A Novel Dry Toilet Complex Design for a Market Community in Nigeria with Diverse Cultural Practices

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1 A Novel Dry Toilet Complex Design for a Market Community in Nigeria with Diverse Cultural Practices Professor M. K. C. Sridhar Department of Environmental Health Sciences Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan Contact: mkcsridhar@gmail.com

2 Clean toilets?? Nigeria

3 Nigeria Abuja

4 Why toilets? About 1.1 billion people globally do not have access to improved water supply sources, An estimated 2.6 billion people lack access to improved sanitation that separates faeces from human contact, About 2 million people die every year due to diarrhoeal diseases; most of whom are children, less than 5 years in age,

5 Federal Capital Territory and the Kuje Market In Nigeria, 34 million people still lack sanitation and toilet facilities at the end of just concluded Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). They practice open defecation which is deplorable particularly in urban areas and public places. The common faecal disposable methods accepted by communities are ventilated improved pit toilet and septic tank system. The dry or waterless toilet and urine diversion toilets are not yet introduced in the country, though they have proven advantages in terms of low water consumption, better sanitation, resource recovery and effective pathogen removal.

6 Nigeria today Diarrhoea kills about 194,000 children under five every year Respiratory infections kill another 240, % of women in Nigeria lack a safe toilet increasing their risk of illness, shame, harassment and violence These are largely preventable with improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene.

7 Toilets can be political bases

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9 Toilets in Use Are they sanitary?

10 N O T N I G E R I A

11 Faeces Disposal Onto the Farms Kano

12 High Tech Toilet- Not Yet

13 Faeco-oral transmission-common Flies Fingers Food HEALTH FAECES Soil Water From Professor M. K. C. Sridhar

14 Helminths? Yes From Professor M. K. C. Sridhar

15 Ascaris? Most common

16 Kuje Market At a Glance There are 199 formal shops, owned and managed by the Local Government, comprising 145 lock up shops and 44 open stalls. The main units include OK (Okrika), Ngwu, shoes and bags, food stuff sellers, oil dealers, hairdressers, minerals, meat sellers, tailors, provisions, etc. Market is open access with no opening or closing hours. Felt needs: security, water, toilets, drainage, and tarred roads. No public water supply There are 3 toilet facilities owned by private individuals. Women prefer to use open areas for defecation due to lack of privacy in the existing toilets. Preferred toilet seat type- Squatting. Preferred anal cleaning material: paper and/or water. Menstrual pads are disposed in bush, roadside or into pit toilet.

17 Problems in the market Lack of security and fencing. There is no fence and people sleep in the market uncontrollably and mess up the places before morning. The market remains dirty and an open drain transverses the market, despite our efforts The poor states of existing toilet in the market. Nearby residents bring solid waste into the market without being checked, There is no water, sanitary toilet or tarred road in the market

18 Existing toilets Odour is experienced from time to time Users see maggots due to pits filling up Most of the time, the toilet pits are filled up and not evacuated to time Wastewater from baths and toilets are not properly channeled and in many cases causes odour nuisance in the market The toilets had odour, flies and are dirty because they are not adequately maintained. The existing public toilets in the market are not good for use by women. I can t put my legs there, the toilets are unisex and people use as they visit and none is reserved for females. The pour flush toilet beside the mosque is better because odour is reduced while others are pits and smells a lot.

19 Community Expectations from LGA Construct good car park, fence, borehole, clinic, police and fire service stations in the market Maintain peace, security and infrastructures like toilet and light in the market Manage the open gutter that runs through the entire market and possibly cover it with slabs, at least, nobody will be able to throw in faeces and dump refuse into it anyhow Open banks for us in the market Clean the open dumps from time to time Bring bulldozers to remove solid wastes from the reserved open dump site for final disposal. Relocate the open dump site so that more shops could be built there.

20 Expectations from Composting toilet ensure use of the toilet, the following should be considered: Establish a Monitoring Committee and the toilet should be segregated into separate units for males and females. Also, a woman should be engaged to manage the female toilet while a male should be engaged for managing the male toilet It would be successful especially if the toilet is constructed alongside with borehole For the new toilet that you are planning, there should be a sign against dropping menstrual absorbents and fine-charged for defaulters. We need wash hand basins, mirror to check if you have packed yourself well before leaving the toilet after pads have been changed (female FGD request). The operator of the new toilet should draw menstrual pad and mark it as bad. Provision should be made for disposal of menstrual pads, and not dropped inside the pit water must be provided for anal cleansing The toilet should be tiled, anal cleansing materials tissue/water provided, including air freshener and izal to sanitize the toilet. The toilet should be fees paying to ensure effective management Trained operators should be there to guide users on how to use the toilet. There should be sensitization programme in the market They should be operated by trained, same gender persons for the male and female sections Sound hygiene is required to attract women because they have sensitive body Separate sections for each sex is required

