Industrial wind. French Environment & Energy Management Agency. Strategic Roadmap

Transcription

1 Industrial wind French Environment & Energy Management Agency Strategic Roadmap

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3 Table of contents Preamble Context Scope of the roadmap Subject area Geographic perimeter Deadlines Challenges and problems within this industry Research and training issues: structuration required for research efforts and the need to train new stakeholders Structural, legal and economic issues within the wind turbine industry Environmental and societal issues Key parameters Participation of wind energy production in load management Degree of maturity of the wind turbine industry Prospective visions The 2020 vision The 2050 visions Obstacles Technological obstacles Legal, organisational, regulatory and socio-economic obstacles Research priorities The need for technology platforms and research and industrial demonstrators Research and industrial demonstrators Technology platforms, test, certification and qualification sites Legal and regulatory aspects...31 Appendix - International benchmark...32 Industrial wind 2/3

4 Preamble Since 2010, the ADEME has been managing four programmes within the scope of Future Investments 1. Groups of research experts from various industrial fields, research bodies and research programming and financing agencies are responsible, within the scope of collective works, for producing strategic roadmaps. These are used to launch Calls for Expressions of Interest (CEI). With regard to wind energy, the purpose of this roadmap is to: Highlight the industrial, technological, environmental and societal challenges encountered in the development of Industrial Wind ; Draw up middle and long-term coherent, shared visions of the sociotechnical systems or technologies in question; Identify the technological, organisational, environmental and socio-economic obstacles, and therefore initiate (or pursue) the development of high-performance and economically viable technologies; Promote the research, development and demonstration requirements ( technological demonstrators to validate innovative technological solutions), experimentation requirements and technology platforms to be deployed ( pilot projects to be tested under real circumstances: pre-commercial unit prototypes then pre-commercial pilot farms ) to improve the competitiveness of offers and companies within this sector, to reach the ambitious objectives set within the framework of the Grenelle Environnement and to promote and support the development of a French wind energy industry. These needs can then act as a basis for: - drawing up CEIs; - programming research within the ADEME and other institutions such as the Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR - French National Research Agency), the Comité stratégique national sur la recherche énergie (French national strategic committee for energy research) and the Alliance nationale de coordination de la recherche pour l énergie (ANCRE - French national alliance for the coordination of energy research). These research and experimentation priorities originate from a coming together of the visions and obstacles, but they also take account of French capacities in the fields of research and industry. This roadmap shall also include an international comparison mainly focusing on public policy initiatives related to the wind energy industry. 1. Future Investments (Les Investissements d Avenir) continue along the path set by the Research Demonstrator Funds managed by the ADEME. The four programmes involved are: Renewable, low-carbon energy and green chemistry (1.35 billion euros), Vehicles of the future (1 billion euros), Smart grids (250 million euros) and Circular Economy (250 million euros).

5 List of members of the group of experts Group Name Organisation Developers and wind farm operators Wind turbine and components Manufacturers Industrialists Services Pierre-Guy Thérond Alain Le Tirant Marc Vergnet Sébastien Hita-Perona Thierry Bonnefond Jean-Philippe Guignard Jean-Philippe Roudil Jean-Rémy Villageois Jean-Paul Meyronneinc Rénald Boulnois Dominique Lapeyre Franck Mairet EDF EN GDF Suez Vergnet Areva Renouvelables Astrium-EADS Alstom SER STX Union des transports frigorifiques Biotope Météo France Bureau Veritas Network Marie-Pierre Bongrain RTE Research Bodies Georges Kariniotakis Marc Rapin Armines Onera The group of experts received support from a technical office comprised of Robert Bellini, Mila Galiano, Anne Varet and Nicolas Tonnet of the ADEME. Industrial wind 4/5

6 1 Context France s renewable energy development plan originating from the Grenelle de l Environnement, presented on 17 November 2008, aims at increasing the annual production of renewable energy by 20 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) to bring the share of renewable energies to at least 23% of the end energy consumption by This objective was inscribed in the French programme law No dated 3 August 2009 relating to the implementation of the Grenelle Environment project. The pluriannual programme report for investments in electricity generation for the period provided for the development of 10,500 MW of onshore wind energy and 1,000 MW of offshore wind energy by the end of 2012 and the Grenelle II law provided for 19,000 MW of onshore wind energy and 6,000 MW of offshore wind energy by 2020, i.e. an investment of approximately 3 billion/year. Installed power capacity in Installed capacity (MW) Onshore Production (TWh/year) / Penetration rate Insular sites and sites with poor access Installed capacity (MW) Production (TWh/year) Installed capacity (MW) Offshore Production (TWh/year) FRANCE 6, /2.5% / / / EU-27 90,278 / / / 3,820 / Objectives and perspectives for the installed power capacity in France for wind energy FRANCE Installed capacity (MW) Onshore Production (TWh/year) Insular sites and sites with poor access Installed capacity (MW) Production (TWh/year) Installed capacity (MW) Offshore Production (TWh/year) , / / 6,000 / 2. EWEA, Barometer Wind EurObserv ER, February Source RTE. 4. Source (SER, 1 October 2010). 5. Order dated 15 December 2009 relating to the Pluriannual Investment Programme for electricity generation in

7 Normative scenario for the installed power capacity in Europe for onshore and offshore wind energy (Source: EWEA EU Energy Policy to 2050, March 2011) EUROPE Installed capacity (GW) Onshore Production (TWh) Installed capacity (GW) Offshore Production (TWh) / 150 / GW of cumulative capacity Normative scenario for the global installed power capacity for onshore and offshore wind energy GWEC Global Energy Outlook (2008) ETP BLUE Map scenario (IEA, 2010) WORLD Installed capacity (GW) Production (TWh) Installed capacity (GW) Onshore Offshore Production (TWh) / / ,420 3, , / / 1, / ,800 4,900 1, ,916 At the end of 2011, the power capacity installed in France, for onshore wind farms only, was nearly 6,640 MW, injecting 11.9 TWh into the power grid 7. On a European and global scale, the power capacities installed at the end of 2011 reached 94 GW and 238 GW respectively 8. Late 2010, the government launched a call for tenders related to the building of onshore wind farms equipped with power storage devices and generation forecast systems in Corsica, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Reunion Is- land and the collectivities of Saint-Barthelemy and Saint-Martin. This call for tenders aims at re-launching the development dynamics for onshore wind farms in overseas departments and Corsica and to produce technologies reducing the impact of wind farms on the power grid, so as to produce a significant increase in the share of variable renewable energies in electricity generation in these territories, which is currently limited to 30%. This call for tenders involves the installation of a maximum power capacity of 95 MW, divided into 5 parts. 6. According to the NREAPS (National Renewable Energy Action Plans). 7. Source RTE Industrial wind 6/7

8 Early in February 2011, the French government announced the launch of a call for tenders before summer 2011 for the construction of offshore wind farms. Following the consultation that has been taking place since the beginning of 2009 regarding every shorefront by local prefects, the government confirmed the maximum potential of 3,000 MW for this first call for tenders, which will be based on five areas: Le Tréport (Seine-Maritime, Somme) km 2, for a maximum power capacity of 750 MW, an area outlined to take into account the opinions expressed during the public debate that took place in 2010; Fécamp (Seine-Maritime) - 88 km 2, for a maximum power capacity of 500 MW; Courseulles-sur-Mer (Calvados) - 77 km 2, for a maximum power capacity of 500 MW; Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d Armor) km 2, for a maximum power capacity of 500 MW; Saint-Nazaire (Loire-Atlantique) - 78 km 2,, for a maximum power capacity of 750 MW. A second call for tenders should follow to complete this first part and achieve the objective of 6,000 MW of installed power capacity (offshore wind farms) by 2020.

