Circular Cities: determinants of closed circulation of building materials.

Transcription

1 Exeter Symposium: Circular Economy Disruptions, Past, Present, Future. Circular Cities: determinants of closed circulation of building materials. Urszula Kozminska, PhD. Eng. Arch.

2 Introduction In 2030, cities will be inhabited by 80% of the human population. The urban metabolism of cities is constantly increasing (Kennedy et al., 2011) as well as the material-consumption of urban areas (Barles, 2010). Construction waste constitutes a significant fraction in the global waste stream: 10-15% of all waste (UNEP, 2011) and 34% in Europe (Eurostat, 2015). The increasing amount of waste in OECD countries (UNEP 2011) Raw material consumption (UNEP 2011)

3 Urban Metabolism (Wolman, 1965; Kennedy et al. 2007) FOOD inputs outputs ORGANIC WASTE ENERGY RESOURCES CITY EMISSIONS INORGANIC WASTE Linear urban metabolism

4 Cradle-to-cradle and circular economy decoupling of economic growth and development from the consumption of finite resources innovations, effective design and use of materials can optimise their flow and maintain or increase technical and natural resource stocks plants animals manufacturing industry nutrients for the soil product use materials product degradation biological cycle use technological cycle Circular urban metabolism

5 Determinants of urban metabolism Material and energy fluxes within a city depend on economic, environmental, social and infrastructural determinants (Kennedy et al. 2011, Barles 2010, Andenberg 1998, Agudelo-Vera 2012) active ambivalent law and standards Urban metabolism harvest depends on local technological determinants, urban typology and time (Agudelo-Vera, 2012): UMTH = PUH x Øtech x Øurban x Øtemp activeness amount of waste potential pollution social perception cotractors will energy cost demand for reused materials landfill price communication innovative technologies distance buffer passiveness passive Main determinants of metabolism of construction waste in Zurich (Spoerri et al., 2009)

6 Determinants of urban metabolism: systems and law pro-environmental policies and plans (Chong i in., 2010; Qian i in., 2013; Zaman, 2014) sustainable certifications and other state incentives (Barles, 2009; Taylor i in., 2009; Chong i in., 2010; Qian i in., 2013; Zaman, 2014; Westerlo, 2011) flexibility of legal system (Hinte i in., 2007, Westerlo, 2011; Qian i in.,2013)

7 Determinants of urban metabolism: infrastructure and planning urban density (Barles 2010, Deilmann 2009) urban function (Hammer et al. 2003, Agudelo-Vera et al. 2012) building typology building s dimensions, volume, age, technical and aesthetic condition (Kennedy et al. 2007, Agudelo-Vera et al. 2012, Spoerri 2009) the quality of transport and infrastructure incl.: selective waste collection points, organisation of demolition companies (Brunner 2011, Chong et al. 2010, Zaman 2014, Agudelo-Vera et al. 2012) the processing abilities of a region incl. distances between infrastructure, disposal and construction site (Brunner 2011, Chong et al. 2010) second-hand stores, online exchange platforms and systemic information

8 Determinants of urban metabolism: economic aspects the country s level of economic development (Niza et al. 2009) the demand for reused materials (Chong et al. 2010, Zaman 2014) the presence of economic incentives (van Hinte 2007, Zaman 2014) popularity of pro-environmental solutions (van Hinte 2007, Zaman 2014) the cost of the material s extraction (Chong et al. 2010) the cost of transportation (Chong et al. 2010) the cost of processing (Chong et al. 2010) the cost of performance (Chong et al. 2010) the cost of dismantling (Chong et al. 2010) the cost of non-standard design and construction process(van Hinte 2007) the cost of detailed specification of materials (Chong et al. 2010)

9 Determinants of urban metabolism: environment air pollution (Chong et al. 2010, Zaman 2014) energy consumption (Chong et al. 2010, Zaman 2014) water consumption (Chong et al. 2010, Zaman 2014) materials recycling potential (Chong et al. 2010) impact on human health the amount of CO2 emissions generated during construction process the use of shrinking natural resources

10 Determinants of urban metabolism: socio-cultural context pro-environmental policies (Andenberg 1998, Barles 2010, Zaman 2014) human customs and daily practices (Binder 2009, Quian et al. 2013) consumerist motivations (Binder 2009) environmental awareness (Andenberg 1998, Spoerri 2009, Zaman 2014, Binder 2009, Quian et al. 2013, Radkiewicz 2009, Bregier 2010) social perception (Andenberg 1998, Spoerri 2009, Zaman 2014, Binder 2009, Quian et al. 2013, Radkiewicz 2009, Bregier 2010) authorities awareness (Zaman 2014, Binder 2009, Quian et al. 2013) social status incl.: income, age, level of education (Binder 2009, Quian et al. 2013, Radkiewicz 2009, Bregier et al. 2010) the level of social engagement (Radkiewicz et 2009, Bregier 2010) the ICT index and access to online databases (Quian et al. 2013)

