Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality - Safe Water Initiative

Transcription

1 Centre for Science and Environment International Conference on Health and Environment Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality - Safe Water Initiative Dr. Madan Nanoti Dy. Director & Head Geo-Environment Management Division National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur. mv_nanoti@neeri.res.in

2 External assessment of the water supply system Quite a few managers of urban water supply tend to hold the contentions Their water supply system is unique Problems are also unique No scope to change Affairs must be continued as they are Attempt is essential to change this mind set Mind set may be changed by external assessment of the water supply system

3 Urban Water Supply Problems of Common Nature

4 Resources Constraints & Demand Pressure Rapid pace of urbanization Deteriorating environmental conditions Dwindling availability of water sources Sizeable investment needs Community culture of considering water supply as a social virtuous deed

5 Design and O & M Source selection, design and protection Treatment plant commensurate with site specific need Quality of service Adequacy of service coverage Reliability of service provision Post planning extension of service connections

6 Management and Revenues Consorted decision and long term policy Institutional and fiscal reforms Appropriate pricing policies Private sector participation Community involvement Motivation of human resources Reliable information system and data base

7 Adverse impact of the problems Large urban poor population lacking access to water and sanitation services Rest of the population remains dissatisfied with the facilities Health risk potential through water supply continues

8 Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality SDWQ

9 AIMS & OBJECTIVES Assessment of the present status of surveillance of drinking water quality programme Identification of deficiencies, if any, in the existing system and suggest remedial measures Action plan for improving the surveillance of drinking water quality programme Preparation of guidelines for initiating suitable measures for surveillance programme, where it is non-existent Improvement of water supply system

10 SDWQ Basis Assessment of water quality from source to consumer end Sanitary conditions Leak detection Infrastructure Performance of manpower Role of the water supply agencies Financial aspects Action against health problems Remedial actions Institutional and organizational reforms Community participation Support for surveillance Legal framework Drinking water quality standards

11 Identified Cities - CPHEEO Northern Region : Allahabad, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Dehradun, Faridabad, Indore, Patiala, Shimla, Srinagar, Udaipur & Varanasi Eastern Region : Bhubaneshwar, Durgapur, Gangtok, Guwahati, Patna, Puri, Ranchi, Raipur & Shillong Southern Region : Bangalore, Coimbatore, Kochi & Vishakhapatnam Western Region : Surat

12 Identified Cities WHO & CPHEEO Northern Region : Agra, Delhi & Jammu Eastern Region : Kolkata Southern Region : Chennai, Hyderabad & Thiruvananthapuram Western Region : Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Mumbai & Nagpur

13 CPHEEO WHO & CPHEEO WHO CPHEEO Jammu Project Cities Patiala Faridabad Agra Guwahati Udaipur Allahabad Varanasi Ahmedabad Durgapur Surat Indore Nagpur Puri Vishakhapatnam Cochin Coimbatore

14 METHODOLOGY Reconnaissance Visit (s) & Interaction with Water Supply Agencies Secondary Information Primary Data Collection Source(s) Quality & Quantity Water Treatment Plant(s) Design aspects Treatment O & M facilities Distribution System No. of distribution zones Population served Municipal Solid & liquid wastes Collection & transport facilities Treatment & disposal Health Status Prevalence of water borne diseases Status of SDWQ Programme Infrastructural facilities Institutional setup with work norms Financial resources Lab facilities Human resources Planning Field Visits Interpretation of Results and Report Preparation Sampling Locations Number of Samples Team formation Time schedule Sample Collection Sample Analysis Sanitary and KAP Survey

15 Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Parameters Physico-Chemical Parameters Temperature ( O C) ph Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) Total Hardness (mg/l, CaCO 3 ) Magnesium (mg/l, Mg) Sulphate (mg/l, So 4 ) Phenolic Compounds (mg/l) Patassium (mg/l, K) Manganese (mg/l, Mn) Zinc (mg/l, Zn) Cromium (mg/l, Cr) Arsenic (mg/l, As) Bacterilogical Parameters Total Coliforms (CFU/100 ml) Turbidity (NTU) Conductivity (micro mhos/cm) Total Alkalinity (mg/l, CaCO 3 ) Calcium (mg/l, Ca) Chloride (mg/l, Cl) Fluoride (mg/l, F) Sodium (mg/l, Na) Iron (mg/l, Fe) Copper (mg/l, Cu) Cadmium (mg/l, Cd) Lead (mg/l, Pb) Faecal Coliforms (CFU/100 ml)

