Development of a sustainable business model

Transcription

1 Sustainable business models Sustainable business models for greening of the industrial Symbiosis in the city of Kalundborg Bjarne Rasmussen, Region Sjælland Thomas Budde Christensen, Roskilde University Tyge Kjær, Roskilde University 25 October 2013; revision of 29 marts Introduction to demo the region Demo region in Bioenergy Promotion II project consists of three municipalities, namely Kalundborg Municipality, Holbæk Municipality and Odsherred Municipality. The project activities has produced three strategy implementation report, namely: 1 Renewable energy in Kalundborg Municipality with the main theme: Greening of the industrial symbiosis in the city of Kalundborg. Biomass in Holbæk Municipality with the main theme: From natural gas to biomass through industrial ecology in demo region. The study deals here particularly with how to implement bioenergy plants in the hinterland of Holbæk City in order to supply part of Holbæk City and in new urban areas with bioenergy. Biomass in Odsherred Municipality with the main theme: From natural gas to biomass through industrial ecology in the city of Lumsås. The main theme here is how the interaction between a local pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, etc. can establish the basis for a biogas plant to supply the factory with surplus heat supply to the nearby town with biomass based energy (biogas especially). The focus in the following investigation of a sustainable business model is only on the development in Kalundborg Municipality, or more specific on the industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg City. 1 The three reports are only available in Danish, and include the following: (a)»strategy implementation report: Vedvarende energi i Kalundborg Kommune. Greening of the industrial symbiosis in the city of Kalundborg«; den 12. maj 2013; 22 pages. (b)»strategy implementation report: Biomasse i Holbæk Kommune. Fra naturgas til biomasse gennem industriel økologi i Kalundborg demo-region; den 12. november 2013; revideret den 28. marts 2014; 46 pages. (c)»strategy implementation report: Biomasse i Odsherred Kommune. Fra naturgas til biomasse gennem lokal industriel økologisk energisystem; den 17. november 2013; revideret den 29. marts 2014; 20 pages.

2 Side 2 2. Main proposals and the basic problem The industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg has many types of material and energy flows. The main flow in this context is the energy flow. The basic flow is the surplus heat from the coal-fired power plant. The supply relations are as follows: Input to power plant: 5,718,000 MWh. Output: electricity on 1,883,000 MWh (32.9%); losses and own consumption on 3,132,000 MWh (57.8%) and sale of excess heat (energy symbiosis): 703,000 MWh (12.3%). Supply to the symbiosis: Steam on 380,000 MWh to Statoil A/S Refinery, Novozymes A/S and Novo Nordisk A/S. Heat (district heating) on 323,000 MWh to Novo Nordisk A/S, Novozymes, Kara/Noveren I/S and Kalundborg Forsyning A/S. The plant is not originally built as a CHP plant, but as a traditional power plant with a total electricity capacity of 1,057 MW el (Block 2, 4 and 5). Heating market has not played any role in the original location and design of the power plant; the most important issue in the localization has been the good port conditions. The local heat market (steam and heating) will not in any way be able to use all the excess heat from the plant; however, the symbiosis has contributed substantially to reduce heat losses. It is necessary to develop an alternative to the current supply. There are several reasons for this. The first reason is the plant the age. The majority of the plant's capacity is not used. Today the block 2 is the only one used. This block was commissioned in 1961 and has undergone various refurbishments. Due to the age of the power plant is expected that 2015 will be the last operation year. The second reason is the very low energy efficiency. Net efficiency (energy input compared to delivered heat and electricity) fluctuates over the last 5-6 years between 42% and 45%. The rest of the energy is either for own consumption (both electricity and heat in the system) or is ending up as cooling loss of the excess heat. The third reason is, of course, that the power plant and thus the symbiosis are based on coal. It is not a sustainable fuel. It is necessary to replace the coal with renewable energy sources. It is necessary to green the Industrial Symbiosis. It could consist in establishing the following supplies see figure 1 and the details in figure 2: Figure 1. Design of the energy system in greening of the industrial symbiosis, based on the current consumption pattern.

3 Side 3 Figure 2. Design of the energy system in greening of the industrial symbiosis, based on the current consumption pattern detailed description.

