Basic Radiological Definitions 3 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Basic Radiation Protection Definitions Dose-Equival

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1 Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Experiences and Expectations from the European and Japanese Industry Perspectives 2011 June 29th European Business Council in Japan Dr. Jens-Uwe Schmollack, TÜV Rheinland 1 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Agenda 1. Basic Radiation Protection Definitions 2. Radiation Exposure Pathways 3. Current and Future Radiological Situation 4. Systematics of Radiological Limits 5. Impact for Industry and Supply Chain 6. Concepts of Radiological Monitoring for the Industry 2 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 1

2 Basic Radiological Definitions 3 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Basic Radiation Protection Definitions Dose-Equivalent: Sievert (Sv), typical units msv, µsv Dose-rate: dose equivalent per unit time, typical µsv/h, msv/h, nsv/h Activity: Becquerel (Bq) = 1 per second, typical Bq, kbq, GBq Surface contamination: activity per area, typical Bq/m², Bq/cm², kbq/km² Specific activity: activity per mass, typical Bq/kg, Bq/g activity per volume, typical Bq/l 4 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 2

3 Radioactivity and Radiation Interaction Activity = Number of decays per second 1 Becquerel = 1 Bq = 1 decay per second β - β - Beta only, No Gamma! also I-131, Cs- 137, Cs-134, also Sr-89, Sr-90, Diverse radionuclides by nuclear fission Gamma Radiation Low absorption, high penetration Half life ca. 30 y -> External Exposure Beta Radiation Short range, strong absorption -> Internal Exposure 5 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Radiation Exposure Pathways 6 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 3

4 Pathways of Radiation Exposure Inhalation Mainly due to beta radiation External Exposure Ingestion Mainly due to gamma radiation 7 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Nuclear Fuel Rods and Hydrogen Generation Exothermic Generation of Hydrogen at high temperatues Zr + 2 H2O -> ZrO2 + 2 H2 8 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 4

5 Example: Status Unit /06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Atmospheric Dispersion of Radionuclides Bild Exposion Bild Plume Explosions, Depressurisations and Leckage leading to release of radioactive material to the atmosphere 10 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 5

6 Atmospheric Dispersion of Radionuclides 11 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Correlations to Released Amounts of Radioactivity 12 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 6

7 Release of Contaminated Water Release of contaminated water into the Pacific Partially reduced, still ongoing Partially reduced, partially increased concentrations More than t highly contaminated water not fully under control Perspective As reported in the media, TEPCO expects closing water leakages and stabilizing the reactors up to the end of the year Final transition from on-site emergency situation to a controlled decommissioning process is not in view Important technical and economical challenges lay ahead 13 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Current and Future Radiological Situation 14 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 7

8 Fallout Hinweis: Nullwerte für Cs-137 am bedeuten, dass der Wert unter der Nachweisgrenze lag Tokyo Fallout I-131 in Bq/m² Datum I-131 in Bq/m² Cs-137 in Bq/m² Cs-137 in Bq/m² 15 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Radiological Situation Dose rate and contamination Slowly decreasing levels Relevant part of Cs-134, Cs-137 Long term impact expected 16 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 8

9 Systematics of Radiological Limits 17 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Limits - Primary limits of Secondary Limits effective dose for members of the public Emergency Level ~ 50 msv Emergency Measures e.g. for Evacuation Sheltering Dose Rate Measurements Highly increased individual risk Normal Operation Level ~ 1 msv Surface Contamination Measurements e.g. 1 msv/1y = 0,12 µsv/h MLIT: 3xB/G (~0.3µSv/h) ECURIE: 0,2 µsv/h Sample Measurements IAEA 4Bq/cm² for all RN Low individual risk, increased collective risk Trivial Level / de minimis ~ 10 µsv ICRP 60 StrlSchV 1Bq/cm² Cs-137 Individual risk neglectable, low collective risk 18 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 9

10 Radiological Situation Schematic Note: Distribution of contamination is not homogeneous; clusters with lower and higher levels occur. Comprehensive measurements of contamination (Bq/g; Bq/m²) are to be performed. 240km Very high levels: Areas with emergency measures already in place. High contaminations: E.g. effective doses up to 20mSv per year by external radiation. Non-neglectable long term contaminations in comparison with cut-off levels /06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Example: Emergency Measures Projected effective dose by external radiation March 12 April msv shelter > 50 msv shelter or evacuation 20 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 10