9 2 Scope of the roadmap 2.1 Subject area This roadmap covers the wind energy systems for electricity generation and targets both onshore wind (including the operation of insular sites and sites with poor access) and offshore wind. Three very specific markets must be taken into account for wind energy systems within this scope: the offshore wind market: taking into account the French background, the first to be considered are very high-power wind turbines (more than or equal to 5 MW) and the specific problems associated with a marine environment (swell, waves, varied depths, poor access for maintenance and logistics, acceptability from different sea users, etc.); the onshore market: taking into account the problem of low winds, the purpose of which is to open new markets (in France and abroad): these wind turbines, for a maximum power capacity of 2 to 3 MW, should offer large-scale rotors adapted to suit low average winds; the wind market for insular and poor access sites: the wind turbines involved in this case have power capacities of approximately 1 MW. The purpose is to promote the design and development of systems fulfilling the different market needs: a significant source of innovation exists for machinery and services (integration and support for electrical systems, maintenance, etc.). In addition to the nominal installed power capacity, the performance levels of the electricity service offered appear to be a key element in wind turbine devices. Although this is essential for the transformation of devices and for project relevancy, no threshold in terms of production (annual energy produced) shall be introduced when defining the Industrial Wind sector for this roadmap. Residential wind and the problems associated with integrating small wind turbines onto buildings are, however, excluded from the scope of this roadmap. The subject area of this roadmap covers the entire value chain for the wind industry and the different structural, regulatory and environmental aspects connected to its development: Components, machinery, manufacturing methods and resources: covering the different wind turbine components (materials, electro-technical and mechanical chain, nacelles, masts, blades, electronic drivers) and innovative manufacturing methods which should work towards increasing productivity, sustainability, reliability, availability and maintenance over time. Due to the fact that the generation of electricity varies according to the weather conditions, the assessment, characterisation and forecasting of resources and the predictability of the wind energy produced constitute a fullfledged part of the scope of this roadmap. Integration into the power grid: this involves the techniques, methods and devices that work towards optimising the integration of wind energy systems and the injection of their product into the power grid (internal components within wind turbine structures and connection to the power grid). In addition to simply generating electricity, wind farms could in the future contribute to the overall functioning of the power grid and, in this respect, offer/supply grid services (optimisation of the generation programme or current quality, spinning or supplemental reserve). Industrial wind 8/9

10 Logistics/infrastructures: operations (installation of cables, wind turbines, servicing, maintenance of machinery and associated systems) and industrial infrastructures (ports, coastal facilities, mooring locations, innovative boats, centres of operation/centralised management of wind farms) inherent upon the installation and operation of wind farms (onshore or offshore). Economic aspects: this involves any and all economic issues (costs, local and national economy of the industry). The reduction in costs for machines, associated services and industrial infrastructures to be installed and more generally of the power generated by wind energy shall be considered as transverse, with the aim of promoting growth within this industry, improving returns on investment and the economic profitability of wind arms. Regulations/environmental and legal aspects: suitability of the regulations to the market and the development of facility certification procedures (in particular with regard to safety). The environmental issues (e.g. recycling, consumption of raw materials, Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), impacts on the natural environment) and societal issues (acceptability, consultation, regulation and participation) related to the design, production, deployment, operation and end of life of wind energy systems shall also be covered in this roadmap. The future development of offshore wind farms also brings into question its legal status and the guarantees either recommended or to be developed to ensure the installation of large wind farms. 2.2 Geographic perimeter Within the scope of this roadmap, the preferred geographic perimeter is that of the national territory (mainland France and French overseas territories [DOM-COM]). The different local and national aspects are integrated in view of developing this industry. Indeed, certain specific land aspects (insular sites for example) may affect the needs for power generation from wind energy and the technologies implemented. The development of this industry and its integration within the DOM-COM offers a prospective vision and foreshadows the possible deployment of wind farms over the rest of the territory and abroad, by virtue of the limits for grid integration already encountered. However, within a market experiencing high international competitiveness and with French stakeholders who are looking to turn towards export, the observations made by the group of experts regarding Industrial Wind also apply within the perspective for deploying this sector abroad and positioning French stakeholders on the international market. The entire value chain (and in particular the components) must be considered in order to integrate potential markets for development. The purpose is to enable French stakeholders to fill the role of key stakeholders for the major prime manufacturers. To draw up prospective visions, it would be wise to choose geographic or sectorial targets (machinery adapted to suit extreme conditions for example), where French skills and excellence are renown and/or can play a role in market growth. Furthermore, the geographic perimeter is also influenced by: in particular for the offshore industry, the cost of adapting installations and infrastructures to variable water depths (depths, extremely heterogeneous surface and sub grade soils off of the French coasts) and the economic viability of such projects;

11 the topology of power grids and their evolution. Although this factor is considered as exogenous to this study, the prospective visions for deploying the Industrial Wind industry can be compared to the smart grid roadmaps, in particular the ten-year development plan of the ENTSO-E, which is highly motivated by the strengthening of interconnections and the integration of renewable energy productions. Finally, French strategies, research priorities and preindustrial and research demonstrator needs must revolve around the European initiatives set in terms of research and demonstration and in particular the NER 9 300, the SET Plan 10, the EERA (European Energy Research Alliance) and the European technology platform TPWind; the works and initiatives of the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) are also considered within this study of the European landscape for the wind industry. 2.3 Deadlines A vision for deploying the Industrial Wind industry, developed in this strategic roadmap, targets the year 2050, in particular for consistency with the factor 4 11 target and in order to offer prospective visions for developing this sector. This analysis shall ensure the coherency between the approach proposed and the 2050 European energy policy 12. However, working towards reaching these long-term objectives involves short and middle term actions relating to the implementation of special research and innovation efforts, and the identification of stakeholders and initiatives to be quickly set up (first results by 2015 and marketing by 2020): the objective being to remain within the market timing and honour the deadlines set for the years to come. One 2020 vision will therefore be drawn up based on the objectives set by the Grenelle de l Environnement so as to highlight a certain number of obstacles, draw up a mid-term phase for deploying this industry and at least achieve the development milestones for wind technology as provided for in the European roadmap on wind energy. The different deadlines (2020 and 2050) shall therefore be studied in this roadmap to pave the way between the current situation and the targets set by the Grenelle de l Environnement and to work towards the prospective longterm visions. 9. New Entrants reserve. 10. Strategic Energy Technology Plan. 11. Factor 4 is a target set by the French POPE law of 2005, which aims at cutting French greenhouse gas emissions by a factor of 4 by the year 2050, compared to their level in the year EU Energy Policy March 2011 A report by the European Wind Energy Association. Industrial wind 10/11

12 3 Challenges and problems within this industry The main challenges involve reaching the objectives set by the Grenelle de l Environnement by the year 2020 (23% of final energy consumption sourced by renewable energies) and Factor 4 by These targets set the foundations for the deployment visions, research priorities and research demonstrator needs. Furthermore, three critical issues must be considered (list not provided by order of importance). 3.1 Research and training issues: structuration required for research efforts and the need to train new stakeholders The development of the Industrial Wind industry meets different strategic aspects including energy independence, the development of national resources, the security of provisions and of course the creation of jobs. Optimal operation of wind farms throughout the power grid is therefore a key parameter to the successful penetration of wind energy. Transversely, the creation (or continuity) of a structure promoting exchanges between research bodies and industrialists (wind turbine and component manufacturers, developers and wind farm operators) and offering initial and professional training courses is a major challenge within this industry. The research priorities must be capable of meeting the needs and expectations of industrialists. Industry growth largely depends on the emergence of means and tools for sharing research efforts and easing the integration of innovative solutions within industrial projects. These needs in terms of R&D and test infrastructures are a major issue in the structuration of this industry, of the network of stakeholders and in the creation of new collaboration tools. The needs in terms of research can be broken down into the following different sectors: Wind resources (assessment, predictability); the assessment of wind resources and the predictability of short and mediumterm power generation (from several hours to several days) is a major issue for finding locations for future wind farms, for managing wind power and for optimising its insertion into the power grid. The predictability of long-term power generation (from seasonal power to generation over several years) to optimise the co-management of wind and hydraulic resources (water storage in dams to provide certain system services) is also a major issue for the optimal management of the national and international power grid; Machines and components (improvement of new components and in particular generators, use of new materials, foundations, blades); with regard to the onshore market, the number one issue is how to take into account low winds with, for example, the development of large-scale rotors adapted to suit low average winds. R&D works in the fields of wind turbine aerodynamics, aeroelasticity, acoustics and control/command must be conducted in the years to come so as to offer industrialists machines perfectly suited to the target market (and therefore to the weather conditions) and increase productivity; a reduction in costs and increase in reliability are major priorities with regard to machine components (in particular for