4 Side 4 The main issue is then: How to develop a business model that will be able to exploit residual material flows from agriculture, industry, etc. as shown in the figure. Before the analysis of a sustainable business model for greening the industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg some premise and the general content of sustainable business model must be outlined. 3. Introduction to the sustainable business models Sustainable business models contains two elements: firstly the issue of sustainable development and secondly the question of business models. We shall clarify the two aspects separately It is a common and well-founded assumption that you will be able to promote the sustainable use of biomass for energy purposes by using the principles of industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis or the corresponding principles of the circular economy. The political discussion on how to ensure sustainable use of biomasses for energy purposes identifies very clearly that the most ideal solution would be the use of biological residues, waste, etc. In short, it is about what is generally called the second-generation-technology. The regulatory discussion of the second-generation-technology has focused on biofuels and biogas. The reference to the second-generation-technologies is, however, not sufficient to define sustainability, sustainable development or sustainable energy business models 3.1. Sustainable development There is no comprehensive and universal accepted definition of sustainable development. It is often referred to the general statements from the Brundtland Commission, after which a development is sustainable if»... it meets the needs of the present without compromisesing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs«. Although this definition expresses the essential conditions, the statement is, however, very general. This project The Bioenergy Promotion Project - has developed a number of more specific definitions that might be summarized with the following elements: 2 Biodiversity: The main criterion is that biomass production or extraction should have a neutral or positive effect on biodiversity at landscape level. This criterion is a partial relative to the entire energy system, i.e. it includes only the first level in the life cycle the extraction level, and not other parts of the energy system. Resource Efficiency, defined through a series of more specific sub-criteria and include the utilization of resources in the local eco-system. The criterion is partially; it does not cover the entire lifecycle. Energy efficiency, which must ensure the use of bioenergy in the entire chain with as little loss as possible, and with the largest possible reduction of fossil energy in the whole chain. The criterion is systemic, i.e., it covers the entire life cycle, and depends therefore also of all components in the life cycle chain. GHG Reduction (climate mitigation efficiency): Emissions of greenhouse gases form not GHG-neutral sources (that is fossil sources) is a systemic criterion - similar to energy efficiency. 2 From: Sustainable bioenergy production. Defining principles and criteria. The Baltic Sea Region Bioenergy Project. Bioenergy promotion. WP3. Policy, Task 3.1. Jönköping 2010.

5 Side 5 Social aspects is a collection of criteria to ensure that the use of biomass for energy purposes does not compromise food production and local use of biomass for other purposes. Biomass production must not bring local wealth and historical heritage at risk in the community. The criteria are partial. Economic aspects: The criteria is particularly linked to the extraction, production and use of bioenergy in order to boost the local economic activities, and create the basis for viable business and secure energy. The criteria are predominantly holistic or systemic. The key elements of this definition are energy and resource efficiency and a holistic approach. Bio-resources should be used as efficiently as possible without negative effects on biodiversity and society. A number of these criteria is systemic and requires a holistic approach, especially the concept of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction. The systemic or holistic approach implies that it is not meaningful to talk about, for example, energy efficient in cultivation of energy crops without simultaneously look at how efficient the energy resources are used in for instance the power plant and how efficient the produced electricity and heat are used in final consumption. A holistic approach will be very necessary prerequisite to talk on sustainable development Business model Business models are generally intended to specify how to achieve a profitable production. Many of the currently used business models talks about economies of scale, up scale of the installations, specialization with increased use of subcontractors and with increased focus on their core business, and so on. The models can be characterized as a business model based on a simple and direct merchant model. These merchant models have been modified, among others as a result of increasing environmental demands on companies. In this context we could talk about an industry learning curve for sustainable development (Industry's sustainability learning curve) as formulated by B. Nattrass & Mary Altomare. 3 They characterized the learning curve by four phases, going from a reactive phase in the 1970s, a preventive (anticipatory) phase in the 1980s to a proactive profit center oriented approach in the 1990s (eco-efficiency, dematerialisation, etc.) whereas one in the 2000s will see an increasing degree of integrated approach, include characterized by resource efficiency and life cycle orientation. The necessary development of business models can be characterized as follows, inspired by the above mentioned authors and by C. Frankel's proposed four cornerstones of a new business model. 4 The sustainable energy business model can be characterized with: Holistic approach to energy system - the applied business model should focus on the benefits that can be achieved by a holistic approach to the energy system and to the potential supplies in connection therewith. Integrated resource use - design of the bio-energy system to obtain multilateral advantages, including the commercialization of the multilateral advantages - that is, extension of the value chain (expansion of the value chain), if possible. 3 4 Brian Nattrass & Mary Altomare: The Natural Step for Business. Wealth, Ecology and Th Evolu- tionary Corporation, New Society Publishers, 1999, s. 16. C. Frankel: The Vision Gap, fra: Tomorrow: Global Enviroment Business, 1995, Vol. 5, No. 3, s

