Water and sanitation challenges as opportunities a nexus approach Sustainable Urban Growth Workshop 8, September, 2015

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1 Water and sanitation challenges as opportunities a nexus approach Sustainable Urban Growth Workshop 8, September, 2015 Stockholm Environment Institute Jakob Granit, PhD Deputy Director

2 Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report THE GLOBAL COMMISSION ON THE ECONOMY AND CLIMATE March

3 Key drivers of growth and climate performance CITIES LAND USE ENERGY RESOURCE EFFICIENCY WIDER ECONOMY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INNOVATION HIGH QUALITY, RESILIENT, INCLUSIVE = BETTER GROWTH 3

4 3C s: New Model of Urban Development 1. Compact urban growth Managed expansion, mixed-use urban form, good quality urban design 2. Connected infrastructure Smarter transport systems, smarter utilities, smart grids 3. Coordinated governance Integrated land use and transport authorities, integrated planning, PPPs 4

5 Sanitation challenge: Diverse issues and contexts Access to Sanitation Waste water treatment Some facts related to inadequate sanitation and wastewater management: 1 billion people practicing open defecation 4.2 billion people without functional sanitation systems About 90% of all generated wastewater in developing countries is discharged without treatment An estimated 1.8 million children die each year due to water related diseases Approx. 10% of the global food production is grown with contaminated wastewater Result major health and environmental challenges

6 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is facing immense resources challenges Water scarcity 300 million people in SSA live in a water-scarce environment. Water demand is projected to increase by 283% between 2005 and 2030 Primary energy demand in Africa is projected to increase by 400%, between 2010 and 2040 Achieving food security in SSA by 2025 will require an >3% increase in agricultural output per year Undernourishment increased from about 200 to 400 million between the mid-1990s and % of farmland had net nutrient losses of more than 30kg nutrients/ha/year Ref: Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa Where do We Stand? Analysis from the AfricaSan Conference, Kigali, Rwanda, 2014

7 How can sanitation contribute to tackle these multiple challenges?

8 The Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus at the local level

9 Value of plant nutrients in human excreta ~ 80$/year Family of 9 people in Niger Urea 50 kg NPK ( ) 50 kg (source: Dagerskog & Bonzi, 2010)

10 Sanitation typology Sustainable Sanitation Should consider sustainable criteria: Health and hygiene Environment and natural resources Technical aspects and long-term usage, function & operation Financial and economic aspects Socio-cultural and institutional aspects Productive sanitation make productive use of nutrients, organic matter, water and energy content of human excreta and wastewater in agricultural and energy production Ecological Sanitation aim to safely recycle excreta resources (plant nutrients and organic matter) to crop production System Approach

11 Resource based sanitation Ongoing conceptual development in SEI/UNEP project on Good practices of wastewater management and reuse RESOURCE UTILIZATION Water recycling - Potable water WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - Flush water - Industrial Decentralized or centralized Waterborne excreta management Water and nutrient reuse - Agricultural irrigation - Forestry irrigation - Aquaculture MULTIPLE BENEFITS (DEVELOPMENT GOALS) Health protection Non-waterborne excreta management Separate greywater management Sludge management On- or offsite treatment WW RESOURCES (water, nutrients, organic matter, energy) Nutrient reuse - Solid fertilizer - Liquid fertilizer Energy generation - Biogas generation Environmental protection Livelihoods Water security Food security Energy security Wastewater treatment - Biofuel production Excreta and sludge treatment Ecosystem services - Groundwater recharge - Wetland biotope Other outputs - Protein feed - Building material

12 Decentralized sanitation: Low-flush vacuum toilets Wetcomposting and urea treatment Reuse in energy crop Swedish municipal company

13 Fertilizer production from waste products

14 Biogas from waste products

15 Biofilters and wetlands for waste(grey)water treatment

16 Productive sanitation Urban Concept example from Vientiane, Laos Used as fertilizer after treatment/processing Urban channels Discharge Septic Tank Biosolid Harvested plants Food and Fibre Sludge Wastewater Urine Biogas Organic solid waste Energy Fuel or electricity Urban centre

17 Large-scale sanitation programme - ethekwini Municipality (Durban) Durban metropolitan area, South Africa Large-scale Free Basic Water Supply and Sanitation Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) In 14 years, 1.3 million additional people in greater Durban have been connected to piped water 700,000 people have been provided with access to toilets. Access to basic water supply and sanitation is provided at no cost to poor families, higher levels of service and consumption are charged at full cost Nexus approach typical activities: Water Reuse for Potable Water Non-revenue Water (leaks) Water Recycling Rainwater Harvesting Wastewater Treatment Biodiesel from Microalgae Mini Hydropower Methane to Electricity from waste Solar Water Heating for Hostels Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater Treatment Works Processing of Sludge from Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines Landfill site programme Reforestation Programme Menstrual Management and Sanitation Most progressive water utility in Africa receives 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award Mr. Neil Macleod of ethekwini Water and Sanitation

18 Granit, J. & Joyce, Jakob J. (2012). Granit, PhD Options for cooperative action in the Euphrates and Tigris Region. Paper 20, Deputy Stockholm: Director SEI SIWI. Granit, J. & Joyce, J. (2012). Options for cooperative action in the Euphrates and Tigris Region. Paper 20, Stockholm: SIWI. Thanks to the SEI Initiative on Sustainable Sanitation (SISS) Team: Kim Andersson, Madeleine Fogde, Arno Rosmarin, Linus Dagerskog Sustainable Sanitation Alliance