13 blades); the installation of duplicates (within the turbines) is also an important issue for improving machine reliability; Integration into the power grid: the power generated from wind energy must be capable of being injected in an optimal manner into power grids. This integration runs the risk of having a high impact on the industry and technologies to be invented and integrated in the years to come. The high technical requirements (minimum power capacity, provision of power reserves) required in terms of system management, and in particular Grid Codes, will therefore stimulate and create innovation. The connection of wind farms to the transport network, power electronics or control and command are also areas in which developments are expected to take place, thus easing the interactions between wind farms and power grids; for the insular wind energy market, the main challenge involves taking into account the specific conditions imposed by insular power grids; Infrastructures and logistics: industrial infrastructures must be subject to R&D works, in particular with regard to production tools and manufacturing methods to offer innovative and high-performance solutions for the manufacture and assembly of components; logistics (infrastructures, production tools, routing means and operations to be conducted throughout the life of the farms) inherent upon any wind farm project, whether onshore or offshore, also represents a current source of innovation to ease steps involving the design, operation and maintenance of machinery and systems; Acceptability and new functions: the problem of wind turbine/radar interferences, which today represents the main stumbling block to the development of numerous wind farms in France (more than 3,000 MW by the end of 2010) is an important challenge for the expected development of this industry. In addition to conflicts of use, the provision of French innovative technologies in this field could enable French industrialists to acquire a significant share of the French onshore and offshore markets. Wind turbines, as elements for land use planning, could offer functions beyond the simple generation of electricity, such as: wind measurement, recording of local meteorological phenomena, monitoring of bird and fish populations or land surveillance, in addition to acting as an operations base for aquaculture development, functions which create synergies between sectors of application to contribute to resolving certain conflicts of use (environmental and societal conflicts). At the crossroads between the technological and economic obstacles faced, the economic model(s) for the National and/or European industry must be identified; for the wind turbines of tomorrow, one obstacle involves arbitrating or finding a compromise between machines equipped with high technology and robust machines. The obstacles to be overcome and the research priorities associated with a major deployment of the Industrial Wind industry are provided in more detail hereinafter. Industrial wind 12/13

14 3.2 Structural, legal and economic issues within the wind turbine industry Current development within this industry, in the onshore wind market alone, is insufficient and must be quickly boosted with additional dynamics to reach the objective set for France: an installed power capacity of 25 GW by the year 2020 (installed onshore and offshore wind energy). Industrialisation In order to promote growth within this industry, it is essential that the following areas receive support: the development of industrial infrastructures, industrialisation methods for the production of wind turbines (different machine components, electric substations and insertion of the power generated into the grid), the design of aerogenerators and their assembly and the certification of assembled or installed devices and components. Synergies, in particular between the different stakeholders of this industry (research bodies, industrialists, stakeholders in the field of Networks and Earth Observation), must be developed to promote this industrialisation step. In addition to this aspect and in particular for offshore wind farms, this involves coordination between the stakeholders/actors involved in the different professions so as to ensure the successful completion of these projects. Regulation and standardisation This issue particularly involves the development (within varying timeframes) of institutional and regulatory frameworks 13 to promote and support the deployment of high-power wind farms. The adequacy of the different existing standards (French and/or European standards) and the level of standardisation and regulation in effect are decisive factors for managing this industry and in particular when modifying the wind turbine specifications. Competitiveness and attractiveness The purpose is to use the scaling effect and series effect to reduce costs related to producing components and systems and therefore contribute to their competitiveness - price compared to alternative options for centralised or decentralised electricity generation. More generally, the reduction in the cost of generating electricity from wind turbines, which includes the investment costs (machines and related products, connection to the grid) and operating costs (logistics, maintenance) would enable this industry to remain competitive and attractive to private investors and industrialists compared to other electricity generation devices. Legal framework During the preliminary project design stages, legal proceedings and actions can extend deadlines up to their very end. The problem today resides in adapting regulations and procedures to the wind farm projects that we want to create; it is important that the existing legal vacuums are limited, and therefore the litigations, so as to offer a precise and specific framework for this type of operation. 13. The term regulatory framework must be understood as the set of actions undertaken by the public authorities to guarantee a satisfactory level of stability for an economic and/or social system.

15 3.3 Environmental and societal issues Social feasibility is a key issue within this industry. The installation conflicts occurring over the last few years have highlighted the importance of taking into account the different local populations when designing and installing wind farms. These populations can either be inhabitants located near to the facilities or be comprised of other social groups using the land (in particular for fishing activities with regard to offshore wind farms). The issues involving the possibility of deploying this industry within the context of French energy and that of its impacts in terms of nuisance or risks (on the environment, landscape, economy or other land uses, etc.) were subject to debates which must be repeated in the years to come. The terms of governance for wind farm projects and their suitability to the land (conducting consultations, information broadcasting, community wind farms, public or private project carriers, etc.) are therefore essential for stakeholders within this industry. With regard to the environmental impact, the purpose is to take this into account from the design phases and to the end-of-life management of wind farm projects. Data collection (in particular forest and offshore) pre- and postinstallation of wind turbines and their management and modelling are essential steps in assessing their exact environmental impacts and the territorial integration of these devices. In terms of current crises regarding certain materials, this involves the design, production and deployment of low-consumption wind turbines in terms of non-renewable and/or critical 14 raw materials, contributing to improving the carbon footprint of the entire energy system. Furthermore, the introduction of an eco-design approach to manufacturing methods for aerogenerator components and materials would guarantee the sustainable development of the industry. In this respect, the Life Cycle Analyses and Carbon Footprints (for all project components) will quantify with precision for wind farm projects their impacts in terms of materials and energy. 14. The notion of criticality is defined in the report by the European Commission: Critical raw materials for the EU (Ad-Hoc working group, Raw Materials Supply Group, 2010). Industrial wind 14/15

16 4 Key parameters The building of long-term scenarios is based on the identification of key parameters. These are variables whose contrasted evolution will end in radically different visions of the deployment of wind turbine systems by the year Given that the long-term visions developed within this roadmap have the main purpose of informing decision makers, the number of key parameters and therefore the number of visions resulting thereof have been limited. Despite their limited number, these parameters aim at highlighting the few variables which, according to the group of experts, are capable of significantly changing the shape and nature of the industry in the medium and long term. The prospective visions for deploying the Industrial Wind industry, proposed in this strategic roadmap, apply to the deadline 2050 and intend to achieve the Factor 4 objectives. In this respect, in order to identify the key parameters and therefore draw up the prospective visions, it shall be assumed that the industry is capable (in particular via long-term public incentive policies) of deploying the technical means required to fully participate in achieving these objectives. For this industry, as for many other renewable energy industries, the political, regulatory and legal aspects dictate its development and can therefore either limit (or even suspend) or ease the development of wind farm projects; the realisation of these prospective visions therefore greatly depends on the coherence of these aspects (positioning/support devices, regulations and legal texts adapted to the target market) and the displayed penetration objectives for the wind industry. In addition to the key parameters, this need for coherence, exogenous to this industry, further makes up part of a problem and priority in supporting and promoting the completion and operation of wind farms. 4.1 Participation of wind energy production in load management The first key parameter relates to the level of involvement of wind energy in the balance between power supply and demand. This parameter includes the weight of wind energy within the system, i.e. the rate of penetration, contribution to power compensation and the adequacy of financial schemes. The increase in penetration rate will be eased by the development of means for managing power storage and demand. Another decisive factor for the insertion of wind energy production is the development of power grids. The medium and long-term reflections concerning the relevance, usefulness and potential installation of new lines (offshore or onshore, in particular DC lines) to develop and strengthen the grid on a large scale must therefore be integrated into this first indicator. On the other hand, the physical and financial factors are coupled to each other. The type of compensation and the definition of responsibilities dictate the way in which electricity producers manage their short-term production assets and therefore contribute to the balance between supply and demand. In a moderated penetration scenario for the production of wind energy within the power grid, wind turbines do not contribute to power compensation; the objective of producers is to maximise the average annual production. Other devices in particular the management and control of demand, for which the deployment of technology is concomitant, ease the management process for wind energy.

17 In a scenario where wind energy penetrates more deeply into the power grid, wind farms must support the management process for the power grid: the production of wind energy therefore contributes to its power compensation (including tertiary reserves). In order to reach this high level of penetration, the development of very large wind farms (both in terms of the number of wind turbines and the annual production) is required in the medium term: the almost exclusive market for large-scale wind farms will mainly be that of offshore wind turbines. The wind turbine industry could benefit from the installation of new DC power grids (offshore or onshore) which would accentuate the pooling of electricity generation devices, wind energy reserves and system services that may be proposed on a European scale. This type of scenario aims at maximising the wind energy capacity factor. 4.2 Degree of maturity of the wind turbine industry In parallel to the system aspects, the deployment of wind farms depends on the competitiveness of the wind offer compared to other electricity generating solutions; this competitiveness is dependent on the degree of maturity of this industry and that which the wind power generation technologies will have achieved. Maturity can be measured by: management of the wind turbine value chain; minimised technological risks; management of socio-economic and environmental impacts. Therefore, the maturity of the industry is represented by a minimisation of production unit costs and a controlled cost-benefit analysis. The problem surrounding costs is transversal and therefore involves all operations within the value chain: the improvement of technologies (different wind turbine elements); the construction materials for masts and blades; - the foundations required for the installation of wind turbines (in particular for the offshore industry); - logistics and maintenance; - the replacement or renewal of parks at the end of their life cycle. Whether this involves the offshore or onshore industry, innovative concepts can be developed in the fields of design, operation and maintenance and take part in improving management and/or reducing costs inherent upon the deployment of wind farms. The infrastructures to be developed, innovations in terms of logistics and partnerships and synergies to be created between stakeholders are also influential factors for the competitiveness of this industry and its attractiveness to public and private investors. Without being mandatory, the creation of a true industrial sector for the production and maintenance of installations will be decisive in the years to come and could contribute to this reduction in cost via an associated learning and volume/ scaling effect. In an evolutive scenario, this industry will reach a phase of maturity drawn by consequent technological improvements. Wind power becomes a key energy and is competitive in the energy landscape. These technological advances will have led to improvements in production, consumption of raw materials, assembly techniques and a highly competitive production cost. Different types of producer compensations are possible, which enables the optimised insertion of wind energy within power markets. This development is supported by the optimisation of infrastructures and logistics specific to the different markets targeted by the wind industry (offshore and onshore). In the opposite scenario, wind power, in particular offshore wind power, will not experience growth or will not survive the launching phase. The operation, market or socio-economic risks and conflicts of use will not have been Industrial wind 16/17

18 controlled. Therefore the development of this industry remains restricted and the economic profitability of wind farm projects is difficult to achieve; wind farm developers must still call for support mechanisms in order to make their operations profitable, which limits the long-term view of the sustainability of this industry and its markets. However, the situation of this industry differs according to the type of market (onshore, offshore, insular sites). The development of heavy design, transport and maintenance infrastructures for wind farms is slower and remains divided according to the relevant markets.

