4/8/2014. Benchmarking, Spreadsheets & End-Use Calculations Lesson 12. Building Operator Certification Level I. Lesson Objectives

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1 Building Operator Certification Level I A Partnership of the CUNY Institute for Urban Systems Building Performance Lab, the CUNY School of Professional Studies, and the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority Building Operator Certification Level I (BOCI) Principles of Energy Management: Benchmarking, Spreadsheets & End-Use Calculations CUNY School of Professional Studies CUNY Building Performance Lab The BOC Benchmarking, Spreadsheets & End-Use Calculations Lesson 12 Lesson Objectives Topic 1: Benchmarking What is benchmarking, and why benchmark? How to benchmark your building? Topic 2: Energy Data: list sources of energy data Arrange data into a usable format. Explain how to track your facility s energy use. Discuss how energy use tracking can help effect change in energy use Understand and the impact of energy use on the environment.

2 Topic 1: Benchmarking - Why? You can t manage what you can measure By benchmarking your buildings you can: Measure your building performance Compare its performance with other buildings Compare its performance with itself over time Assess energy performance baselines for buildings and set goals for improvement Track and report on energy performance, energy costs, and environmental impact over time Meet legislative and organizational requirements and goals Benchmarking - What is it? Benchmarking is a process to compare performance against some standard. We commonly benchmark without think about calling it that. Example: If we re interested in maintaining weight, we would get on scale in morning or at some regular interval to measure our weight. Sometimes we go up, sometimes we go down. Neither is good or bad but depends on our particular circumstance (not everyone needs to lose weight). We get a number. Benchmarking - What is it? Other examples: - We can now compare the relative fuel efficiency of cars before we buy. - After we buy the car, we can compare the fuel mileage we get to a national average for that model. We get a fuel efficiency number (measured in mpg).

3 Energy Use Index (EUI) What about buildings? How can building energy performance be compared? We can compare costs ($), but the cost of energy can vary dramatically and generally is outside our control. Is there a number to measure building energy performance? Yes the number we want is the building s Energy Use Index (EUI). Benchmarking - How? How do we get to an Energy Use Index number? To be valid, any comparison requires commonality (apples to apples). Building vary in size, energy consumption, location, weather, usage, & occupancy and some of these variations can be eliminated by normalizing the data. Normalizing puts the data on a common basis for comparison. But first a review of some basics: All energy data should be converted to a common unit (BTU). Remember the conversions Converting to a common energy unit o We will need to convert all energy used on-site into a common energy unit the BTU. o 1 BTU: Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of water by 1 o F Natural Gas 1 Cubic Foot = 950 to 1150 Btu 1 CCF = 100 Cubic Feet 1 MCF = 1,000 Cubic Feet 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu 1 CCF is approx 1 Therm Fuel Oil Number 2= 140,000 Btu/Gallon Number 4 = 145,000 Btu/Gallon Number 6= 152,000 Btu/Gallon Propane LPG = 91,600 to 95,000 Btu/Gallon Electricity 1 kw = 1000 Watts 1 kwh = 3412 Btu (site value) Steam 10 PSIG = 1000 Btu/Lb. 100 PSIG = 1100 Btu/Lb. Coal Lignite = 11,000 Btu/Lb. Bituminous = 14,000 Btu/Lb. Anthracite = 13,900 Btu/Lb. Sub-bituminous = 12,600 Btu/Lb. Miscellaneous Wood = 8,500 Btu/Lb. U 235 = 75,000,000 Btu/gram

