Intermodal Passenger Transport Focus: Sustainable People Mobility

Transcription

1 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche M. Sc. Melissa Robles Intermodal Passenger Transport Focus: Sustainable People Mobility Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften Abteilung Maschinenbau Transportsysteme und -logistik Keetmanstraße Duisburg Telefon: Telefax:

2 2 Content Introduction Definitions and Concepts Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities Towards Sustainable Mobility Technologies Policies La Rochelle, France Conclusion

3 3 Introduction Former times worldwide Cities as central place for the trade, exchange of ideas, natural resources sharing (water), amenities (electricity, entertainment) within short distance. Benefits for all the city members Nowadays Europe More than 60 % of the European population lives in urban areas where just under 85 % of the EU s gross domestic product is created. (Commission of the European Community)

4 4 Definitions and Concepts Sustainable Mobility Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development) Mobility (2 types) Potential mobility is the capability to reach objectives. The more activity objectives can be reached in the time available, the higher the potential mobility. (Umweltbundesamt) Realized mobility is the actual reaching of objectives. The more activity objectives are actually reached, the higher the realized mobility. (Umweltbundesamt)

5 5 Definitions and Concepts Relation between transport and mobility Mobility generates traffic but, reaching activity objectives is the decisive factor for mobility, not the distance traveled! The closer the starting point and destination are together, the less traffic is generated for the same mobility. (German Federal Minister of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety)

6 6 Definitions and Concepts Dimensions of sustainable mobility [1] 1. Ecology dimension Rate of consumption of renewable and non-renewable resources by traffic < levels of substitution or regeneration of these resources. Rate of pollution < environment ability to absorb them. 1. Noise 2. Air Pollution 3. Greenhouse gases 4. Land use and surface sealing 5. Nature conservation Urban traffic is responsible for 40 % of CO 2 emissions and 70 % of emissions of other pollutants arising from road transport (Commision of European Communities)

7 7 Definitions and Concepts Dimensions of sustainable mobility [2] 2. Economy dimension Short and long term conditions for cost-effective living of citizens and efficient commercial activities of enterprises. 1. Efficient commercial traffic 2. Foodstuff production close to costumers 3. Transportation costs Every year nearly 1 % of the EU s Gross Domestic Product is lost to the European economy as a result of the congestion phenomenon (Commision of European Communities)

8 8 Definitions and Concepts Dimensions of sustainable mobility [3] 3. Social dimension All social groups should be able to participate in social activities in a reasonable time. Possibility for all groups to use transport systems without suffering injury. 1. Securing necessary mobility for all 2. Quality of streets and places for rest and recreation 3. Traffic avoidance in urban development 4. Reduction of injure and dead risks when using transportation means One in three fatal accidents now happen in urban areas, and it is the most vulnerable people, namely pedestrians and cyclists, who are the main victims (Commision of European Communities)

9 9 Definitions and Concepts The 9 principles of sustainable transportation I. Entitlement to access II. Equity III. Individual and community responsibility IV. Protection of health and safety V. Education and public participation VI. Integrated planning VII. Conservation of land and other resources VIII. Prevention of pollution IX. Economic well-being (The Vancouver Conference)

10 10 Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities Consequents of unsustainable transportation systems [1] 1. Air pollution CO 2 emissions by sector (EU 25, Million tons CO 2 ) According to initial estimates, tens of thousands of deaths per year are attributable to transport-related air pollution in Europe (World Health Organization) Source: European Commission for Energy and Transport

11 11 Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities Consequences of unsustainable transportation systems [2] 2. Accidents Trends in road accidents (number) Western Europe Human life lost Economical lost Properties Medical attention Congestion Resources Source: European Conference of Ministers of Transport

12 12 Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities Consequences of unsustainable transportation systems [3] 3. Strong dependence on limited fossil fuel sources Oil consumers far from oil producers = more traffic and potential conflicts 4. Inefficient land use Lost of space for commercial or rest activities Extended paving absorb and/or reflect unusual amount of solar radiation Habitat affected by transport infrastructures 5. Noise Affectation of sleeping, communication, rest 6. Congestion More time to deliver goods increases prices More time to reach activity objective increases stress 7. Social disruption Individual transport contributes to loss of community and solidarity in societies

13 13 Importance of Sustainable Mobility in Cities Trends in passenger transportation sector 1. Suburbanization phenomenon More roads to reach less people Badly served public transportation increases the need for own cars 2. Car dependent life-style Average trips length of a city increases 3. Reduction of warehouse facilities and consolidation in big ones outside cities More freight traffic on roads leads to more congestion

14 14 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies 1. Clean fuels and vehicles [1] Look forward to cero or low emissions a) Electric Vehicles (EVs) Use electricity stored in batteries to run. b) Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Combine internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor. Faster refueling than conventional electric vehicles. c) Fuel cell Use the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity to run the car. Possibility of more electronic devices in cars make them safer.

15 15 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies 1. Clean fuels and vehicles [2] d) Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) - Biologically produced diesel (biodiesel) - Electricity - Ethanol - Methanol - Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - Propane

16 16 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies 1. Clean fuels and vehicles [3] d) Alternative Fuel Vehicle Fleet run by Biogas in Lille, France 214 buses (60%) use biogas from Methane Methane produced from the waste water treatment of the city Buses + subways + tramways = 90 % travels are clean Methane Natural Gas Biogas fleet at supply station. Lille, France Source: Trendsetter

17 17 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies 2. Intelligent transport systems Telematic describes the combination of the transmission of information over a telecommunication network and the computerized processing of this information (Telematique) Integrated telematic systems provide accurate and current information to passengers and drivers about public transportation means, congestions, hazardous situations, delays, position and many others. Example: Pre-Trip Information that provides travelers with information about traffic conditions. The traveler s satisfaction increase together with the anxiety reduction can be mentioned as an advantage.