19 5 Prospective visions These prospective visions target the year 2050, with a first milestone occurring in the year 2020 (medium term, for which the objectives are stipulated in the Pluriannual Investment Programme). The purpose of these visions is to describe, sometimes in a caricatural manner, the different conditions for deploying the technological, organisational and socio-economic options. These visions do not claim to describe the reality in 2050, but to define that which is possible so as to deduce a set of obstacles, research priorities and research demonstrator and technology platform needs. Reality will probably be a combination of the 2050 visions drawn up by the group of experts. 5.1 The 2020 vision In 2020, the rate of penetration of wind energy is slightly more than 9% of all power consumption. For the onshore industry, numerous projects have been completed and achieve the objective of 19 GW of installed power capacity; the time required for obtaining permits and the installation of structures varies significantly between projects according to the legal actions undertaken and the economic and/or societal background of the installation zones. Over the period , the onshore industry has played a major role in increasing the rate of penetration of wind energy in the overall production of electricity. The competitiveness of onshore wind energy has been achieved and most developers of onshore wind farms no longer call for support means provided by the law (purchase obligation and calls for tenders). However, the problems involving the availability of sites for installing new wind farms is critical and represents a major obstacle for the growth of this industry. In this year, the first onshore wind farms are being renewed so as to install innovative and more high-performance wind turbines on these sites (repowering). With regard to the French overseas territories (DOM-COM), this industry plays a major role in the new energy package and in managing the power system (via the system services that can be provided by the wind farms) and its power compensation. The offshore industry is looking to continue to act as a driving force for the wind energy market over the period or even to overtake the onshore industry. The objective of 6 GW of installed power capacity has been reached thanks to wind turbines with a unit power of 5 to 10 MW (with rotor diameters of m): these wind farms mainly call for tried and tested machines and technologies on an industrial and experimental pilot scale. Ongoing R&D works, test sites and demonstrators aim at helping to reduce costs and improve the competitiveness of the offshore wind turbine by Following various calls for tenders, the five zones identified during the consultation taking place in are extended and new preferred sites are defined for wind farm projects. These zones offer the possibility of installing test sites for innovative blades and structures (increase in power, new materials and blade designs, etc.) and for environmental impact studies. Industrial coastal infrastructures are developed and new infrastructures are planned to ensure the design, transport and installation of wind turbines. An industry is progressively being created to guarantee the offshore logistics and maintenance of these wind farms. This energy industry remains, for the time being, dependent on support devices provided by the law (purchase obligation and calls for tenders). The objectives set for however require the acceleration of R&D efforts aiming at improving technologies and lowering costs. The development of synergies between different actors and stakeholders remains a major area for promoting and supporting the completion of both offshore and onshore wind farm projects. The time required for designing, obtaining work contracts, installing and launching wind farms must be shortened so as to take into account the rhythm of this industry and achieve the long-term objectives set. Industrial wind 18/19

20 5.2 The 2050 visions The crossroads between the different key parameters enables very different visions to be identified regarding the deployment of wind farms and more generally for the development of this industry. Outline of the long-term deployment visions for the wind industry Participation of wind energy production in load management Degree of maturity of the wind turbine industry No participation of wind energy in system power compensation High level of integration of wind energy in the power grid Phase still not fully mature, uncontrolled risks Vision 1 The onshore and insular industries acting as conductors Vision 3 Wind power production centres supported by public authorities Good maturity throughout the entire value chain, control of cost-benefit division Vision 2 Wind, a widespread and still poorly centralised energy Vision 4 High numbers of wind turbines installed within the European system A. Vision 1: Onshore and insular industries acting as conductors This vision makes up part of a trend developing the current situation with a clarified and simplified territorial implantation process (suitable procedures and shortened deadlines, few/no litigations). The competitiveness of the offshore wind energy offer has still not been achieved, unlike for onshore wind energy, which offers profitable electricity generation solutions. In this context, the onshore and insular markets are leaders in the wind industry; the offshore wind turbine market remains dependent on the desire to develop renewable energies, to reduce the carbon footprint of the electricity generated and therefore to support these new modes of generating renewable electricity. Collective interest has overtaken local oppositions, thus enabling the installation of numerous onshore wind farms. Most regions are therefore involved in the development of onshore wind and the emergence of community mechanisms has brought together a maximum number of stakeholders in the financing of these facilities. Local governments become mobilised and are associated with and promote projects. For some difficult and/or coastal regions, arbitration exists between an increase in power for onshore wind turbines, with the potential blockage and litigation risks which are not easily overcome, and the installation of offshore wind farms (provided that good visibility is obtained regarding the sustainability of public support). Support infrastructures for these wind farms are regionalised: the development of a local wind industry can be witnessed with a high level of decentralised power production. The export of French stakeholders principally takes place on target markets with the development of innovative and adaptable machinery. B. Vision 2: Wind, a widespread and still poorly centralised energy Recent progress both in terms of technology (blades, mast, generators, etc.) and organisation for the design, transport and maintenance phases, has made the entire wind industry competitive: this reduction in costs enables developers to no longer call for support mechanisms and to position wind power as a credible and sustainable stakeholder in the energy package. The size of wind farms varies greatly, however without witnessing the emergence of very largescale wind farms, and above all depends on back-

21 ground issues with regard to the installation site and economic parameters (cost-benefit analyses): the onshore and offshore markets develop throughout the region via a poorly centralised installation typology. Wind turbines are managed without contributing to power compensation. Potentially heavy infrastructures are developed (in particular for the offshore industry), required for the operation, transport and maintenance of these power generation units. According to the target market, different types of infrastructures are set up: adaptation of coastal and port zones, buildings and boats to perform the different steps involved in the life cycle of offshore wind farms; creation of multiple sites for assembling and undertaking logistics/maintenance operations for the different installation sites for onshore wind energy; installation, for each insular site, of an industry undertaking the logistics operations and interacting with the power systems. The installation of these infrastructures is also accompanied by efforts in terms of training new stakeholders. The regional anchoring of this industry is represented by a long-term cohabitation between stakeholders and the involvement of regional actors (individuals, groups, local authorities) in managing or even financing wind farms (community wind projects). The coupling of different activities (aquaculture and electricity generation for example) and the addition of new functions (wind measurement, recording of local meteorological phenomena, monitoring of bird and bat populations or land surveillance) accompany and accentuate the feasibility of these projects. However, domestic market growth for wind energy remains moderate either due to legal issues or choices in energy policies. Simultaneously, the international market is very dynamic and French stakeholders within this industry are turning towards export to transform their products: this is a highly competitive market and innovation in terms of machinery and management and maintenance tools is present. C. Vision 3: Wind farm power production centres supported by public authorities Within a scenario based on the desire for the denuclearisation of electricity with a high carbon tax, public force both incites and supports the development of renewable energies, in particular via a sustainable support policy. Mega offshore wind farms occupy an important position in the landscape of French wind energy and actively take part in managing the power system and its compensation. However, the reduction in costs and improvement of technologies were not sufficient to make the offshore wind industry competitive so that wind farm operators no longer need to call for support mechanisms. Only the onshore and insular wind industries offer economically competitive solutions. This development perspective of a market supported by an aid device even though the onshore wind industry is competitive, can be explained by: the desire to maximise/optimise a large offshore wind resource; onshore land restrictions being too high to design large-scale onshore wind farms; the desire or need to maintain a centralised power generation system; the possible setting up of high-capacity hydraulic storage solutions or Pan-European power grid solutions, which provide wind farms with a high capital intensity; high-performance underwater grids. Usage restrictions and conflicts for the target coastal zones however remain present and require the passing of regulations adapted to promote the installation of these wind farms: the potential installation of wind farms in Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) requires the lifting of certain legal vacuums and the passing of regulatory frameworks promoting the use of these zones. The development of onshore wind is very heterogeneous and remains dependent on the existence of available sites (for which cohabitation can be considered) or the strong desire of a region to commit to the creation of a local industrial sector carried by the wind market. Industrial wind 20/21