4 Normalizing for Building Size Once all the building s energy has been converted to BTUs, we can eliminate variations in building size and weather by normalizing. Normalize for Square Footage = Total Building Btu/ Total Building SF The energy data has been normalized creates a unit of performance comparison called the Energy Use Index or EUI Larger building use more energy than smaller buildings but the EUI number normalizes the energy used by common unit of measurement (square foot). Building EUIs allow comparing buildings of different sizes. Benchmarking - How? kbtu/unit kwh therm 100 gal #2 140 gal #4 145 Practice Calculating an EUI Let s try a practice problem. Which building is more efficient? unit QTY kbtu SF kbtu/sf Bldg #1 elect kwh 300,000 1,023, ,000 gas therm 45,000 4,500,000 oil, #2 gal 10,000 1,400,000 total kbtu 6,923,600 Bldg #2 elect kwh 500, ,000 gas therm 520,000 oil, #6 gal 20 45,000 total kbtu kwh therm 100 gal #2 140 gal #4 145 Practice Calculating an EUI unit QTY kbtu SF kbtu/sf Bldg #1 elect kwh 300,000 1,023, , ,000 gas therm 45,000 4,500, , oil, #2 gal 10,000 1,400, , total kbtu 6,923, , Bldg #2 elect kwh 500,000 1,706, , ,000 gas therm 50,000 5,000, , oil, #2 gal 20,000 2,900, , total kbtu 9,606, , Building #2 is more efficient since it has a lower EUI. It uses less energy on a per square foot basis.

5 Normalizing for Weather Conditions The EUI can be used to compare buildings of different sizes. But weather conditions change from place to place and from year to year. To compare buildings subjected to different weather conditions requires adjusting the EUI for differing weather conditions. Normalize for Weather = Btu/SF/Degree Days Benchmarking - How? Normalizing by degree-days How can we use degree-days to compare buildings across climate zones or to compare the same building across different years? Use the HDD for and entire year, for each climate zone. 30 year Degree Day Average New York City HDD; 1141 CDD Buffalo HDD; 548 CDD Normalize to BTU / SF / DD Benchmarking - How? Practice Degree Day Calculation Calculate the degree-days for days with the following temperature data: 10F low, 40F high: Average Daily Temp = ( )/2 = 25F HDD = = degree high, 80 degree low: Average Daily Temp = ( )/2 = 88 F; CDD = = 23 Average Daily Temp = 40F HDD = 65F - 40 = 25 Average Daily Temp = 10F HDD = 65F - 10 = 55 It should be noted that CDDs do not account for humidity which also impacts cooling loads, but sufficient relationship between temperature and humidity exist for benchmarking purposes

6 Benchmarking - How? Practice Normalizing by degree-days: Same 2 buildings as before but now one is in NYC and the other in Buffalo NYC = 6,918 DD, Buffalo = 7,785 DD BTU/SF DD BTU/SF/DD Bldg #1 (NYC) , Bldg #2 (Bufffalo) , Bldg #2 is more efficient because it has a lower weather adjusted EUI. Site vs Source Site value - energy consumed on site (electricity and fuel) Source value energy consumed off site includes production and delivery. Greatest difference for electricity (about 3.3 times) Source: Shelly Dean and Fuller Energy Principles in Architectural Design Benchmarking - How? Site vs. Source Energy an Example A 250,000 sf office building using 6,000,000 kwh and 80,000 therms of gas Conversion Source/ Source Energy to facility Units Factors Site kbtu kbtu/sf Site kbtu/sf Electricity 6,000,000 kwh ,472, Gas 80,000 therms 100 8,000, Total 28,472, Source Energy Source Energy

7 Benchmarking - How? Benchmarking your building To calculate the EUI for our building we need: building location building gross square feet and physical characteristics annual energy consumption by all fuels converted in Btus total Degree Days for the benchmarking period This may seem like a lot of work. Fortunately, the first two items generally don t change much over time, so we only need gather this information once. Also, we can simplify the effort via a benchmarking tool called ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager Benchmarking - How? What is Portfolio Manager? Free, secure, web-based energy management tool Managed by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and US Department of Energy (DOE) Calculates and tracks EUIs, costs, carbon footprint Normalizes for weather Rates building energy performance (for eligible building types) Compare performance against a national database of other similar buildings Gain EPA recognition (optional) Using Portfolio Manager simplifies the benchmarking process. Benchmarking Using Portfolio Manager Building Types eligible for Energy Star Label Bank/Financial Courthouses Data Centers Dormitories Hospitals The Institutions 1 to 100 energy performance rating is available for all the space types shown on this slide. Portfolio Manager also provides a weather normalized EUI and Greenhouse Gas Emissions for all buildings calculated by the EPA. This valuable data can be made available for all your customers regardless of their buildings type. Though a library or restaurant isn t ranked (can t receive a 1 to 100 rating, putting in the building online through automated benchmarking allows can yield a weather normalized energy intensity value and the GHG Hotels Houses of emissions for CO2, methane, and nitrous K-12 oxide. Schools Medical Offices Office Buildings Worship Retail Stores Supermarkets Warehouses Wastewater Treatment 21 Plants