16 Sampling Locations and Number of Samples Raw Water Source All Parameters Each Raw Water Source Treatment Plant Settled Water Filtered Water Clear Water Turbidity + Sulphate Turbidity + Sulphate All Parameters - Each Clarifier - Combined Settled Water - Each Filter - Combined Filtered Water Clear Water Sump Distribution System Main Service Reservoirs All Parameters One Sample Distribution Zones Service Reservoirs Residual Chlorine / Bacteriological (daily) Each Reservoir Consumer Ends Residual Chlorine / Bacteriological (daily) Population Served

17 Bhubaneswar Coimbatore Dehradun 48% Durgapur Kochi Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Puri Udaipur Bangalore Surat 9% 43% Lakhs Lakhs 1-10 Lakhs Allahabad Bhopal Chandigarh Faridabad Guwahati Indore Patna Patiala Varanasi Visakhapatnam Categorisation of the Cities/Towns Based on Population

18 Percentage of Cities with Level of Population Served 7% 19% 33% 41%

19 Population Served by Organised Water Supply Percentage Mumbai Kolkata Delhi Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahemedabad Surat Jaipur Nagpur Indore Patiala Bhopal Coimbatore Vishakhapatnam Varanasi Allahabad Chandirgarh Raipur Deharadun Udaipur Guwahati Shillong Shimla Gangtok Durgapur Ranchi

20 Total Daily Water Supply MLD Mumbai Kolkata Delhi Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahemedabad Surat Jaipur Nagpur Patna Indore Patiala Bhopal Coimbatore Kochi Vishakhapatnam Puri Agra Varanasi Allahabad Chandirgarh Raipur Thiruvanthapuram Deharadun Udaipur Faridabad Guwahati Shillong Shimla Gangtok Bhubneshwar Durgapur Ranchi

21 Design Present Treatment Plant Capacity (MLD) Allahabad Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Coimbatore Dehradun Durgapur Guwahati Indore Cities Kochi Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Surat Udaipur Total Design and Present Capacity of Water Treatment Plants in the Cities Varanasi Visakhapatnam

22 8 7 6 Surface Ground Number of Sources Allahabad Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Coimbatore Dehradun Durgapur Faridabad Guwahati Indore Kochi Patiala Patna Puri Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Surat Udaipur Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cities Number and Type of Ground and Surface Water Sources for Organised Supply in the Cities

23 Water Extracted (MLD) Present Allahabad Chandigarh Dehradun Faridabad Guwahati Patiala Patna Puri Cities Raipur Shillong Surat Udaipur Varanasi Visakhapatnam Daily Extraction of Ground Water

24 CPHEEO Norms for Water Supply Metro Cities Other Sewered Cities Unsewered Cities Sewered/Partially Sewered Unsewered 295 Liters per capita per day Allahabad Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Coimbatore Dehradun Durgapur Faridabad Guwahati Indore Kochi Cities 65 Patiala Patna Puri Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Surat Udaipur Varanasi Visakhapatnam Quantity of Water Supply Based on 100% Population Coverage

25 Patiala Patna Puri Varanasi Vishakhapatnam Guwahati Raipur 2 1 Dehradun Faridabad 1 Udaipur 1 4 Bhubaneshwar Chandigarh Durgapur Shimla 6 3 Allahabad Bangalore Coimbatore Indore Shillong Surat Guwahati Raipur Varanasi Visakhapatnam Bhopal Kochi Ranchi CL - City Level PL - Plant Level CL - Adequate PL - Adequate CL - Inadequate PL - Adequate CL - Adequate PL - Inadequate CL - Not Available PL - Not Applicable CL - Not Available PL - Inadequate CL - Not Available PL - Adequate CL - Inadequate PL - Not Applicable CL - Adequate PL - Not Applicable CL - Inadequate PL - Inadequate CL - Adequate PL - Not Available Laboratory Facilities Available at Treatment Plant and Central Level in the Cities