21 Women speak If I see my period while in the market, I will carry okada and rush down home When menses comes, I will go to one corner in my shop and use always pad, put it in my body to hold my body until I reach home Even if its tissue paper, I will put it into my body and manage until I go home Some females visit the pit toilet just to drop the used menstrual absorbents into the pit toilet. If my period comes while in the market, I go to the partitioned/privacy section in my shop and use/change the pads. When changed, the used absorbents will be wrapped and kept for disposal on returning home As for me, I go home to use the toilet and either use or change my sanitary pad. I have never used any of the public toilets in the market

22 Composting Toilet Units

23 Features of the Composting Toilet

24 The Toilet Complex Front view of the facility Primary treatment pit Central processing unit The storage facility

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26 Management Structure

27 Responsibility of the Chairman of Market Traders Executive Committee General overseer of the entire project activities Dissemination of site report during the Trader Executive Committee meeting Release of funds for the smooth operation of the facility Any other function as regards the sustainability of the facility

28 Chairman s Responsibilities Developing monthly report of the progress of the facility Giving monthly progress report of the facility to the Chairman Trader Executive Committee Supervision of all the workers in the facility Accounting officer to the recycling enterprise and a signatory to facility accounts Community mobilization and sensitization of market people about the project Advertisement of the fertilizer product Giving directives to the Chief Operator Any other function as assigned by the Chairman Trader Executive Committee

29 Chief Operator Secretary to the Project Management Committee Quality control and save warehousing of materials and recycled products. Supervision, administration and welfare of all employed staff Attending to visitors Community mobilization for community participation Overall in charge of composting operation Attend stakeholders meeting Repair and maintenance of structures and machines Replacement of deliverables Any other assignment emanated from the facility

30 Assistant Operator Issuing of tickets to the users Attending to the toilet users Cleaning and maintenance of the toilets Cleaning of the entire premises Procurement of saw dust Any other function as assigned by the Chief Operator

31 Serial Trouble Remedy No. 1. Augur may not move smoothly Check for proper greasing of the moving parts; Ensure that the saw dust and ash will not have larger particles- sieve the material as soon as it is brought. 2. Smell -Check whether the cover is fitted tightly. -Check whether adequate quantity of saw dust or ash is covering the faeces; -If the smell is rising from the primary tank, add extra saw dust or ash; -Check the cover and prevent any rain water entering it. -All the surfaces in the toilet, urinal and bathroom should be scrubbed with bleach every day to make them hygienic and free from smell. 3. Flies Flies are attracted if faeces is not adequately covered by saw dust or if water enters the toilet; You may also use mild insecticides. 4. Urine entering into main toilet Educate the toilet users. 5. Leaks in the plumbing system Call lumber promptly and rectify. 6. Overflow of Urine tank Remove urine into kegs and use or dispose. Ensure that the urine tank is evacuated at regular intervals. 7. Water accumulation in bathroom 8. Smell and flies in the secondary composting pit 9. Overflow of menstrual pad disposal tank Check the plumbing and repair. Maintain proper C:N ratio and ash will reduce the problem. Depending on the usage, fix a regular burning at intervals. 10. Soak away filled up The land is a filled up area; if the soak away fills up, try to evacuate the extra water and regulate the water usage. 11. Clogging of urinal Urine on long standing produces a chemical which is hard and stick to the drain pipe preventing free flow; periodically wash the urinal with dilute hydrochloric acid to make the clogged material dissolve.

32 Lagos Assembly Gives Guidelines For Public Toilets Published on May 16, 2012 by pmnews No Comments The Lagos State House of Assembly is currently drawing up guidelines for the building and management of public toilets in the state. Good News if these new designs are introduced

33 Conclusion A novel urne diversion dry toilet ws designed and installed in a market at Kuje, Abuja Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria. The design was developed basedon the users perceptions and expectations. It is women friedly where gender privay and special needs were taken into consideration. The facility is ecofriendly as it incorporated toilet, urinal, bathroom, menstrual pad disposal, collection of urine in a special tank, soakaway pit to receive small water used for anal cleaning, and rain water harvesting. Separate male and female caretakers maintain the facility. The faecal matter is converted into compost and used on farms along with the urine harvested. The stakeholders played very active role in developing the facility and for sustainability, a structured management team has been formed with pay and use revenue generating component. It serves as a model for other public institutions where sanitation is compromised.

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