8 Benchmarking Using Portfolio Manager: Using Portfolio Manager Once all the building energy data has been entered, the Facility Summary page displays a variety of data/information for the building. Benchmarking Using Portfolio Manager Portfolio Manager can download all energy meter data into an Excel spreadsheet for review or further processing and/or analysis. Meter Name Fuel Type Units Start Date End Date Energy Use Energy Cost electric Electricity (thousand Watt hours) 1/15/2012 2/14/2012 1,000,000 $100, kwh electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 12/15/2011 1/14/2012 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 11/15/ /14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 10/15/ /14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 9/15/ /14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 8/15/2011 9/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 7/15/2011 8/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 6/15/2011 7/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 5/15/2011 6/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 4/15/2011 5/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 3/15/2011 4/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 2/15/2011 3/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 1/15/2011 2/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 12/15/2010 1/14/2011 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 11/15/ /14/2010 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 10/15/ /14/2010 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 9/15/ /14/2010 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 8/15/2010 9/14/2010 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 7/15/2010 8/14/2010 1,000,000 $100, electric Electricity kwh (thousand Watt hours) 6/15/2010 7/14/2010 1,000,000 $100, fuel oil Fuel Oil (No. Gallons 2/12/2011 2/11/2012 2,000 $4, ) fuel oil Fuel Oil (No. 2) Gallons 9/12/2010 2/11/2011 1,000 $2, fuel oil Fuel Oil (No. 2) Gallons 2/18/2010 9/12/2010 1,000 $2, fuel oil Fuel Oil (No. 2) Gallons 11/12/2009 2/18/2010 1,000 $2, natural gas Natural Gas therms 11/7/2011 2/6/2012 3,000 $6, natural gas Natural Gas therms 10/7/ /6/2011 1,000 $2, natural gas Natural Gas therms 6/7/ /6/2011 3,000 $6, natural gas Natural Gas therms 3/7/2011 6/6/2011 4,000 $8, natural gas Natural Gas therms 1/7/2011 3/6/2011 1,000 $2, natural gas Natural Gas therms 12/7/2010 1/6/2011 1,000 $2, steam District Steam KLbs. (thousand 10/28/2011 2/5/2012 2,000 $70, pounds) steam District Steam KLbs. (thousand pounds) 3/30/ /28/ $0.00 steam District Steam KLbs. (thousand pounds) 12/30/2010 3/29/2011 3,000 $90,000.00

9 Using Portfolio Manager Reporting Functions Portfolio Manager offers several standard reports for properties that can be useful in communicating your property s progress with others. These reports offer detailed information about your property for a single period and are presented in PDF format. Using Portfolio Manager Statement of Energy Performance The Statement of Energy Performance is generated as a PDF file and shows both the site and source EUI for the building as well as the national average for a similar building. ENERGY STAR score of 55: the building s energy performance is better than 55% of similar building across the nation. Site Energy Use Summary Site EUI Source EUI National Median Benchmarking Using Portfolio Manager Buildings receiving an ENERGY STAR score 75 or greater may be eligible to receive an ENERGY STAR label. National recognition for top energy performance of commercial buildings. Over 10,000 buildings have earned the ENERGY STAR label to date. National Average Superior Energy Management! Percentile of Commercial Building Population in terms of Energy Performance 27