22 D. Vision 4: High numbers of wind turbines installed within the European system Well beyond the current market (2011) and short-term forecasts, this vision makes up part of a market that is turning towards very large or very powerful wind farms in parallel to the emergence of underground/underwater power grids (in particular DC power grids), which enrich this scenario with a highly collaborative overtone: a notion of even closer European cooperation, the exchange of resources and a shared management system (including contribution to power compensation) of the entire power system is implemented. Power grid topology naturally impacts the wind farm installation typology and promotes the development of mega wind farms. Furthermore, following the example of vision 2, all wind industries (offshore, onshore and insular sites) are competitive and offer one kwh at market price. This vision is based on a very dynamic offshore market acting as a driving force for the entire wind industry; this is represented by the designing of interconnected mega wind farms. Comparatively, production connected to onshore and insular markets occupies a very precise market position: for insular sites, the technological competitiveness enables this sector to position itself as a key stakeholder in lowering CO2 levels from the electricity generated; according to the location, very large sites may arise; the onshore industry is mainly dependent on issues regarding the location of the intended sites: the desire, on a territorial scale (local or regional) to commit to this industry leads to the development of wind projects. Beyond vision 2, infrastructures inherent upon the design and operation of these wind farms are mainly developed in port zones, which have become mandatory points of passage to offshore wind farms: more particularly, these tools (buildings and boats) manage the design, transport and maintenance of offshore wind turbines. The port zones are mainly the fruit of partnerships between industrialists, developers, wind farm operators and local and regional authorities. Moreover, in order to ensure the optimal monitoring and maintenance of machinery, base camps or true autonomous platforms located far from coasts have been built in the various installation zones and lead to the development of synergies with other energy activities (including energy storage), for the management/operation of halieutic resources or other marine resources. This rise in wind farm power does not however prevent the presence of public investors standing side-by-side with private investors or the involvement of the region and its stakeholders in the design and operation of these wind farms.

23 6 Obstacles Obstacles are the background elements hindering the achievement of the medium term (2020) and long-term (2050) visions defined. They are political, socio-economic, technological, organisational or regulatory in nature and may appear separately or together. Their identification results from analysing the environment surrounding the wind industry, characterised by the following aspects: Energy policy: this is the driving force behind the Industrial Wind roadmap, with clearly defined objectives for the years 2020 and 2050 (French Orientation Programme for Energy Policy Law dated 13 June 2005). Society-culture: the French context is becoming ever more positive with regard to wind energy. However, a certain number of conflicts of use must be taken into account in the regional deployment of wind energy. Economy: the wind sector is experiencing significant growth in France and abroad. In most countries, it benefits from incentive measures (purchasing price, market price + premium / ECR) which make business plans more viable and promotes the launch of this industry. The development of major production tools can be encouraged by the requirement of re-converting certain industries and strengthening the industrial fabric. Technology: in France, wind energy is at the beginning of its life cycle curve (growth phase). This aspect is the lever on which calls for Future Investments will be made, intended to play the role of growth accelerator. Environment: the main environmental impacts from wind turbines involve flora and fauna. Another factor, which is not specific to the wind turbine, is the monitoring of an ecodesign approach and the research of materials to substitute rare materials or those under pressure of use (e.g.: rare earths for permanent magnets). Law and regulations: the legal aspects make up the factor that ensures the efficient development of wind energy on a national scale. Consequently, the obstacles that could give rise to research-development and demonstration needs have been classed as technology-related and non-technology-related obstacles. 6.1 Technological obstacles The term obstacle must not be seen as limiting the development of this industry and the achievement of the prospective visions; these obstacles are above all represented by needs for improvement and/or technological breakthroughs to overcome these obstacles and support the emergence of innovative systems and components. A. Wind resources Lack of comprehensive high-quality measures in the short, medium and long-terms, and installation of infrastructures (e.g. measurement mast, remote sensing of wind speeds); Wind forecasting (short-term) and resource assessment (long-term): management of uncertainties regarding production and resource assessment, improving forecasting (having access to sufficient calculation capacities); Wake effect on production. B. Machinery and components Adaptability of machinery to the different conditions (wind classes of French sites); Improving the reliability and adaptability of blades; Industrial wind 22/23

24 Improving the kinematic chains (in particular the requirement for a technological breakthrough on generators and new concepts); The need for new materials for components (in particular reducing the weight of components); Monitoring needs (integration of information sensors or wear sensors for example); Adapting storage and dispatchability functions; Reducing interaction with radars (wind turbine disturbances and radar signatures); Increasing the life of wind turbines and reducing maintenance costs over time. C. Integration into the power grid The need to create new grids (in particular costs); Increasing functions so as to play a role in providing services to the power system. E. Marine engineering (offshore market) The need for wind turbine supports (materials capable of resisting the various solicitations and stresses), design of foundations and installation; Study and modelling with fluid-structure interactions. F. Environmental and societal aspects Improving the use of material resources: Reducing the quantities used, substitution, recyclability of machinery elements and foundations; Poor knowledge of the impacts of wind turbines on fauna (behaviour and adaptation); Health and safety restrictions for the building of future wind turbines; Extension of offshore wind farm installation zones (mine and shipwreck-related problems). D. Infrastructures and logistics The need to adapt/develop port infrastructures and zones to accommodate design and assembly units and integrate new activities connected to wind; The need for boats adapted to suit the different stages in the life of a wind farm (transport of facilities, installation, maintenance, removal); The need for suitable maintenance (in particular the availability of structures and tools enabling fast interventions on the wind farms).

25 6.2 Legal, organisational, regulatory and socio-economic obstacles Administrative complexity and appeals (time required: 3 years on average), legal vacuums that may hinder investments in wind turbine operations; Lack of funds to support companies taking risks with regard to the implementation of new technologies; The need to significantly reinforce the structuring of research, testing capacities and training (initial or professional training) in France: no specialised test infrastructures and/or research centres enabling research works to be conducted both by researchers and industrialists (testing and analysis capacities and available personnel); Lack of informational exchanges and collaborations taking place between stakeholders (grid operators, distributors, industrial stakeholders and research bodies); Social acceptability and feasibility of offshore and onshore wind farms. Industrial wind 24/25

26 7 Research priorities Given that this roadmap is not intended to direct the actions of the ADEME alone, the needs of the entire development chain (from upstream research to commercial deployment) are listed, whether technological, scientific, regulatory or societal in nature. According to their degree of maturity, the actions to be implemented may be based on: upstream research: fundamental and/or exploratory; industrial research: finalised, complemented by the experimental development of technological building blocks; pre-industrial development enabling, under real conditions, on a reduced or real scale, the validation of innovative technologies; These may be based on one or a set of technological building blocks: this is the role of research demonstrators, experimentation and preindustrial prototyping; commercial deployment: this begins with the first production unit and assumes technico-economic feasibility, a business plan and impact studies. Beyond the simple research priorities, the group of experts would like to underline, in a consensual manner, the lack of infrastructures and of a true co-ordinated strategy with regard to wind. Therefore, in order to guarantee a critical mass and stimulate R&D, the creation of a shared structure or a centre for coordinating Wind research appears appropriate and would enable the definition, coordination and implementation of a national strategy and the grouping together of methodological tools and transverse supports. The following operating mechanisms should therefore be specified and implemented: connection with other stakeholders, management of test and calibration infrastructures and technological transfer for testing tools. This scientific coordination must be projected beyond national borders and thus enable relations to be created (in particular within the scope of implementation agreements of the International Energy Agency or activities carried by the International Renewable Energy Agency) so as to promote exchanges between global stakeholders and enable national stakeholders/structures to take part in work groups and joint European and/or international projects. A certain number of recommendations have been drawn up based on the reflections of the group of experts so as to direct the works to be undertaken. The allocation of R&D priorities revolves around the major families identified as obstacles: Category I: Assessment of resources and forecasting of short and medium-term electricity generation In its Strategic Research Agenda, the TPWind platform proposes an ambitious 3% vision for the year 2030, which sets an uncertainty objective of less than 3%, for any target geographic site, on the annual energy production, the wind conditions (connected to the design of wind turbines) and the short-term forecasting scheme for wind power generation. All research priorities must aim at reducing the uncertainty of wind forecast and resource estimations. 1.1 Conduction of well instrumented and relatively long-lasting measurement campaigns on typical sites (in particular for configuring wind farm design tools), campaigns adapted to suit new machinery (creation of databases on national and international scales). 1.2 Development of new tools and techniques for monitoring and assessing resources (masts with sufficient instrumentation, remote monitoring, fast and inexpensive assessment techniques based on fixed or floating platforms, development of satellite detection methods). 1.3 Development of advanced resource estimation models: taking into account of different turbulences, in particular the development of methods specific to the marine environment