6 Side 6 Resources: Change the focus on the company's use of resources: Work toward zero waste by selecting technologies without waste and ensure the recovery of all the residues that can not be avoided. Environmental efforts: And change the focus on the company's environmental efforts from waste minimization, resource consumption, from most environmental policies, to a focus on the business elements that can be contained in a contribution to sustainable development. The view is not that companies through a change to their business model should change to some kind of environmental regulators, but the companies should development their business models should so that companies can both contribute to and fully utilize the potential in a sustainable development Putting the elements together: Sustainable business model The development of sustainable business models must to the greatest possible extent be based on the criteria, listed in the foregoing. This can be done in many different ways. We will highlight some of the possibilities with four different models, all based on practical examples, some of which are under construction, while others are still under planning. We will illustrate the following models: 5 Flow model, which is about a business model that interconnects various material flows to produce an energy supply. The value chain is seen along the production chain or lifecycle. The flow model cowers typically closed loops through reuse and recycling in order to maximize the efficient use of existing material flows. MatriX model, which is about a business model where you both follows the production chain and transcends it. The MatriX model combines an industrial ecology thinking with a with a life cycle perspective. All resources and waste elements are considered and put together in a systemic approach. It might require re-engineering of already establish industrial processes. X-Change model. This model is more closely connected to the notion of industrial ecology. The X-change model will as a sustainable business model greatly serve as a strategic superstructure on an existing symbiosis. The model is typically supposed to design and develop new production process and products as it is known from the discussion on the concept of the bioeconomy (biomass for food, industrial products and energy). Frame X model, which is intended to be an open business model to focus on integration of material flow for energy with other material flow in the local communities. Frame X model thereby may contain various combinations of input / output, life cycle, industrial symbiosis, etc. Formulated in another way: The flow model recovers residues and waste for energy purposes. The MatriX model is a more complex sustainable business model, where a greater number of different material flows are used for energy purposes. The X-change model is an even more complex model, where the different material flows are used for numbers of different purposes (food, industry, energy). The sustainable business model for Kalundborg has many similarities with the MatriX model. 5 See Rikke Lybæk, Tyge Kjær & Thomas Budde Christensen: Designing models and screening biomass residues for facilitating the implementation of local biomass energy technologies. ICSET; 3rd IEEE Conference on Sustainable Technologies; 2012.

7 Side 7 4. The important steps in establishing a sustainable business model According to figure 1, it is expected that the renewable energy in Kalundborg must be based on a variety of technologies, namely biogas IC, biogas plant, CHP on straw, bioboiler on straw or wood chips as well as a solar heating. It is not only af question on a variety of technologies, but also a wide range of stakeholders. It emphasizes that the sustainable business models are much more complex and includes a number of necessary decision process that requires a comprehensive design process. A traditional business model (for instance a simple merchant model) has typically only one single actor, making all the decisions. It is not the case with local energy systems, due to the need for a holistic approach. It is needed to have an integrated design process as illustrated with the figure below: Figure 3. Design of the energy system in greening of the industrial symbiosis, based on the current consumption pattern. Sources: Strategy implementation report: Vedvarende energi i Kalundborg Kommune. Greening of the industrial symbiosis in the city of Kalundborg«; den 12. maj The figure 3 shows the technical relationships between energy conversion plants and end consumers. However, the technical relationships are also stakeholder relationships. All the lines represent supplier and customer relationships, which - through project development - has to be translated into contracts and/or ownership relationships. Noted that the figure also shows the areas, which according to Danish law - has to be operated as non-profit company, namely all areas related to the collective heat supply (district heating and natural gas network). The foregoing has outlined some guidelines for a sustainable business model. When the sustainable business model has to be realized, it will depend on the development of the various relationships or contracts between the different stakeholders. It might be done through a process going through three stages or phases.