10 Benchmarking Using Portfolio Manager Benefits of Benchmarking One of the most important things that ENERGY STAR can provide to commercial and industrial building owners and operators is a strategic approach to energy management. A roadmap to help Measure energy performance Assess energy management goals Identify opportunities for savings Recognize and reward success 28 Benchmarking Using Portfolio Manager Once you begin to benchmark your building, its easy to continue the process. For more information, check the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager benchmarking starter kit website: Other Resources: - Commercial Building Energy Survey Database - CBECs Building Benchmarking Benchmarking CBECS

11 Collecting & Assembling Data Fuel consumption, kwh, therms, gallons Costs, $ All sources converted to BTUs if needed Totals Electric demand, kw Collecting and Assembling Data Normalizing read dates Read dates Days in billing period Adjusted (monthly) Usage Spreadsheet application Usage in period / # of days in period x 31 Normalizes for monthly read-dates Collecting and Assembling Data Spreadsheet Overview MO./YEAR OF USAGE DAYS USAGE (kwh) ADJUSTED USAGE (kwh) BOC BUILDING #11 ANNUAL BILLING AND TRACKING DEMAND POWER CUSTOMER ENERGY DEMAND (kw) FACTOR CHARGES CHARGES CHARGES PRIMARY REACTIVE METERING CHARGES DISCOUNT Outdoor Lighting TOTAL Jan ,807, $85 $67,359 $8,460 $901 $2,408 $37 $74,434 Feb ,936, $85 $67,359 $8,460 $930 $2,408 $37 $74,462 Mar ,740, $85 $68,331 $8,272 $939 $2,473 $37 $75,191 Apr ,876, $85 $66,224 $7,896 $974 $2,333 $37 $72,883 May $85 $48,847 $7,520 $981 $2,225 $37 $55,246 Jun $85 $49,815 $7,144 $999 $2,344 $37 $55,737 Jul $85 $48,495 $6,768 $996 $2,182 $37 $69,659 Aug ,611, $85 $65,576 $7,144 $1,046 $2,290 $37 $56,139 Sep ,618, $85 $62,496 $7,332 $1,030 $2,084 $37 $68,896 Oct ,765, $85 $67,683 $7,896 $972 $2,430 $37 $74,243 Nov ,757, $85 $67,521 $7,896 $873 $2,419 $37 $73,992 Dec ,872, $85 $68,655 $8,648 $791 $2,495 $37 $75,722 Totals $1,020 $748,361 $93,436 $11,430 $28,091 $449 $826,604

12 Energy Data - Collection and Use You can t manage what you don t measure Energy Units & BTU Conversion Quick Reference Natural Gas > 1 Cubic Foot = 950 to 1150 Btu > 1 CCF = 100 Cubic Feet > 1 MCF = 1,000 Cubic Feet > 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu > 1 CCF is approx 1 Therm Fuel Oil > Kerosene = 134,000 Btu/Gallon > Number 2= 140,000 Btu/Gallon > Number 6= 152,000 Btu/Gallon Propane > LPG = 91,600 to 95,000 Btu/Gallon Electricity > 1 kw = 1000 Watts > 1 kwh = 3413 Btu Steam > 1,150 Btu / pound > 1 million Btu per Mlb > Energy value depends on the steam pressure. Coal > Lignite = 11,000 Btu/Lb. > Bituminous = 14,000 Btu/Lb. > Anthracite = 13,900 Btu/Lb. > Sub-bituminous = 12,600 Btu/Lb. 1 BTU: Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit Miscellaneous > Wood = 8,500 Btu/Lb. > U 235 = 75,000,000 Btu/gram Unit Cost = Cost per Unit of Energy Cost per Gallon = $ / Quantity > $7,500 / 2,500 gallons = $3.00 per gallon Cost per Therm = $ / Quantity > $100,000 / 75,000 Therms = $1.33 per Therm $ / Gallons $ / Therms Cost per kilowatt-hour (kwh) = $ / Quantity > $90,000 / 500,000 kwh $0.18 / kwh $ / kw-hours