18 18 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies a) Road Variable Message Signs (VMS) [1] Use to control, warn, advise and inform drivers with dynamic on-trip information. Provides: Travel times to relevant destinations Information about alternatives routes Information about available nearest parking slots VMS at Tokyo city Source: European Conference of Minister of Transport Results: Promotes the modal shift from individual to collective transportation Reduces risks of congestion Increases user satisfaction

19 19 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies a) Road Variable Message Signs (VMS) [2] Real time information based on current traffic volumes and occupancy of streets. Provides: Information about dangers, civil works, accidents or congestion Information about alternative routes Left: Sign showing E6 Accident, Risk of queue, Tingstad tunnel. Right: Sign showing Accident 7 km, Choose E22 S, 700 m Results: Reduces risks of congestion Increases user satisfaction Source: Nygårdhs

20 20 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies b) Traffic signal timing for bus priority and real-time passenger information [1] Source: City of Helsinki

21 21 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies b) Traffic signal timing for bus priority and real-time passenger information [2] Provides: Faster and smoother bus travel Information about arriving times, delays and unusual events Results: Reduced travel times by public transportation Increased user satisfaction with public transportation

22 22 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies 3. Park and Ride (P+R) Car drivers can allocate available parking spaces and get accurate current information about public transportation near the parking slot. Provides: Comfortable and easy parking in the city limits Several transportation options to inner city (bus, bike) from and to the P+R facility Results: Modal shift from individual to collective transportation Congestion and parking reduction in inner city Emissions reduction in inner city

23 23 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Technologies 3. Park and Ride (P+R) Source: Oxford Park and Ride

24 24 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies 1. Access restrictions Seek to restrict motorized access to certain zones or certain roads Pécs, Hungary car-free (access restriction) and parking areas (zone model parking) Source: Pécs Official Homepage

25 25 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies 2. Parking and road charges [1] Encompass the several fees that government claims to citizens when using a parking slot in public areas or a specific road for transit like: Cordon charges in city centers Tolls High Occupancy Toll Lane (HOT Lane) Reduced parking fees for clean vehicles Low price or free parking by individual to collective transportation shift (P+R)

26 26 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies 2. Parking and road charges [2] Stockholm, Sweden charging cord Source: Short

27 27 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies 2. Parking and road charges [3] Stockholm, Sweden charging cord Source: Managing Urban Traffic Congestion

28 28 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies Access restrictions - parking and road charges Benefits: Encourage cycling and walking Promote car-pooling Reduce congestion, pollutants emissions and noise Inhabitants can enjoy from nicer landscapes and safer movement around the city Life in city centers becomes attractive and reduce the suburbanization

29 Ministerie von Verkeer en Waterstaat Melbourne City Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains 29 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies 3. Cycling promotion Barrier Measure Barrier Measure Safety Entirely separate and/or clear defined cycle paths Distance Compact cities Groningen, Netherlands (40% bike share) 78% pop. within 3 Km 90 % jobs in city center (Ministerie von Verkeer en Waterstaat) Security Secure and organized parking Health Access restrictions Clean vehicles

30 Federal Ministery of Transport, Building and Housing Intermodale Transportketten / Intermodal Transport Chains 30 Towards Sustainable Mobility - Policies 3. Cycling promotion Barrier Measure Barrier Measure Social statues Promotion to all social groups. Promotion of cycling benefits. Connection Bike parking and access to suitable modal shift points Information Information signs Weather and topology Arcades, bike lift trampe Federal Ministery of Transport, Building and Housing Wanvik

31 31 Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France The Communauté d agglomeration de La Rochelle groups 18 communes, has an area of 206 Km 2 where inhabitants enjoy high quality living conditions. 1. Plan de Déplacement Urbain (PDU) Coherent and long term land assignment plan to slow down the vehicle traffic by giving priority to collective transportation 2. Jean Moulin park and ride facility

32 32 Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France 3. Cycling promotion 150 Km of cycle lanes with travel itineraries signs slots for bicycle parking Yellow bicycles open use cycles distributed along 11 stations spread over the city, on locations where modal shift is suitable to occur Source: La Rochelle

33 33 Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France 4. Pass partout 17 smart card Single ticket to several means of transport (train, bus, coach, electric shuttle, boat, sea bus, yellow cycle) Integrated pricing strategy to simplify and make more attractive public transportation Collection of database with travel patterns Source: Syndicat Mixte de la Communaté Tarifaire en Charente Maritime

34 34 Sustainable Mobility in La Rochelle - France 5. Liselec, Zero emission car-sharing 50 electric cars spread over 7 stations around the city Payment based on time used and mileage Free parking in the whole city Source: La Rochelle

35 35 Conclusion Sustainable mobility is an essential element when planning transport systems in cities in order to assure their sustainable development. The definitions, concepts, technologies and policies for sustainable mobility here presented should give a basis for guidelines to develop sustainable transport systems. Sustainable mobility systems depend on the specific society needs. Differences will be observed between the needs of urban and rural areas even between cities because of differences in their life patterns. Accurate forecasts of travel patterns should be considered to design appropriate policies, technologies and infrastructure for transportation. A society that is conscious of the effects of their transportation choices will be safeguard for the sustainable mobility.

36 Thank you for your attention!