8 Side Steps to define the specific sustainable business model Typically, thedevelopment of a bioenergy plant or a number of bioenergy plant will be divided into phases from an uncertain foundation to an increasingly stable foundation. It is not always a continuous process; sometimes, issues that have been addressed at an early stage have to be readdressed in a new context. The overall activities can be divided into three main phases: Phase 1 Initiation: The feasibility study provides an answer to whether it is possible to establish the plants in question. The study typically consists of resource, technical, economic and environmental assessments. It is basically a pre-feasibility study. Phase 2 Project development: Specification of design options (consistent project document); permits and regulatory approvals, contracts with suppliers and customers, development of the formal ownership, etc. Phase 3 Building and construction activities: Completion of the construction. Permits and regulatory approvals (planning permissions), construction of plant, construction inspection; initialisation; guarantees, etc. The first phase typically consists of initial plans and the feasibility study. The second phase includes development of the project, and characteristically of this phase it focuses on decision-making, dealing with a number of specific issues, optimising the plant concept, drawing up contracts and agreements, and clarifying ownership and related legal issues. Figure 4. Design of the energy system in greening of the industrial symbiosis, based on the current consumption pattern. 6 Generally, it is assessed that only few of the many obvious possibilities for establishing renewable energy plants will not be realised unless the local municipality actively coo- 6 The model is based on practical experience, with inspiration from the basic thinking of the so- called's integrated design process, see»roadmap for the Integrated Design Process. Part one: Summary Guide«; Green Building Roundtable; Canada, March 2007.

9 Side 9 perate with local initiative groups, etc. Consequetly, phases 1 and 2 are listed as publicprivate partnership. It is not before the end of phase two possible to determine whether a project is realistic or not. It requires that all the regulatory work has been made, all approvals received, the contract outline is known, etc. Only then, it is clear whether all costs generated during the project development process will be covered by the future plant. This is the stage involving the most obstacles to establishing a renewable energy plant or - as in the case of Kalundborg - a number of renewable energy plants. The difficulties in establishing renewable energy plants are that a considerable sum must be spent before it is certain that the plant can actually be established. There is no simple rule of thumb as to the amount of costs of phases 1 and 2 compared with phase 3. The cost of phase 1 and 2 can easily be 10% or more of the total construction costs, and it is well to mark expenses be held without having any certainty that the facility will be established. There are two purposes to conduct a detailed phase 1 and phase 2 process. Firstly, it will undoubtedly contribute to better renewable energy plants through feasibility studies, risk minimising by different experiments (for instance digestion experiments with the plant s raw material base), detailed surveys of consequences of different technology options, detailed environmental impact assessments, economic optimisation analyses, etc. For instance there are examples of biogas plants whose planning has been insufficient, resulting in the plant inflicting financial losses on the local authorities and resulting in negativ economy effects on the local community. Secondly, detailed development work in in phase 1 and phase 2 process lead to a specification of sustainable business model, based on local potential. In particular, this fact that makes a detailed project development through the phases 1 and 2 very important. The sustainable business model is not only a question of general principles. It is also about developing and specifying the contents of the business model through a local process among all relevant stakeholders The basic and the specific sustainable business model It is possible to formulate some general principles for a sustainable business model, but it is simultaneously necessary to develop sustainable business model based on specific conditions and opportunities. The main steps can be summarized as follows: The Basic model: Four different sustaniable business models have been identified, namely: Flow model, MatriX model, X-change model and Frame X model. These models are based on a combination of a number of criteria for sustainable development and business model - as is noted in the foregoing. The specific sustainable business model: The development of the specific model implemented through three phases: The initial phase, the project development the design phase, and the construction phase. Public/private partnership: There are two reasons for this partnership, the benefit of cooperation and roles between private investors and the municipality. Public/private partnership in the first two phases will be obvious and be beneficial to all parties. In the third phase public companies in the non-profit area (the collective heat supply) could be useful for the private companies (industries and energy suppliers).