13 Practical Project 3: Whole Building & System Level Energy Consumption Use the energy data for your facility to show the energy consumption on the whole building level and the system level Review of Project Instructions Yellow Sheets Use the energy usage data for your facility - Portfolio Manager Find out who at your organization was involved in benchmarking for LL84. See about obtaining access to the Portfolio Manager account OR the raw data from the PM account. See: Review of Table 1 Whole Building Annual energy Usage Review of Table 2 Energy Usage by End-Use Function TABLE 1 - Practical Project 3 TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF ANNUAL ENERGY USE BY ENERGY TYPE GROSS FLOOR AREA = SF FOR THE YEAR SEPT 1, AUGUST 31, 2010 UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED (12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) unit QTY MMBTU $ unit cost $/MMBTU MMBTU / SF $ / SF % of BTU % of Cost (5)/(3) (5)/(4) (4)/(12) (5)/(12) (4)/(13) (5)/(14) Electricity kwh Nat Gas therm Fuel Oil, # gallon Steam mlb Total 0 100% 100% (13) (14) NOTES: per million 1. MMBTU of all energy types are calculated at the Site Value kwh kwh 2. Building area (SF) is gross square footage, including basement nat gas therm oil, # gal oil, # gal oil, # gal Do you know how to obtain this data? Where is the bulk of your energy use? Of your energy cost? Why do they differ? TABLE 1 As EXCEL Spreadsheet TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF ANNUAL ENERGY USE BY ENERGY TYPE GROSS FLOOR AREA = 125,000 SF FOR THE YEAR SEPT 1, AUGUST 31, 2010 UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED (12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (8) (10) (7) (9) (11) unit QTY MMBTU $ unit cost $/MMBTU BTU / / SF of BTU of Cost SF $ % % (5)/(3) (5)/(4) (4)/(12)*1,000,000 (5)/(12) (4)/(13) (5)/(14) Electricity kwh 500,000 1,707 68, $ 0.14 $ $ 13, $ 16% 38% Electricity kw $ 2.76 $ 1% Nat Gas therm 75,000 7,500 82, $ 1.10 $ $ 60, $ 72% 46% Fuel Oil, # gallon 6, $20, $ $ 6, $ 8% 11% Steam mlb $7, $ $ 3, $ 4% 4% - - $ 0% 0 Total 10, , $ 83, $ 100% 100% (13) (14) NOTES: per million 1. MMBTU of all energy types are calculated at the Site Value kwh kwh 2. Building area (SF) is gross square footage, including basement nat gas therm oil, # gal oil, # gal Formulas allow # s to be updated with auto re-calc

14 Some of the Value from your Energy Data TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF ANNUAL ENERGY USE BY ENERGY TYPE GROSS FLOOR AREA = 125,000 SF FOR THE YEAR SEPT 1, AUGUST 31, 2010 UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED (12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (8) (10) (6) (7) (9) (11) unit QTY MMBTU $ unit cost $/MMBTU BTU / SF $ / SF % of BTU % of Cost (5)/(3) (5)/(4) (4)/(12)*1,000,000 (5)/(12) (4)/(13) (5)/(14) Electricity kwh 500,000 1,707 68, $ 0.14 $ $ 13, $ 16% 38% Electricity kw $ 2.76 $ 1% Nat Gas therm 75,000 7,500 82, $ 1.10 $ $ 60, $ 72% 46% Fuel Oil, # gallon 6, $20, $ $ 6, $ 8% 11% Steam mlb $7, $ $ 3, $ 4% 4% - - $ 0% 0 Total 10, , $ 83, $ 100% 100% (13) (14) NOTES: per million 1. MMBTU of all energy types are calculated at the Site Value kwh kwh 2. Building area (SF) is gross square footage, including basement nat gas therm oil, # gal oil, # gal Check your unit cost of electricity. Is it high compared to others? If so, you may be incurring a high demand charge How do the energy types compare per million Btu How many Btu do you use per square foot. You can use this to compare your self to others. How many dollars do you spend for each energy type per square foot. For each energy type what is the percentage of the Btu or of the Cost. Insight from Table 1: Electricity is a premium Fuel Why is Electricity generally a small % of energy but large % of cost? Energy Type Btu $ Oil + Gas 70% 35% Electric 30% 65% SITE (3,412 btu/kwh) vs. SOURCE (10,000 btu/kwh) You are still burning fuel to make electricity Energy Costs Unit Cost: Exercise #2 Cost per MMBTU calculation example & exercise Use your conversion chart to determine BTUs Energy type unit amount MMBTU $ $ / unit $/MMBTU Electricity (site val) kwh 300,000 $47,000 Natural therm 45,000 $66,000 Gas #2 Oil gal 10,000 $26,000