26 Chandigarh Patiala Patna Bangalore Coimbatore Udaipur Alternate Day 1 hour Indore Shimla Visakhapatna m Allahabad Bhubaneshw ar Dehradun Faridabad Guw ahati Puri Ranchi Shillong Varanasi Kochi 4-8 Bhopal Durgapur Raipur Surat Average Hours of Organised Water Supply Per Day in the Cities

27 Allhabad Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Dehradun Durgapur Faridabad Guwahati Indore Patiala Patna Puri Ranchi Shillong Shimla Udaipur Varanasi No 74% Cities 26% Cities Yes Bangalore Coimbatore Kochi Raipur Surat Visakhapatnam Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality Programme in the Cities

28 Allhabad Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Coimbatore Durgapur Faridabad Guwahati Patiala Puri Raipur Ranchi Shimla Udaipur No 65% Cities 35% Cities Yes Chandigarh Dehradun Indore Kochi Patna Shillong Surat Varanasi Visakhapatnam Leak Detection Programme in the Cities

29 Percentage Present Status of Surveillance Yes No NA Inadequate 17.0 Adequate Leak Detection SDWQ Lab facilities

30 A nnual Expenditure A nnual Water Charges 4402 Rupees (lakhs) Allahabad Bangalore Bhopal Coimbatore Indore Faridabad Cities Kochi Patna Shimla Varanasi Visakhapatnam Annual Financial Aspects in the Cities

31 Single point addition of coagulants - Not conducive to effective mixing

32 Chemical dosing through perforated pipe Simple and effective

33 Maintenance of Flash Mixers and Clarifloocculators Tilted Bridge

34 Clarifier - Flooded due to overloading

35 A Sand filter without filter sand

36 INDO-US Joint Working Group on Environmental and Occupational Health Workshop on Water, Sanitation and Environmental Health in India Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality - A Tool to Improve Water Supply Dr. Madan Nanoti Dy. Director & Head Geo-Environment Management Division National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur. mv_nanoti@neeri.res.in

37 Cracks in filter bed

38 Silted sedimentation tank & aquatic weed growth

39 Treated water sump not covered Hazard of storm water entry Pump house

40 Leakage from Distribution System

41 Public Stand Posts The Public Stand Posts (PSPs) in urban and rural water supplies are the potential sources of recontamination of drinking water supply. A large number of PSPs are in horrible state.

42 Hand Pumps Hand-pumps installation should be carefully supervised to avoid possible contamination of groundwater.

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45 Well maintained chemical dosing system

46 Uniform distribution of backwash water - Good design and operation

47 Reliable flow measuring system - Prerequisite for plant control

48 Good housekeeping

49 Well equipped laboratory Vital for effective plant control

50 Recommendations Source Treatment Storage and Reservoir Distribution Leak Detection Quality Control Administration and Financial Structure Staff Public Awareness

51 Committee for Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality Chairman of city Water Supply and Sewerage Board or Municipal Commissioner or Revenue / Divisional Commissioner (In case of cities / towns not having Water Supply Boards or City Corporation) A Nominee of the Mayor, preferably from the corporators Officers of the relevant water supply agency Senior Officer of the Health Department of the city Senior Officer of the Health Department of the State Representative of Chamber of Commerce Representative of the University or Education Department or Education Institute Representative of the Local Chapter of the Indian Medical Association Chairman Member Members (2) Member Member Member Member Member 9 Representative of the Geology Department or Water Resources Member Department or Pollution Control Board or CGWB Representative of registered NGO in the jurisdiction of the local water supply agency Superintending Analyst of Laboratory for Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality One of the Executive Engineers of the relevant water supply agency Member Member Member

52 Urgent needs Consorted decision and long term policy Institutional and fiscal reforms Appropriate pricing policies Private sector participation Community involvement Motivation of human resources Reliable information system and data base

53 Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality - Expected Results Technical Solutions / options Monitoring & surveillance of drinking water quality Mechanism to implement the SDWQ considering Institutional Capacity Building

54 Legal frame work & participation Enactment implies enforcement Participation implies trust and empowerment Empowerment does not mean anarchy

55 METROPOLITAN WATERWORKS AUTHORITY 400 Prachachuen Laksi, Bangkok Tel Fax : mwa 125@water.mwa.or.th, http: //