27 (waves, swell), wind profile above 100 m, installation of highly probable developments and/or extreme simulation tools. 1.4 Spatial resource planning: development of a tool integrating resource assessment databases (national, European, global). 1.5 Short-term forecasting (improving weather and wind power generation forecasts, predicting wind turbine stall phenomena). 1.6 Design of methods for optimising the installation of wind turbines (on wind turbine and wind farm scales) taking into account the different restrictions (resources, wake, radar, etc.). 1.7 Study of the optimisation and co-management of wind and hydraulic resources on the power grid. Category 2: the technological priorities connected to the machinery and components used These different research priorities must be considered via their potential impact on energy costs, the energy efficiency of the entire system and the availability (reliability, accessibility and life) of wind turbines. 2.1 Development of larger rotors: design of tools integrating the important physical phenomena (aerodynamics, aero-electricity and acoustics) and new components (rotors, command/control, etc.). 2.2 Improvement of the level of performance and reliability of the components of aerogenerators, the transmission chain, components for energy conversion, command/control, the yaw and pitch orientation system, etc.; optimisation of the performance/life balance. 2.3 Development of integrated components, improving the reliability of integrated systems. 2.4 Implementation of innovations in manufacturing methods, processes and tools so as to produce large series of components and reduce manufacturing times (automation). 2.5 Development of new materials for the different components, reduction in quantities and weight, substitution and recyclability of the materials used (rare earths, etc.). 2.6 Taking into account of low wind problems (development of large-scale rotors adapted to suit low average winds, the cutin technique for easing wind turbine start-up). 2.7 Specific problems associated with the marine environment (swell, waves, corrosion). 2.8 Development of an eco-design approach for the different methods of the wind turbine life cycle. Category 3: Integration into the power grid The research priorities aiming at promoting the penetration of wind energy into the energy system at a low cost while ensuring the satisfactory operation of the power grid may revolve around: 3.1 Reduction in the installation costs of cables and their grid connection 3.2 Development of components to optimise the interaction with the system: development of devices guaranteeing grid safety, smoothing out production by storage, development of electronic power devices to ease integration into the wind turbine network, development of new stabilisation, braking and connection systems between different sub-assemblies, implementation of monitoring tools and tools for managing voltage dips 3.3 Identification of the Grid Codes required for the reliable development of wind turbine devices, coherence of codes with high penetration rates (reflections on a European scale) 3.4 Extension and sustainable reinforcement of the European grid to guarantee high penetration rates for wind energy 3.5 Development of operational tools for interoperability Industrial wind 26/27

28 Category 4: Infrastructures and logistics 4.1 Proposing innovations in manufacturing methods, processes and tools so as to produce large series of components and reduce manufacturing time (automation). 4.2 Development of tools and infrastructures for the design, pre-assembly, transport and installation steps, in particular for large parts. 4.3 Implementation of innovations for the installation of high-power machinery (while guaranteeing high safety levels for men and goods) and for the reduction in facility removal costs. 4.4 Designing maintenance solutions adapted to suit the problems encountered with different types of wind farms (development of preventive maintenance plans and remote wind farm monitoring solutions). Category 5: Marine engineering 5.1 Design of supports/foundations adapted to suit the different depths. 5.2 Development of modelling tools taking into account the fluid-structure interaction. Category 6: Environmental and societal aspects 6.1 Development of tools/solutions limiting interactions with radars: wind turbine blades with reduced radar signature, development of innovative radars, solutions integrated into the wind turbine, synergies between fields of application, etc. 6.2 Improvement of knowledge on the surrounding biodiversity: collecting information on the different species and their activities, sensitivity of the zones identified, response from the environment to the installation of a wind farm, cumulative impact study (short, medium and long term). 6.3 Characterisation, development of tools and methods to improver/standardise the monitoring of environmental impacts: acquisition systems (thermal camera, radar, acoustics), innovations on machinery (integrated observation systems, adaptable control systems, shock sensors, signalling, painting), prediction models (biostatistical) and risk analysis. 6.4 Development of products or solutions capable of having positive effects on ecological resources (protection of flora and fauna, environmental balance of wind farms via impact compensation). 6.5 Estimating the carbon footprint and analysing the life cycle of wind systems and projects (based on all elements making up the wind farm and for all project phases, from construction to removal). 6.6 Development of innovative methods to improve the acceptability of wind farms: analysing and reducing the acoustic signature of wind farms (according to frequencies, including infrasound), limiting disturbances and conflicts of use (scanning farms, consultation and commitment of stakeholders, compensation measures, etc.), creation of synergies (for example the joint operation of the energy and halieutic resources). Category 7: Transversal priorities Wind energy has specific technico-economic characteristics. In order to define an optimal strategy for using wind in the energy package in accordance with sustainable development values such as sound investments, consultation with the population and integration into the environment, transverse tools should be developed for working on the following points: 7.1 Development of cost models to identify the R&D priorities in terms of optimising the cost-benefit ratio. 7.2 Design of innovative business models to promote transformation and improve the economic profitability of projects. 7.3 Design of tools promoting community wind projects (for example stock ownership in wind projects).

29 8 The need for technology platforms and research and industrial demonstrators Within the scope of an action plan for R&D priorities, tools may emerge and be implemented to overcome the main technological obstacles and potentially identify new research priorities. The research and industrial demonstrators and technology platforms must pursue different objectives for promoting the development of this industry: reducing the cost of the electricity generated by medium and high-power wind turbines easing the acceptance of wind turbine projects reducing the environmental impacts of wind farms The chosen size for research demonstrators, pre-industrial demonstrators and technology platforms must be adjusted so that the technological and economic options proposed represent real proof of feasibility and relevance with regard to the commitment to a later commercial and industrial development. For wind energy, the validation of technologies under real use conditions must pass by the installation of fullscale demonstrators. The facilities may involve experiments performed with components or complete systems, experimental manufacturing units, technology platforms for materials testing or the application of methodologies or services. Within the scope of the installation of these preindustrial development and research tools, particular attention must be paid to the environmental (in particular the overall reduction in greenhouse gas emissions), economic and social aspects of these tools. 8.1 Research and industrial demonstrators A demonstrator must overcome the technological obstacles connected to the size of a system or its complexity born from a systems integration process. This makes up part of the technology research/development/industrialisation process, which occurs downstream of the research process and upstream of the industrialisation phases which may lead to the launching of applied and/or fundamental research. 8.2 PTechnology platforms, test, certification and qualification sites The purpose of the platform is to ensure that technology is transferred between the research sector and industrial sector. It brings together the means for offering services or resources enabling an open community of users (public and private) to conduct research and development projects in addition to prototype validation or testing phases; this tool enables works to be conducted simultaneously despite their very different timescales: services for shortterm test phases upon request from industrialists conducted simultaneously with characterisation, resource forecasting and development activities for new components and systems. These shared structures answer a certain number of needs identified by stakeholders: Prototype host sites for test phases; Instrumentation and endurance tests for prototypes (machinery); Industrial wind 28/29

30 Characterisation of components, services and sub-systems; Cooperation between stakeholders (suppliers, laboratories, constructors), promoting a connection between integrators and subcontractors; Test phases with wind and biodiversity conditions representative of those on French sites; Certification of machinery, components, services and sub-systems; Supplier qualification; Proximity between the different stakeholders and infrastructures. Currently, no wind turbine test site exists in France. Certifier accreditations mainly involve type or component certifications and shall, in the long run, include the certification of projects. The flexibility of the facilities testing all or part of the wind turbine, site accessibility (waiting time, logistic means, cost), the adequacy of the site and test beds with the technological developments also make up some of the parameters that must be integrated for the installation of such technology platforms. With regard to the French industrial fabric of suppliers, this tool would act as an innovation accelerator for components, services and subsystems and ease the certification steps that are essential in supporting the growth of stakeholders on French and international markets. The emergence of such structures must be consistent with the installation of Institutes of Excellence for Low-Carbon Energies (IEED 15 ). 15. Public research/industry interdisciplinary platforms in the field of low-carbon energies.

