Read the two articles below, and then complete the summaries that follow.

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1 Name: Per. : Date: Assignment # 10 Environmental Science Sub Work Announcements 11.2 Quiz will be TOMORROW Write down today s FLT: Read the two articles below, and then complete the summaries that follow. Article 1: February 16, 2016, 2:21 PM IST India and China Have Most Deaths From Pollution BySuryatapa Bhattacharya University of British Columbia More than half of the 5.5 million deaths related to air pollution in 2013 happened in India and China, according to a new study. About 1.4 million people in the South Asian nation and 1.6 million in its northern neighbor died of illnesses related to air pollution in 2013, researchers at the University of British Columbia in Canada said. The Indian and Chinese fatalities accounted for 55% of such deaths worldwide, the study said. Advertisement Researchers studied risk factors for death and disease around the world and found that air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, was one of the leading contributors to global fatalities.

2 The inhalation of emissions from power plants, vehicles, the burning of crop stubble before replanting, and wood or open fires in homes are some of the leading causes of deaths from air pollution, the report said. The number of premature deaths linked to air pollution worldwide will increase over the next two decades unless more aggressive targets are set to curb it, researchers studying India and China s air said at a meeting Friday in Washington D.C. A major contributor of poor air quality in India is linked to the burning of wood and cow dung for cooking and keeping warm, particularly in the winter months. These methods are popular among India s rural and urban poor, who don t have access to electricity or cleaner fuels. Household air pollution from cooking with wood is primarily a problem in rural areas of developing countries of the world, said Michael Brauer, a professor at the University of British Columbia s School of Population and Public Health, in Canada. Over the past few months, levels of tiny insidious particles, known as PM 2.5, in the Indian capital New Delhi have often exceeded amounts deemed safe by the United Nations World Health Organization. Taking their lead from Beijing, Indian authorities in January experimented with restricting cars on roads for two weeks in New Delhi to reduce emission levels. Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal said Thursday the city would revive the restrictions for 15 days, starting April 15. Scientists said vehicle emissions contribute only 20% to 40% of pollution in Delhi, saying other sources of the particulate matter include the burning of dung, rubbish and leaves and the use of diesel backup generators, which kick in when Delhi s patchy electricity supply cuts out, as well as emissions from smallscale industries such as brick kilns. A federal environmental court in New Delhi said Feb. 4 it wanted officials to improve air quality by asking authorities toreduce the number of traditional cremations that use wood to burn bodies, a widespread practice in majority Hindu India. In China, outdoor air pollution from burning coal was found to be the biggest contributor to poor air quality, causing an estimated 366,000 deaths in the country in Scientists predict 1.3 million premature deaths will take place in China by 2030 if coal combustion remains unchecked. One of the unique things about air pollution is you cannot run, you cannot hide from it. We know that if you improve air quality everybody benefits, so from a health perspective reducing levels of air pollution is actually an incredibly efficient way to improve the health of the entire population, Mr. Brauer said.

3 Article 2: India introduces car sales tax to combat pollution Jason Burke and agencies Monday 29 February EST India has introduced a new tax on car sales aimed at helping fight high levels of air pollution and congestion. The surprise move, announced by the finance minister, Arun Jaitley, is a victory for campaigners and a defeat for the powerful car industry. Commentators said the move showed how attitudes to car use had changed in India. There are some things that are politically palatable now that were not before. Jaitley has seen there is political space and public support. Once Indians owning cars was seen as a sign of economic success. Now this sort of tax is seen as Indians being responsible, said Samir Saran, of the Observer Research Foundation, a Delhi-based thinktank. India is home to many of the most polluted cities in the world, with levels of harmful particles in Delhi, the capital, regularly exceeding European and US safe limits by 15 or 20 times. Medical experts have predicted huge health problems as tens of millions of children grow up breathing very poor air. This is an important step forward, said Anumita Roychoudhry, of the Centre for Science and Environment in Delhi. [The] finance minister has finally integrated polluter pays principle with fiscal policy to slap a pollution [levy] on all cars [which] is more than double on diesel cars and four times more on SUVs compared to petrol cars. This is needed to address the fuel tax distortion in the market that favours polluting technologies and fuels like diesel. Municipal authorities in Delhi and elsewhere have struggled to cope with the problem, hampered by political infighting, poor law enforcement and public ignorance. After a particularly severe bout of pollution last year, the chief minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal, announced a scheme to cut traffic, and thus pollution, by allowing cars with licence plates ending in odd and even numbers to drive only on alternate days. Two coal-burning power stations were also shut. The measures are to be repeated in April. Though it made little impact on pollution levels, the scheme was credited with raising consciousness of the problem across the country and seen as a success. In his annual union budget, Jaitley imposed a sales levy of up to 4% on new passenger vehicles, effective immediately, spurring a selloff by investors in stocks in some of India s biggest automobile companies such as Maruti Suzuki India Ltd and Tata Motors. The budget appeared aimed largely at India s massive rural population, possibly with an eye on forthcoming state elections. Winning these might help the BJP overcome political opposition to their reform plans at national level.

4 This was a political budget. People are suffering. India has had two years of poor monsoons, which have hit farmers and the government have to be seen as responsive, said Saran, the analyst. The lack of radical measures will disappoint some foreign investors and observers who have long hoped India would implement major reforms to boost the economy in the south Asian power. Despite a landslide victory in 2014, the Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) government has been unable to push through a series of key measures to spur faster growth. The new car tax is a further blow for automakers, coming after the supreme court temporarily banned the sale of large diesel cars in Delhi. Campaigners dismissed that move as too little too late. The new tax imposes a 1% tax on cars less than four metres in length and with engines smaller than 1,200cc that run on petrol, liquified petroleum gas or compressed natural gas. Small diesel cars less than four metres long and with engines below 1,500cc will be taxed at 2.5%, and bigger diesel vehicles at 4%. It is estimated that the tax will generate 30bn rupees ($439m or 316m) in revenue for the government. RC Bhargava, chairman of Maruti Suzuki, which sells one in every two cars in India, told Reuters the industry was being unfairly singled out in the fight against pollution. Car manufacturers have challenged claims by environmentalists and scientists that up to 40% of pollution in Delhi is caused by vehicle emissions. The government, separately, plans to levy a tax of 1% on sales of luxury passenger vehicles. While increasing taxes, India is also expected to spend 970bn rupees over the next fiscal year on improving and building new roads and highways, which carmakers say could partially offset the negative impact. Summary + Questions: 1. Summarize the first article in 4-8 sentences

5 2. What is your reaction to this article? 3. What do you think must be done to resolve this issue? 4. Summarize the second article in 4-8 sentences 5. What is your reaction to this article? 6. Do you think that this solution is good? Why or why not? Finished? Work on your project or ToC. RECALL after I receive your five research articles (which are due by tomorrow), you need to create a SCRIPT (for posters and powerpoints) or a STORYBOARD (for videos includes drawings of scenes in addition to script) for your PSA. What you need to include in your PSA: 1. Earth s resources a. Define natural resources and list the specific resources present on planet earth b. Where are these resources found? c. How are they extracted? d. Are there any policies regarding their uses? e. Why is each resource important? 2. Message a. What is your message what issue are you presenting, and what do you want people to know about it? 3. Action step a. What is the call to action? What do you want people to do in order to help solve the problem? Be specific and present a realistic solution. 4. Significance of issue to the public a. Why is this issue important to the public? Why should they care?