Question 1: Which of these is the source of energy for producers in an ecosystem?

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1 Notes: Questions Answers What is the source of energy for almost all ecosystems? The Sun supports most of Earth's ecosystems. Plants create chemical energy (Sugar and Oxyten) from abiotic factors (light) that includes solar energy or the SUN. The food energy created by producers (through photosynthesis) is passed to consumers, scavengers, and decomposers. =================== Standard: Understand that sunlight is the source of energy for most ecosystems. Level 1 - Recognizing and Recalling: Acuity A-63% of School answered correctly on Q1: 60% of the District answered correctly on Q1: Question 1: Which of these is the source of energy for producers in an ecosystem? a. light from the sun b. heat from the sun c. oxygen from the air d. chemicals from the water Question 2: Which statement about energy in an ecosystem is not true? a. Many animals get energy from eating plants. b. Energy can be transferred from one animal to another. c. Plants use energy from the sun to perform normal functions. d. Animals transfer energy to the soil, and this energy is used by plants. Practice: What happens to light energy from the sun when it reaches producers? A: Producers consume light energy as food. B: Producers use light energy to warm their bodies. C: Producers convert light energy into chemical energy. D: Producers transfer all of the light energy to consumers. What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? A: light from the sun B: heat from the sun C: nutrients from the soil D: nutrients from decaying plants Question 1 Answer: a. light from the sun ================================= Question 2 answer: d. Animals transfer energy to the soil, and this energy is used by plants. ================================== Correct Answer: C ================================== Correct Answer: A =================================

2 Standard: Understand how to construct or interpret a food chain/food web Energy Transfer Notes: Producer (Autotroph) an organism that makes its own food and stores energy Example: plants Consumer (Heterotroph) an organism that obtains food and energy by eating other organisms Types of Consumers: 1. Herbivores organisms that eat only plants Example: cattle 2. Carnivores organisms that eat only animals Example: coyotes 3. Omnivores organisms that eat both plants and animals Example: bears Decomposer (also a heterotroph) organisms that obtain energy by breaking down wastes and the remains of dead organisms Examples: mushrooms and earthworms Food Chain model that shows how energy passes from one organism to another In a food chain, an arrow points from the organism being eaten to the organism doing the eating Primary source of energy in a food chain is the sun Example: Plant Rabbit Weasel Levels of Consumers: First level: Consumers that eat producers Second level: Consumers that eat first-level consumers Only about 10% of the energy consumed by a first-level consumer is available for the second-level consumer. The other 90% is used to support the life processes (keeping warm, pooping, etc) of the primary consumer This means that the higher the level of consumer, the fewer there are of them because they have to eat A LOT to get enough energy Food Web a series of overlapping or connected food chains that exist in an ecosystem. More accurate than a food chain because they show ALL the feeding relationships within an ecosystem

3 Correct Answer: C Correct Answer: A

4 Correct Answer: A Practice:

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6 Notes: Water covers nearly 75% of the earth. When we think of water, we think of rain, lakes and rivers because they are parts of our daily lives. Water is also found in the atmosphere, underground, in snow, ice, seas and oceans. It is in constant motion and recycles itself through the Water Cycle. Most of the earth s water is salty or permanently frozen in the glaciers and icecaps. 95.1% of water on earth is estimated to be salt water. Fresh water total only 4.9% of all water on earth. Fresh water is found in ice, lakes, rivers, streams and underground. 0.01% of earth s water is found in rivers and lakes. Question 1: Where can most of the fresh water on Earth be found? A: in the ocean B: in rivers and lakes C: in underground aquifers D: in glaciers and the polar icecaps The correct answer is: D Write and answer these Practice Questions in your journal: 1. Where is most of Earth's fresh water located? A in lakes and ponds B in rivers and streams C underground and in the soil D in glaciers and in polar ice caps 2. Why is it important to conserve fresh water? A All fish need fresh water to survive. B There is a limited amount of fresh water available. C Fresh water is needed in power plants to generate electricity. D Fresh water is necessary for maintaining oxygen levels in the air. 3. Which of these would cause fresh water sources to become polluted? A untreated sewage flowing into rivers B lack of rain due to an extended drought C evaporation from lakes due to global warming D pumping groundwater to supply drinking water Standard: Understand that fresh water is limited in supply (3% of the water on Earth) and uneven in distribution (primarily locked in icecaps and glaciers). Understand that freshwater is essential for life and other human activities