15 Energy Costs Unit Cost Exercise #2 Cost per MMBTU calculation example & exercise Energy type Electricity kwh (site value) Natural therm Gas #2 Oil gal unit amount MMBTU $ $ / unit $/MMBTU 300,000 1,024.2 $47,000 45,000 4,500.0 $66,000 10,000 1,400.0 $26,000 $0.16 / kwh $1.47 / therm $2.60 / gallon $45.89 / MMBtu $14.67 / MMBtu $18.57 / MMBtu Energy Fundamentals For End-Use Allocation Moving on to Table 2 Common Building Fuel Types & Use Electricity Fuel Oil Heating Lights Hot Water Motors (Fans, Process) Process Air Conditioning Back-up Plug loads Natural Gas Heating Hot Water Process Back-up Liquid Propane Gas (LPG) Heating Hot water Natural gas/oil back-up END-USE ALLOCATION How your energy is used and where to focus your attention What is the goal of end-use allocation? Why is it important? Allocate energy to end-uses to get a strategic perspective. Use top-down approach (from energy bills)

16 (2) * (3) or (4) (5) / (12) (5) / (13) sub-total * (3) or (4) (8) / (12) (8)/(14) 4/8/2014 Energy Use Allocation at System/Equipment Goal is to get a strategic view of where your energy is used. (Herzog, p.77) TABLE 2 - Energy Allocation for Practical Project 3 TABLE 2 ANNUAL ENERGY USE BY END-USE FUNCTION FOR THE YEAR SEPT 1, AUGUST 31, 2010 UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED % of TOTAL FUELS USED default % adjusted % MMBTU MMBTU/SF MMBTU OIL, GAS, STEAM HEATING 70% $ $ / SF % OF TOTAL $ HOT WATER 20% COOKING 10% OTHER 0% SUB-TOTAL 100% 100% ELECTRICITY LIGHTING 45% MOTORS 25% COMPUTERS & OFF EQUIP 10% AC 10% 10% see Note 1 OTHER 0% SUB-TOTAL 100% 100% TOTAL 100% 100% Practical Project 3 - Table 2 Let s go over the procedures for Table 2 TABLE 2 ANNUAL ENERGY USE BY END-USE FUNCTION GROSS FLOOR AREA = 40,000 SF FOR THE YEAR SEPT 1, AUGUST 31, 2010 UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED (12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (8) (9) (10) (7) % of T OTAL % OF FUELS USED default adjusted MMBTU BTU/SF $ / SF % % $ MMBTU TOTAL $ use only if necessary OIL, GAS, STEAM KITCHEN- REFRIG HEATING & HOT WATER use sub-total from Table 1 separate gas+oil from use sub-total from below elec total from of gas + oil HEATING % or define from HOT WATER % meters COOKING % OTHER 0% Table 1 SUB-TOTAL % ELECTRICITY of electric LIGHTING % (from Table 1) MOTORS % COMPUTERS % & OFF EQUIP AC % KITCHEN % REFRIG HEAT ING & Note 1 see HOT WAT ER OTHER % Table 1 SUB-TOTAL % % 16,800 $ 0.42 $ 20% % 4,800 $ 0.12 $ 6% % 2,400 $ 0.06 $ 3% $ 0% % - $ - 0% % $ 0.60 $ 29% 24, % 27,000 $ 0.68 $ 32% % 15,000 $ 0.38 $ 18% % 6,000 $ 0.15 $ 7% % 6,000 $ 0.15 $ 7% % 6,000 $ 0.15 $ 7% % - $ 0% $ 0% % % 60,000 $ 1.50 $ 71% from Table 1 Gas+Oil Sub-Total from Table 1 Electric Sub-Total TOTAL 100% $ 84,000 $ % (13) (14) NOTES 1. If electricity is used for heating and/or hot water (other than for pump and fan motors), see Instructor for adjusted percentages