10 Side The sustainable business model in Kalundborg This section should highlight how sustainable business model can be developed in Kalundborg City. It is not possible to address all aspects, but the following issues will be examined: (1) Mapping of renewable energy resources (an activity during phase one). This mapping shows that the must important requirement for the sustainable business model is energy efficiency. (2) Design of the energy system (also an activity in phase one). The design of the en energy system shows that need for high level of cooperation between the different stakeholders (3) Organization of project development (activity under phase two). The organizational question is about ensuring coherence of the transformation process Local energy resources and industrial symbiosis - the resource base From an industrial symbiosis-perspective energy resources have to be examined in two main areas. Firstly, it must be investigated in the existing symbiosis companies, if they have residues to be included in the energy supply. In this context, include two potentials, namely sewage sludge from Novo Nordisk / Novozymes, where a new biogas plant is under construction, and the flaring gas from Statoil refinery. This source is not a renewable energy source; but if it can be recovered, the use of flaring gas for energy supply could displace fossil fuels and thus contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, it is needed to investigate the bioenergy potential in the area. An analysis of the potentials in Kalundborg demo area shows that there is a total potential for biogas of 380,000 MWh, a straw potential 671,900 MWh (corresponding to 166,700 tonnes) and a wood potential of 98,900 MWh (equivalent to 53,800 m 3 of wood chips, etc.). In total the current bioenergy resources is 1,150,800 MWh in the three municipalities Holbæk, Kalundborg and Odsherred. In addition the establishment of a biogas on wastewater sludge in Novo Nordisk will expands the overall potential with about 53,000 MWh (gross), and will bring the total renewable energy potential in all on at level of 1,203,800 MWh for the three municipalities. These resources have to be used in the whole demo-region. The Kalundborg Symbiosis obviously cannot use it all. On the other hand the resource base could be expanded by 'import' of biomass from the rest of the region (straw) or from other countries in EU (wood chips, pellets, etc.). The existing energy symbiosis is as mentioned before - based on coal consumption of 5,718,000 MWh. It is clear that the biomass-resource in Kalundborg demo area in no way suffice to replace the current consumption of coal. The total available quantities represent only 21% of this consumption. If coal in energy symbioses should be directly replaced with straw, it will at least require 1.4 million tons of straw. This should be compared with the estimated straw potential at 166,700 tons. There are two solutions to this problem. The first solution is higher efficiency. The symbiosis-energy system should be re-engineered in order to obtain significantly higher energy efficiency. The goal here is to go from a total efficiency of 40-45% to a total efficiency of at least 80-90%. The second solution consists of a change in the energy pro-

11 Side 11 duction in the symbiosis to produce significantly less electricity, which is in harmony with the wind priorities of the energy in the transition to a low carbon energy system Design of the local energy system The transformation of energy symbiosis to renewable energy is based on the current energy flow. It is of course important to consider how the energy demand is expected to develop in Kalundborg due to population development, energy conservation, expected growth in industrial production, etc. The intention is here to show how the conversion of energy symbiosis can take place within the resource constraints. Therefore, the starting point is the actual supply situation. The main elements of the following suggestions are as follows: The actual energy demand (demand side planning) with main focus on the heating side (heat / steam) and aiming at maximum utilization (highest possible efficiency) of the current resources. There is often stated a need for a flexible energy supply and flexible technologies. There are flexible technologies (e.g. multifueled technologies), but the actual flexibility lies rather in the composition of the various technologies. The use of various technologies is in line with the fact that renewable energy requires the use of different technologies related to the many different renewable energy sources. Based on the different needs of district heating and steam, a mix of energy supply, therefore, take care as follows: Figure 5. The heat supply of various renewable energy technologies and sources based on the duration curve of heat supply Steam- and district heating consumption in the industrial symbiosis MWh Peak load heat * Bio boiler - straw - wood chips Biogas District heating Combined heat and power * CHP straw * CHP wood chips * Other District heating city District heating companies Steam companies Industrial companies 1... Weeks of the year Dimensioning: The proposal involves that cogeneration technologies (biogas based engine plant and cogeneration steam turbines) is operated in heating base load, thus obtaining a full heat use. The seasonal heat supply (mainly domestic heating) is supplied from bioboiler facility. The proposal is to establish a cogeneration plant on straw at MWel to supply the symbiosis-industries with steam, because it provides the highest efficiency of the resource. Furthermore the proposal suggest bulding of biogas capacity, which consist on the on hand of Novo Nordisk new biogas plant, and on the other hand of construction of a new plant with raw material quantity of 285,000 tonnes. These plants will together cover both the basic load on district heating supply and the heat demand from companies in symbiosis.

12 Side 12 The peak load - the seasonal heating needs are in the proposal covered by a bio bioler primarily on wood chips. The needed capacity is estimated to be a boiler plant of MW; some of the required capacity can be covered by existing boiler systems at Kalundborg Forsyning A/S with a total capacity of 14 MW. Its size and composition of these technologies have a significant effect on the input and efficiency. The steam / heat production and supply will be unchanged at 703,000 MWh; but net efficiency (net output over input) will through the selected technologis be increased from approximately 45% to almost 95% of the proposed design. This increase has a significant commercial impact Organizing the process The transformation of the industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg to a green industrial symbiosis cannot be done at once, but will require a transition period that will easily last for 4-6 years. For example: One must expect that the establishment of a biogas plant takes 4-5 years; similar will apply to the proposed larger CHP power plants, while solar thermal and bio boiler plants can be established between 1-2 years. It implies that it is necessary to consider the sustainable business model for both the construction phase and the operational phase. It is necessary during the construction phase - especially in the mentioned phase 2 - to maintain the perspective embodied in the sustainable business model, because it is in this phase the most important decisions are taken with implications for how sustainable business model will be in the future operation phase. A solution to this could be to establish a development organization, which involves all relevant stakeholders. Development organization must be organized as companies to ensure the necessary commitment. It might be organized as follows: Figure 6. Organizing the greening of the symbiosis in Kalundborg Municipality. Roles of different stakeholder.