7 Standard: Know that relationships exist between different species in an ecosystem Some bacteria live in human intestines and help break down food into nutrients that both the bacteria and the humans can use. Which of these best describes the relationship between the humans and these bacteria? A: parasitic relationship B: competitive relationship C: predator-prey relationship D: mutually beneficial relationship the correct answer is: D Which organism contributes most to the recycling of nutrients? A B C D decomposer the correct answer is A parasite predator producer What would happen to a predator if all of the population of its prey were killed by a sudden disease? A: The predators would switch to a different prey. B: The predators would need humans to provide food for them. C: The predator population would decrease because of a food shortage. D: The predator population would increase because of a change in food supply. Write and answer these Practice Questions in your journal:

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9 Standard: When an object is acted on by an unbalanced force it changes its motion by speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction Notes: Unbalanced Force = Net Force Source: A force is a push or a pull that is capable of changing the velocity of a mass. Forces are measured in Newtons or N, in honor of Sir Isaac Newton. According to Mr. Newton, an object will only accelerate if there is net force acting upon it. A net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object. A net force is capable of accelerating a mass. For instance, if the wheels of a car push it forward with 5 Newtons and drag is 3 Newtons, the net force is 2 Newtons, forward. Motion to the right is positive. Motion to the left is negative. As we have said before, a net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object. Look at the picture of the red plane. In this example, the difference between drag and thrust is 15 Newtons, to the left. This net force is capable of accelerating (slowing down) the plane. Net forces always accelerate masses. Net force = resultant force = unbalanced force = outside force. If an object has a net force acting on it, it will accelerate. The object will speed up, slow down or change direction. An unbalanced force (net force) acting on an object changes its speed and/or direction of motion. An unbalanced force is an unopposed force that causes a change in motion. A net force = unbalanced force. If however, the forces are balanced (in equilibrium) and there is no net force, the object will not accelerate and the velocity will remain constant. Unbalanced Forces: Placing a box on the seesaw unbalances it. The weight of the box is the unbalanced or net force which causes the seesaw to accelerate downward until it hits the ground.

10 Let s assume that the wheels of a car apply 10 N of force. What is the net force if friction and drag are negligible? The net force would equal 10 Newtons, forward. The mass will accelerate. What is the net force if the wheels of the car apply 10 Newtons but a parachute applies 7 Newtons in the other direction? The net force would equal 3 Newtons, forward. The mass will accelerate. A rocket applies an additional force of 10 Newtons to the 10 Newtons that are applied by the wheels. What is the net force if the parachute continues to apply 7 Newtons in the other direction? The net force would equal 13 Newtons, forward. The mass will accelerate. Balanced Forces: When forces are in balance, acceleration is zero. Velocity is constant and there is no net or unbalanced force. A plane will fly at constant velocity if the acceleration is zero. The forces are in balance.

11 Consider a person sliding down a slide at constant velocity. In this example, there is no net force when a mass moves at constant velocity. Although friction is acting on the person, there is no change in velocity and friction is not a net force in this case. Friction is only a net force if it changes the velocity of a mass. If friction slowed the person down, then there is a net force. A car is moving at 10 m/s. The wheels apply 10 N of force. Drag exerts 10 N in the other direction. There is no net force. According to Newton s 2 nd Law, Fnet = MA The acceleration will be zero, since there is no net force. Will the speed of this car change under the present circumstances? No. A fireman slides down a pole at constant velocity. Friction resists his fall. At constant velocity, his weight equals the force of friction. In other words, there is no net force. If however, he loosens his grip and decreases the friction force, he will accelerate downward. As he accelerates, there is a net force. Questions with answers: s_edition2/test_prep/assets/u3c1_sample_qu iz_key.pdfhttps://ips.iat.com/californiaediti on/students_edition2/test_prep/assets/u3c1 _sample_quiz_key.pdf

12 Your turn: Write and answer these Practice Questions in your journal:

13 Standard: The greater the force acting on an object, the greater will be its change in motion. The greater the mass of an object acted on by a force the less will be its change in motion Notes: file:///c:/users/krobinso6836/downloads/chapter_11.2.pdf Problems with answers:

14 Answers: Explain why these are the answers. 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A

15 Standard: Energy occurs in many forms, including light, heat, electrical, sound, mechanical, chemical, and nuclear Notes: Source: gy_basics.pdf

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19 Answers: Explain why these are the answers. 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A

20 Standard: When several forces act on an object, the resulting, overall force is called the net force. If the net force is not zero, it is called an unbalanced force, which will cause a change in motion Notess: See Unbalanced Notes Above.. Explain why B is the right answer. Show your work.

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22 Answers: Explain why these are the answers.

23 Practice: Source:

24 Standard: Gravitational force acts between any two objects. The greater the masses of the objects, the greater is the force; the greater the distance between the objects, the less is the force

25 Answers: Explain why these are the answers. 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. C

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