir lake Not only lakes stop existing ecological services, but also decaying organic matter in the reservoirs produce CH4 a gas 20 times more potent than CO2 Storage Create storage for flood protection but severely reduce natural ability of river basin to absorb floods Provide water for irrigation but deprive water to natural foods production systems in wetlands, riverine ecology and river delta Destroy social cultures in riverine areas Destroy flowing-water fisheries Wreck navigation potential of natural waterways Economic Benefits Temporary benefits in power and agriculture sector but permanent losses riverine economy and environment! When build with foreign loans, put a country in a perpetual cycle of debt servicing.

57 What is this? A cesspool??

58 Comminity Drinking Water!!!!

59 Community Drinking Water

60 Salinity

61 Salinity

62 Seas of Salinity

63 Water logging

64 Urban Salinity

65 SCARP Drain an eyesore and a hazard

66 Possibilities and way forward Decision Support Systems through Abundant Data

67 What really goes on Transpiration Evaporation Deepdrainage

68 Photo: Hassan Abbas ZiZAK Farms Acronym derived from Urdu for نايلهكىشاپبا نيمزريز

69 ZiZAK Slogan Do not water the plant, only water the roots

70 A Fish-eye View of the Growing Field Photo: Hassan Abbas

71 Uniform and Healthy Growth Photo: Hassan Abbas

73 Cobs full of Grains Photo: Hassan Abbas

74 No Moisture on Surface

75 Full Growth

76 Full Growth

77 State of Soil Moisture Photo: Hassan Abbas

78 Tonne/ha kg/ha/ mm Comparison with Punjab and USA USA Punjab FATA Yiield Water Productivity

79 Tonne/ha Kg/ha/mm 120 Comparison of Maize Production in FATA USA Punjab FATA Yiield Water Productivity

80 Grain Produced Kg/ha/mm Comparative Water Productivity Traditional USA ZiZAK

81 Returning Back the River its Waters Sustainable Approach

82 Water Diverted from the River (BCM/yr) What do the water savings look like? BCM/yr Sparing 106 BCM/yr 22 Using 22 BCM/yr Irrigated Area (Mha) 14

83 Water Diverted from the River (BCM/yr) Scenario! BCM/yr Sparing 106 BCM/yr 22 Using 22 BCM/yr Irrigated Area (Mha) 14

84 Mean Annual Flow Diverted To Irrigation Storage Capacity Available for Environment Scenario Scenario BCM 20 Year Target

85 Mean Annual Flow Diverted To Irrigation Storage Capacity Available for Environment Scenario Scenario BCM 50 Year Target

Sava River (Europe) Shared between 4 countries (Slovenia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia) 48 BCM mean annual flow 900 km navigable length Population served 8.

86 Sava River (Europe) Shared between 4 countries (Slovenia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia) 48 BCM mean annual flow 900 km navigable length Population served 8.2 million Installed hydel power 196MW Mean daily power production 1.55 GWh (approximately 33% of installed capacity) Indus Basin Shared between 4 countires (Pakistan, China, Afghanistan and India) 180 BCM mean annual flow 3,500 km navigable length Population served 250 million Installed hydel power 7,000 MW Mean daily power production 84GWh (approximately 50% of installed capacity)