13 Side 13 The figure shows the proposal for the establishment of a Developer, organized as a limited company. This developer company is responsible for development support of the various projects. It includes several tasks. Firstly, The developer contribute with knowledge on the use and development of sustainable business model for the companies and organizations that are in the process of developing various renewable energy projects. It can be supported through the development of a guideline for al relevant parties. Secondly, The developer provides assistance regarding approvals etc. in relation the planning, environmental and energy regulation. It is expected that this work can systematized and simplified through The developer. Thirdly, The developer could support preparation of all contracts, which is a prerequisite for the facility in question can be put out to tender. Fourthly, The Developer could contribute which client advisor during tendering and construction phase. Figure 6 also shows a possible ownership. Determination of ownership is an important issue, which will typically be developed and settled during what is called Phase 2. An important issue in the development of ownership is how to ensure a balance of interests. The sustainable business model is not based on a single owner. It builds as mentioned not on a simple merchant model, but is much rather a coalition of interested parties. The position is that the sustainable business model is important for companies (and of course for energy efficiency and renewable energy). It is, however necessary to support the establishment of sustainable business models, because it not just a matter of general principles, but a question on a practical realization, based on local conditions and involving the relevant stakeholders. 6. Summary What is a sustainable business model? It consists of two elements: Firstly, those elements that contribute to sustainable development (biodiversity, resources efficiency, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas reduction, social and economic aspects). Secondly of those elements that can contribute to the development of a smarter and more holistic business model (holistic approach, integrated resource use, resource without waste and environmental efforts). By combining these two elements, it is possible to outline the different forms of sustainable business models (The flow model, MatriX model, X-Change model, Frame X model). By applying these business models in Kalundborg, it becomes clear that the greening of the Industrial Symbiosis is a very comprehensive activity, which may well take years. The individual projects should be developed through an integrated design process and thus run through 3 phases to ensure that the sustainability of the project. Design of the local energy system requires many activities. As stated: It is necessary to support the establishment of sustainable business models, because it not just a matter of general principles, but a question on a practical realization, based on local conditions and involving the relevant stakeholders. It is therefore suggested that a developer organization is established to realize the sustainable business model in praxis.

14 Side Literature Bjarne Rasmussen, Thomas Budde Christensen, Tyge Kjær: Strategy implementation report: Vedvarende energi i Kalundborg Kommune. Greening of the industrial symbiosis in the city of Kalundborg. Bioenergy Promotion II. Den 12. maj Bjarne Rasmussen, Thomas Budde Christensen, Tyge Kjær: Strategy implementation report: Biomasse i Holbæk Kommune. Fra naturgas til biomasse gennem industriel økologi i Ka lundborg demo-region. Bioenergy Promotion II. Den 12. november 2013; revideret den 28. marts Bjarne Rasmussen, Thomas Budde Christensen, Tyge Kjær: Strategy implementation report: Biomasse i Odsherred Kommune. Fra naturgas til biomasse gennem lokal industriel økologisk energisystem. Bioenergy Promotion II. Den 17. november 2013; revideret den 29. marts Sustainable bioenergy production. Defining principles and criteria. The Baltic Sea Region Bio- energy Project. Bioenergy promotion. WP3. Policy, Task 3.1. Jönköping Brian Nattrass & Mary Altomare: The Natural Step for Business. Wealth, Ecology and Th Evolutio- nary Corporation, New Society Publishers, C. Frankel: The Vision Gap, fra: Tomorrow: Global Enviroment Business, 1995, Vol. 5, No. 3, s Rikke Lybæk, Tyge Kjær & Thomas Budde Christensen: Designing models and screening biomass re- sidues for facilitating the implementation of local biomass energy technologies. ICSET; 3rd IEEE Conference on Sustainable Technologies; Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process. Part one: Summary Guide; Green Building Roundtable; Canada, March 2007.