31 9 Legal and regulatory aspects During the preliminary project design stages, legal proceedings can extend deadlines up to their expiration. The main challenge today resides in adapting these procedures and regulations to ease the development of this industry; it also appears relevant to limit the legal vacuums with the aim of offering a precise and specific framework for wind turbine operations (in particular offshore), and therefore limiting processing deadlines and avoiding possible actions. Therefore, in addition to the R&D priorities, the following important needs exist in order to promote the development of wind farms and improve consistency between procedures and regulations with the development of wind farms as imagined in the prospective visions: Taking into account the notion of technological development by the installation of a procedure on the potential modifications to the dimensioning of facilities; Installing and maintaining in the long term a single counter for obtaining administrative permits (single impact study including requests for occupancy of public marine areas (DPM) and permits issued with regard to the French water law); Specifying the system applicable at the end of the DPM transfer; Determining the procedures applicable in French EEZs (Exclusive Economic Zones). Industrial wind 30/31

32 Appendix International benchmark This roadmap on Industrial Wind aims at highlighting the choices to be made to support the development of this industry, the structures and technologies to be implemented and the integration of the power generated into increasingly diversified energy systems. For this reason, the angle of attack chosen for this benchmark is that of innovative research, demonstration or even pre-industrialisation tools, cooperation between stakeholders and support devices (and budgets) implemented to support and accompany research and demonstration works. The wind theme has been identified in many countries as a priority for research, demonstration and even industrial deployment. These countries are presenting organised national technological and scientific innovation, development and research devices. Precise and ori- ented research programmes are in place for uniting national skills: for example in the United Kingdom, the Carbon Trust agency is seen as a technology accelerator, one axis of which involves offshore wind energy. Organisations boasting technical and scientific skills (Risø in Denmark, CENER in Spain, the NaREC centre of excellence in the United Kingdom and IWES in Germany) have been developed to promote exchanges between public and private research and support an innovation policy for the wind industry: consortiums between different laboratories work towards the improved coordination of research works and the sharing of knowledge and technical data. In most of these countries, a close connection exists between public and private research, knowing that the wind industry draws and directs its research from each of these countries. Development of wind energy R&D budgets, in M value 2009, per country (source: IEA, The International Energy Agency) USA UK Spain Norway Netherlands Germany France Denmark Canada

33 View of wind energy R&D spendings / all energies (source: IEA, The International Energy Agency) USD million Wind energy All energy The size of the aerogenerator is a decisive factor in determining the power of the wind turbine, the annual energy generated, the manufacturing cost for the machine and the final energy cost. It also has a direct impact in the design of the rotor blades. Given the desire to reduce the cost of the kilowatt-hour generated, major efforts are being placed on increasing blade sizes and therefore the power of each wind turbine. Constructors are working on ever larger wind turbine models so as to increase their power and the energy generated (power of 7/8 MW with rotor diameters ~ 150 m). Furthermore, the development of 20 MW wind turbines with rotors measuring 250 m in diameter is being considered for the decade (refer to the European project UPWIND). For ever larger blades, the availability of sites and testing means represents the main barrier for the development of new machines ,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Few places throughout the world enable the testing of blades measuring more than 70 m in diameter. The wind turbine blade manufacturer LM Glasfiber (Kolding, Denmark) announced that it could test blades measuring 80 m. The CENER (Centro Nacional de Energias Renovables) claims two test beds for blades measuring up to 85 m in length (at Sarriguren in Navarre, Spain). Currently, two test sites for 70 m blades exist: the Fraunhofer IWES (Bremerhaven, Germany) and the New and Renewable Energy Centre (NaREC) located in the United Kingdom. The Blade Test Centre A/S (BLAEST, Aalborg, Denmark) offers a test site for blades measuring 65 m in length. Test facilities are being developed to increase their host capacity and the size of the wind turbines that can be tested (blade length of up to 100 m). 1. The United States The US Department of Energy (DOE) and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) presented the National Offshore Wind Strategy and the actions to be undertaken to support the development of an offshore wind turbine industry in the United States and the development of export markets. This strategy acts as a guide for the efforts made by the DOE within the scope of the Offshore Wind Innovation and Demonstration initiative (OSWInD). The US Department of the interior (DOI) is a crucial partner in the implementation of this strategy, being the organisation that has the skills to examine and validate offshore wind projects in federal waters. During the last two years, the DOI has drawn up a regulatory framework for future offshore wind projects and has recently launched an initiative to ease the installation, investments and construction of new pro- 0 USD million Industrial wind 32/33

34 jects. This initiative illustrates the commitments made by the DOE and the DOI in working hand-in-hand and stimulating the fast, responsible development of offshore wind energy. In this respect, the main challenges identified in supporting the development of offshore wind turbine technology revolve around the relatively high cost of wind energy, the technical barriers connected to the installation and connection to the power grids, the lack of data for installation sites and experience of regulatory and legal processes for the implementation of projects in national and inland waters (in particular the Great Lakes). This OSWInD initiative must therefore guide the national effort made to achieve an objective of 54 GW of installed power capacity for the offshore wind industry by the year 2030, at a cost of $0.07/kWh (with an intermediary phase of 10 GW by the year 2020 at a cost of $0.10/kWh). In this respect, the initiative must target reducing the cost of offshore wind energy and shortening the deployment calendar for this energy; three fields of action are being targeted: technological developments, market stumbling blocks (regulatory, legal, societal) and demonstrator projects via the following different activities: innovative turbines, marine systems engineering, calculation tools and test data, identification of resources and forecasting, installation and permits, additional infrastructures and demonstrator projects for innovative technologies. Via the OSWInD initiative and the Smart from the Start initiative, the DOE and DOI are working together to reduce offshore wind deployment timeframes in national waters. The OSWInD initiative also covers inland waters, including the Great Lakes, with close collaboration between the DOE, federal agencies and those of each State concerned, in particular in relation to issues involving legal liability for the installations. The implementation of a coordinated installation strategy limits the conflicts of use for the intended sites, improves resource management and the management of protected zones and therefore supports the development of installations and infrastructures associated with offshore wind development. This strategy shall be compatible with the different current principles and politics regarding the management of oceans and inland waters (National Policy for the Stewardship of the Oceans, Our Coasts and Great Lakes Executive Order # 13547, Framework for Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning). The OSWInD initiative is supported by a financing scheme of $90/100 M specifically allocated for research and testing work on offshore wind turbines via the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act de 2009 (ARRA) and funds from the Department of Energy (DOE). 2. The European Union The European union, via its framework programme for research and technological development (FPRTD), has become an essential stakeholder in research in the field of renewable energies. It plays the role of directing and coordinating research on renewable energies including wind energy via financing schemes attributed within the scope of annual requests for proposals. Each year, tens of millions of euros are allocated to the theme of generating renewable power, which includes wind energy. These expenses provide a significant contribution to the sums spent by each country in wind turbine R&D. The 7th FPRTD had the following main research objectives for this period: Developing components and systems for turbines and wind farms; External conditions, estimations and forecasting wind resources; Standard and certification testing for wind energy systems; Onshore and offshore large-scale wind farm demonstrators; Integration of wind energy into the European wind network; Wind mapping for offshore applications Very large offshore wind turbines. The SET-Plan (Strategic Energy Technology Plan) in the wind industry can be broken down into several initiatives aimed at creating synergies and coordinating research activities: European Industrial Initiatives (EIIs) bringing together industrialists, researchers, Member States and the European Commission on the assessment and management of risks and public-private partnerships to promote fast technological development; an annual investment (public and private) of approximately 600 M ( 6 Billion in total by the year 2020) is planned to finance these initiatives;