11 What is the situation in Europe? 98,1% 86,3% 28,3% Holland Germany Poland Level of recycling of C&D waste (Tojo 2011)

12 Countries with high recycling rate: policies and regulations Waste legal acts with the objective: to create closed substance cycles - Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz vom 24. Februar 2012 (BGBl. I S. 212), Germany to create material chains - Landelijk afvalbeheerplan Naar een materiaalketenbeleid, Den Haag, , the Netherlands conform to Waste management hierarchy (Directive 2008/98/EC) a life cycle approach to policy making, planning and construction promoting circular economy

13 Countries with high recycling rate: policies and regulations Waste treatment: Commercial Wastes Ordinance (CWO): Ordinance on the Management of Municipal Wastes of Commercial Origin and Certain Construction and Demolition Wastes 2003 Landelijk afvalbeheerplan Bijlage 6; Invulling beleidskadervoor specifiekeafvalstoffen (sectorplannen), Den Haag, German construction and demolition waste ordinance and Dutch sector plans set strict rules for the optimal waste treatment by establishing: minimum standards (a required type of recovery) targets (recycling levels) Berlin: examples of C&D waste collection and processing

14 Countries with high recycling rate: national strategies National Raw Material Strategy. Securing of a sustainable supply with non-energetic minerals in Germany 2010 A Green Growth Strategy, the Netherlands, 2015 According to these strategies: Sustainability is seen as a cross sectoral task (green economy). The development of the country is based on: conservation of natural resources, preventing environmental burdens, increased material efficiency, life cycle approach and innovation. Sustainable metabolism of building materials is promoted.

15 Countries with high recycling rate: regional development in Rhineland-Palatinate: the focus is on optimisation of material and waste flows and on creating durable recycling society: The Circular Economy State of Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 2008 in Limburg: Cradle-to-Cradle principles are incorporated to the regional policy framework to conform to an eco-efficiency goal - to save resources and energy: C2C Network: Perspective study: Area Spatial Development, 2015 Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany Limburg, the Netherlands

16 Countries with high recycling rate: tools sustainable procurement pro-environmental taxes national programs concerning sustainable innovation and waste (German Environmental Innovation Programme or Dutch Waste as a Resource Programme) institutions, which conduct research on material efficiency, Cradle-to- Cradle and new technologies (DEMEA, VDI ZRE, Circular Economy Foundation, C2C Centre Venlo) producer responsability voluntary agreements for SME s green investments eco-design

17 Countries with high recycling rate: tools MaRess - The Resource Efficiency Network; an online platform for networking in Germany Oogstkaart Nederland - an online database (harvest map), which informs about available construction and demolition waste in the Netherlands

18 Countries with high recycling rate: infrastructure integration of processing infrastructure within urban areas (close distances) National and regional guidelines for the environmental zoning of industrial plants: The Dutch guidelines for the environmental zoning of industrial plants (four categories of burdens: odour, emissions of other substances, noise and danger of explosion) Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control TA Luft German regional guidelines for industrial sites by the Federal Land North Rhine- Westphalia Guidelines show separation distances and facilitate closing urban flows of building materials.

19 The Polish context the rising GDP (1,6% in 2009, 1,9% in 2012) purchasing power parity lower than in the European Union a non-innovative economy problems with transportation and the processing infrastructure the highest domestic material consumption in Europe (798 mln t in 2011) rising consumption of non-metallic resources (incl. building materials) low productivity of the Polish environment (2,1 gha/inhabitant) the high amount of generated CO2 emissions air pollution higher than allowed by European norms scarce water resources economy based on non-renewable energy (40% from coal) *source: GIOŚ, Stan środowiska w Polsce. Raport 2014

20 The Polish context poor environmental awareness (Raport TNS OBOP 2011) lack of adequate pro-environmental knowledge among authorities and professionals low level of social engagement (Bregier et al. 2010) negative perception of waste and reusing practices (Grubbauer 2012) detachment from natural and local materials (Basista 2001) a non-innovative approach to the design process New legal act on waste (2012) reduced amount of communal waste (9,6 mln t in 2012) stable amount of industrial waste (120 mln t in 2012), decreasing amount of recovered waste (since 2006)

21 Conclusions It is necessary to undertake multi-level actions concerning national and regional policies, development strategies, pro-environmental programs and institutions, legal regulations, economic incentives and other instruments promoting sustainability, material efficiency and innovation. An integrated approach to urban planning and planning tools are indispensable to create resilient urban units and sustainable waste management systems. The urban planning needs to incorporate adequate siting procedures for waste processing facilities and adequate management of deconstruction companies, production, cleaning plants, storage and repurposing workshops. It is necessary to take under consideration life-cycles of urban infrastructures and buildings as well as related environmental burdens. Adequate education of future users and trainings for professionals are important for the closed circulation of materials.

22 Exeter Symposium: Circular Economy Disruptions, Past, Present, Future. Thank you. Urszula Kozminska, PhD. Eng. Arch