17 Energy to Carbon Greenhouse gas (GHG) mechanism > Greenhouse gasses trap heat in the atmosphere How our activities contribute to atmospheric carbon > Carbon based life forms plants etc. > Burning fossil fuels releases carbon which reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide. > Carbon dioxide lets the heat from the sun into our atmosphere but does not let heat from the planet escape. Energy to Carbon The carbon-in-fuel principle Source of carbon in combustion of fuel - fuels are the hydrocarbon (CH) molecule Carbon (C) is combined with Oxygen (O) in combustion and released to the atmosphere as Carbon dioxide (CO2) > CH +O2 >>>CO2 + H2O + Energy How much carbon varies based on the specific fuel. The amount of CO2 is reflected in a Carbon Emission Factor" (CEF). The CEF is pounds of CO2 per million Btu Fuel CEF (lb CO2/MMBtu) Coal 226 Natural Gas 116 Oil (#2, 4) 159 Oil (#6) 171 Gasoline 155 Energy to Carbon CEF for Electricity The CEF for Electricity is a bit more complicated. The "carbon content" of a kwh depends on how it was made -- in any region there s a mix of fuels (nuclear, hydro, coal, gas etc.) so the CEF varies by region. This electricity fuel mix is tracked for US regions in an egrid database, maintained by the National Renewable Energy Lab for DOE and EPA; these factors are the basis for a regional CEF for electricity. Greenhouse gas emissions for our region Our region is known as subregion NYCW NPCC NYC/Westchester: the region s power generation capacity is: 80,000 MegaWatts (MW) Our Regions annual generation is 282,945, 253 MWh of electricity Our electrical generation produces other greenhouse gasses than Carbon dixoide > These are the annual output rates for greenhouse gasses: > Carbon dioxide (CO2) lb/mwh lb > Methane (CH4) lb/gwh lb > Nitrous oxide (N2O) lb/gwh 5.46 lb Region s percent of Nonrenewable Resources/ Region s Percent of Renewable Resources Wind.04% Coal 14.4% Solar.00% Oil 13.1% Geothermal.00% Other Fossil 1.06% Biomass 3.16% Gas 29.2% Hydro 11.69% Nuclear 27.2% Total Renewable 15% Total Nonrenewable 85% Epa.gov egrid

18 Energy to Carbon How many tons of CO2 do we generate? Our Region generated 282,945,253 MWh of electricity (easier number to deal with is MM MWh) How many tons of carbon dioxide did we produce to generate electricity? > At 875 pounds (lb) per MWh x MM MWh > We generated 247,537 MM lb pounds of Carbon dioxide > 247,537MM Lb/2000lb per ton = MM tons of Carbon dioxide. > The annual carbon dioxide for our region is 123,770,000 tons FYI - One acre of forest sequesters 2,200 lb of carbon per year; about one ton per year. Epa.gov egrid Energy Use Spreadsheet: Resources for Future Use Wisconsin Focus on Energy (web-based spreadsheet) 1. Energy Use Spreadsheet Energy-Utility-History-Ver-2c.xls Example of Energy Use Spreadsheet from website

19 Key Takeaways Benchmarking is a process to compare energy performance against a standard. Normalizing puts the EUI on a common basis for comparison. Portfolio Manager is an online tool designed to make the process of benchmarking easier and more beneficial. Energy Use Index (EUI) = kbtu/sf/yr Normalizing for size = Total Building kbtu/ Total Building SF Normalizing for climate = Btu/ SF / Degree Days Buildings with a score of 75 or higher receive the ENERGY STAR label Review and Reading Assignment Benchmarking your building List sources of energy data and arrange in usable format Tracking facility energy use and advantages of tracking Environmental impact of energy use Reading for Next Session (Class 13): Herzog, Chaps. 4 and 5 (finish reading) Remember- Spring break begins, next session (Class #13) is in two weeks- Thurs., April 24! Enjoy!