35 European Energy Research Alliance (EERA), whose purpose is to bring together research activities with the priorities of the SET-Plan and draw up a joint research programme on a European scale. For the period , the total budget is 1,433 M (with the contribution from the European Economic Recovery Plan), 52% of which will be financed by private stakeholders, 31% of which will be financed by European funds and 17% of which will be financed by Member States. Furthermore, the European Wind Energy Technology Platform (TPWind), R&D network and forum, comprised of researchers and experts representing the main stakeholders in this industry, is financed by the European Commission and coordinated by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA): this initiative implements the European Wind Initiative (EWI) to make wind energy a competitive energy source targeting ambitious wind energy penetration rates: 20% by 2020, 33% by 2030 and 50% by 2050, and the Wind Energy Roadmap (WER) Implementation Plan for In order to reach these objectives, the EWI is concentrating its works on four main themes: innovative components and turbines, offshore technology, systems integration and wind resources. 2.1 The United Kingdom British offshore wind is one of the largest industrial British offshore wind is one of the largest industrial projects in Europe with approximately 100 billion of investments by the year With 1.3 GW of installed power capacity by 2010, the United Kingdom is the most advanced country in Europe with regard to the offshore wind market. This wind policy, launched in the year 2000 and immediately prioritising the offshore wind industry, can be broken down into three phases: Round 1 (experimental works with parks of 30 wind turbines at most and relatively close to the coast) which lasted until 2003 for an installed power capacity of 1 GW, Round 2 which has been under way since 2003, which plans for the installation of 9.2 GW of power capacity (larger wind farms located further away from the coast so as to limit oppositions, for example 175 turbines with 3.6 MW located 20 km offshore for the London Array project) and Round 3 (beginning in January 2010) which sets very ambitious objectives with an installed power capacity of 32.2 GW by the year 2020, via 7,000 offshore wind turbines (scale change with projects of up to 9 GW). The Crown Estate, owner of the seabed, has granted licences to 9 groups and is predicting earning 100 M in royalties per year, part of which is contributed to the State budget. Currently, 100% of projects are private with full financing from developers (mainly in capital) which is compensated by the sale of electricity and ROCs (Renewable Obligation Certificates, created in 2002 by the government to promote low carbon electricity generation; these certificates are exchangeable and have varying levels depending on the type of energy). However the government has launched reflections on reviewing (not before the year 2013) the tariff system so as to move up a gear and set up a carbon floor price and potential purchasing tariffs. The NaREC (National Renewable Energy Centre) plans to conduct and finance research work on blades and aerogenerators and set up a test site for the offshore wind industry. The financing schemes allocated to these works include: 18 M for research works on innovative blades: the new installation (capable of receiving blades measuring 100 m in length) will also be capable of simulating the life of a blade over 3 months of testing; the installation site for this appliance generally includes a test site for anchoring systems; the objective being to assist industrialists and developers for Round 3 and offer reliable machines achieving the objectives set for the year 2020; 12 M for the development of tools and test appliances for reducing the time taken for test phases by simulating, in a controlled environment, real conditions of use for offshore wind turbines; 22 M for the installation of an offshore infrastructure specifically dedicated to R&D works; this platform, covering a surface area of 20 km 2, shall be installed in water depths of m and will enable 20 wind turbines with a power of 5 to 10 MW to be tested under real conditions. Industrial wind 34/35

36 In addition to covering these technical aspects, the NaREC centre recently opened an area, i.e. a tower measuring 27 m entirely dedicated to training individuals and professionals within this industry. The objective is to set up a comprehensive training centre accessible to suppliers and equipped with the installations and equipment required for initial or professional training sessions: cooperation with secondary schools is planned for the years to come. Moreover, the offshore wind test site will also be used for professional training purposes. Within the scope of the EERP (European Economic Recovery Plan), the European Union has proposed financing 40 M for the construction of a European Offshore Wind Development Centre (EOWDC) which will be located in Aberdeen (Scotland); this site will include 11 available spots for wind turbine tests in the Aberdeen bay. The EU grant covers the investment and development costs associated with the EOWDC. This grant request took place in coordination with the SEGEC (Scottish European Green Energy Centre). 2.2 Espagne The Kingdom of Navarre is home to the National Centre for Renewable Energy (CENER), opened in 2002 for conducting research and providing services for customer businesses. The services include testing blades so as to assess their efficiency in addition to wind resource mapping and forecasting; 30% of its financing originates from national and local government grants with the remainder originating from services and tests performed for customer businesses. Early 2008, with the notion of anticipating customer needs, the CENER opened its doors to the new wind research centre, the Wind Turbine Test Laboratory (LEA), which represented an investment of 50 M from the Spanish central government, the government of Navarre, the CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas) and the CENER, which is home to approximately sixty researchers. It comprises 5 infrastructures (test laboratories for blades and generators of up to 5 MW, a Composite Materials and Process laboratory, an on-site testing laboratory, a wind tunnel and access to an experimental wind farm). The most important equipment, located approximately 30 km from the Pamplona capital, enables researchers to observe blade wear and test gearboxes and connections. It can simulate machine ageing by approximately 20 years in only 6 months. The site also includes outdoor space where companies can test wind turbine assembly operations. During this installation, GAMESA and ECOTEC- NIA became associates in the WINDLIDER 2015 project aiming at analysing the performance of blades and different components on sophisticated machinery. Their objectives are as follows: cutting in half the time required to develop new turbines; cutting the energy required to produce the latter by 30%. In 2009, companies tested 4.5 MW machines on these sites even though they were not provided with on-site equipment for performing this type of testing or assembly operation. Furthermore, the CENER works on five continents on emerging markets such as Costa Rica, Panama and the Dominican Republic, helping to set up regulations aiming at easing investments into wind farms, then assisting in their development Germany Research into wind energy is highly supported by the Federal Ministry of the Environment (BMU) and is mainly conducted in certain centres of excellence located around Bremen and Bremerhaven in addition to in the Rhine-Ruhr region (Kassel, Göttingen). The Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), created on 1 January 2009 by the Fraunhofer company with financial support from four German states and the BMU, integrates and coordinates existing laboratory research (more than 50 German universities are involved in wind energy, either in the field of research or in that of teaching). The BMU has granted the IWES support in the form of 25 M over 5 years. The ForWind research cluster which groups together several universities, supports industrial wind research projects and offers professional training in this field. The main R&D axes for wind energy are as follows: reducing costs and increasing the efficiency and availability of aerogenerators; developing innovative technologies for offshore wind and R&D projects on the Alpha Ventus pilot site;

37 assessing environmental impacts (offshore and onshore wind). In 2008, out of 32 new research projects in the field of wind energy for a granted budget of 40.1 M, 22 projects more specifically involved offshore wind energy ( 33.7 M granted by the BMU). With regard to the assessment of the environmental impacts from offshore wind farms and the assessment and forecasting of resources, the Ministry mainly co-finances research platforms in the North Sea and Baltic Sea (FINO): three platforms for studying the potential impacts of offshore wind farms on marine fauna and flora (physical, hydrological, chemical and biological measurements). The data collected enriches the database held by the Federal Marine Navigation and Hydrography Office (BSH). The FINO I platform installed in 2003 belongs to the German state, however the coordination of works and platform management operations are assumed by the Germanischer Lloyd company. The latest platform, FINO III, erected in 2009, receives financial support from the Federal Ministry of the Environment and the Schleswig-Holstein State (partly originating from European funds). The RAVE initiative launched in 2008 and grouping together scientific and technical studies conducted on the pilot site Alpha Ventus, benefit from an overall budget of 50 M over five years allocated by the BMU and is coordinated by the IWES: the objective being to bring together industrial and university project carriers to create synergies, coordinate projects and ensure the communication of research results. Research works concentrate on the analysis of wind properties, the technical stresses to which wind turbines and their foundations are subjected, the integration of the power generated into the power grid, the environmental impacts and different measurement projects. In parallel, the Federal Marine Navigation and Hydrography Office (BSH), responsible for the allocation of construction permits in the German marine zone, coordinates research on the impacts of offshore wind farms on the marine environment. The BSH draws up three standards on the rules and techniques to be complied with for the construction of offshore wind farms; these standards, according to the results obtained on platforms, can be assessed and improved. Finally, the BSH also coordinates all measures required to operate and maintain the pilot site Alpha Ventus. 2.4 Sweden The SVTC (Swedish Wind Power Technology Centre), founded by the Swedish Energy Agency, industrialists and CHALMERS (University of Gothenburg) intends to provide support to the Swedish wind industry by developing knowledge on designing wind turbines and by training new engineers. The SEK 100 M investment (approximately 12 M) must enable the region to become a leader in wind turbine technology. 2.5 Denmark In 2010, Denmark accounted for nearly 850 MW of installed power capacity for the offshore wind industry (3 to 4 MW turbines). The European pioneer in this industry has set itself the objective of reaching 1.3 GW by the year Denmark is one of the world s leaders in wind energy technology. The Risø National Laboratory is the research institute boasting the most international experience in developing turbine technology and assessing wind resources. It has formed a consortium with different universities and institutes within this country to improve coordination between research, training and the industry. In order to stay at the top, Denmark is launching new turbine tests. The Risø is designing a new testing centre which should be operational in 2011 and located in Osterild (testing conditions: woodland and countryside). Its purpose is to provide a test site for very large scale wind turbines (rotor diameters of 200/250 m; ~ 20 MW power) enabling the latter to be placed in different conditions. This site should be home to seven wind turbines (each measuring up to 250 m in diameter). Innovative technical instruments shall be placed on the platform to improve forecasting techniques for electricity generation and to work on synergies between wind turbines and weather data measurements. Risø is also working on the possibility of building a power grid connection facility with other leaders in the wind energy industry. 2.6 Norway The Norwegian centre of research on offshore technologies (NOWITECH) has set up a pluriannual programme for the period The objective of the NOWITECH is precompetitive research for setting up the bases for creating a profitable industrial sector for offshore wind farms. Emphasis has been placed Industrial wind 36/37