11 Example: Food Contamination and Legal Limits EU Nr. 351/ th April 2011 in compliance with Japanese Regulations Example 125 kg per year of contaminated food at the limit and dose conversion factor according to EU regulations for effective dose for an adult 125 kg x 500 Bq/kg x 1.6E-5 msv/a = 1 msv 21 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Example: Cut-off Levels for Surface Contamination IAEA Transport Regulations Limit for removable surface contamination All Beta-/Gamma-emitters: 4 Bq/cm² Cut-off: 0.4 Bq/cm² German regulations (StrlSchV) Clearance levels for surface contamination Sr-90, Cs-134 and Cs-137: 1 Bq/cm² 22 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 11

12 Impact for Industry and Supply Chain 23 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Population & Industry Concerns - Understanding the current / future situation - Food and water safety - Short term and long term health impact - Impact on their business continuity - Working environment / employee safety - Customer and consumer confidence No. of Establishment 24 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 12

13 Limits and Consumers/Customers Expectations - Primary limits of Secondary Limits effective dose for members of the public Emergency Level ~ 50 msv e.g. for Evacuation No-Go-Area for Sheltering Products Emergency Measures Dose Rate Measurements Normal Operation Level ~ 1 msv e.g. 1 msv/1a Which = limits 0,12 should µsv/h be Meets legal MLIT: 3xB/G applied (~0.3µSv/h) for industrial requirements Surface Contamination Measurements ECURIE: products? 0,2 µsv/h Which implications for Sample Measurements IAEA 4Bq/cm² liability? for all RN No liability below legal Trivial Level / de minimis ~ 10 µsv ICRP 60 limits or is radiation free a must? Meets consumers/customers StrlSchV 1Bq/cm² Cs-137 expectations What about warranty? Expectation 25 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Highly increased individual risk Contamination within legal limits or reference values Contamination neglectable i.e. no contamination radiation free Supply Chain Schematic Direct effects: Location of Manufacturer Location 1: within 20/30 km Location 2: within 80 km Location 3: within 240 km Indirect effects: Supply chain Tier 1: Direct Supply from < 30 km Tier 2: Direct Supply from < 80 km Tier 3: Direct Supply from < 240 km Tier 4: Supply from > 240 km; Subsuppliers unknown 240km Manufacturer 26 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 13

14 Measurements, Concepts and Certification for Radiological Monitoring 27 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Radiation Protection Methods Surface Contamination Measurements Dose Rate Measurements Gamma Spectrometry of Samples Concept Development for Radiation Monitoring and excluding contamination on different levels: - in accordance with legal limits and reference values - no contamination processes Radiation protection measurements and concepts for public and employees safety 28 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 14

15 Basic Concept of Contamination Control Integration in existing QM-systems Analysis of inbound parts and raw materials (e.g. origin, measurement properties, quantities, existing measurement reports/certificates etc) Site-Measurements and Monitoring Inbound Monitoring Consumer Expectations: No Contamination Manufacturing Process Independent Control by Third Party Highly qualified and trained personnel Outbound Monitoring Definition of applicable limits/reference values, selection of measurement methods and equipment, documentation, procedures, measurement locations, screenings/sampling rates selection of measurement methods and equipment, documentation, procedures, measurement locations, screenings/sampling rates 29 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Monitoring of Supply Chain Especially relevant for - Automotive industry - Machinery industry - Electronic and consumers industry - Food industry - Medical industry Recent case: Major German automotive manufacturer requires from suppliers verification and certification by third party - More than 30 suppliers located in Japan - Motivation: Stable relations with suppliers to maintain a long term win-win situation - Objective: supplied products with proven low/no contamination level - Method: Empowerment of supplier by assistance with professional concept development and certification by third party - Concept development and certification financed by the German company 30 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 15

16 Conclusions The problem of radioactive contamination for the Japanese industry does exist The problem is long term It needs to be actively addressed By joint forces of the government, industry and science In order to find appropriate solutions to meet expectations from customers in supply chains and end-users all over the world 31 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact Thank you for your Attention References and acknowledgements: Wikipedia, IAEA, GRS, BfS, IAEA, ICRP, GE, KTA, DAF, ZAMG 32 29/06/2011 EBC - Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Industrial Impact 16