Conseptualizing Flexibility In Power Systems

Transcription

1 Conseptualizing Flexibility In Power Systems 21 st Century Power Partnership: An Initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial Dr. Douglas Arent National Renewable Energy Laboratory Operating Agent for the 21CPP

2 Brazil China India (co-lead) Denmark Finland Mexico (co-lead) South Africa Spain United States (co-lead, under review)

3 THOUGHT LEADERSHIP STUDIES Clean Restructuring: Design Elements for Low Carbon Wholesale Markets. May Status Report on Power System Transformation. May Power Systems of the Future. February Overview of Variable Renewable Energy Regulatory Issues. May Flexibility in 21 st Century Power Systems. May The Evolving Role of the Power Sector Regulator. April The Role of Demand Side Management in the Utility of the Future. April Flexible Coal Evolution from Baseload to Peaking Plant. December 2013 Wholesale Electricity Market Design for 21 st Century Systems. October 2013 Accelerating the Global Transition to 21 st Century Power Systems. July

4 Sources of Flexibility 4

5 Average Total Regulation (MW) HOW MUCH FLEXIBILITY CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM LARGE, FAST ENERGY MARKETS? Average Total Regulation for 6 Dispatch/Lead Schedules by Aggegation (Dispatch interval - Forecast lead time) Faster Faster Faster Footprint Regional BAU Large Medium Small Milligan, Kirby, King, Beuning (2011), The Impact of Alternative Dispatch Intervals on Operating Reserve Requirements for Variable Generation. Presented at 10th International Workshop on Large- Scale Integration of Wind (and Solar) Power into Power Systems, Aarhus, Denmark. October 5

6 6 Evolving characteristics of wind and solar Services from Variable RE Timescale of flexibility Type of flexibility How variable RE provides this Sub-second Seconds Minutes Autonomously generated: synthetic inertia Autonomously generated: synthetic governor response Remotely operated: automatic generation control Fast frequency response with a power electronic converter Slower frequency response through electronic governor Market or system operator inclusion in ancillary services Minutes to hour Economic dispatch Market or system operator inclusion in dispatch Day Source: Milligan et al 2015 Scheduling (unit commitment) Market or system operator inclusion in day-ahead scheduling NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 6

7 7 Evolving characteristics of wind and solar Services from Variable RE Characteristic Old New Dispatchability Uncontrollable, musttake Dispatchable through participation in economic dispatch Forecast/uncertainty Unpredictable Increasingly forecastable Variability Reserve requirements Grid support Highly variable over multiple timescales Requires dramatic increase in operating reserves from thermal units Provides no grid support/decreases grid stability Very short-term variability largely mitigated via spatial diversity Relatively small increase in regulation required. Can self-provide multiple reserves across multiple timescales with selective/economic curtailment Can provide multiple grid support services NATIONAL Source: Milligan RENEWABLE et al 2015 ENERGY LABORATORY 7

8 PV Power Auto Generation Control Thin-film Cd-Te PV modules 4 MVA PV inverters 9 x 40 MVA blocks 34.5 kv collector system Two 170 MVA transformers Tie with 230 kv transmission line PMUs collecting data on 230 kv side 4-sec AGC signal provided to PPC 30 MW headroom Tests were conducted at three resource intensity conditions 1-sec data collected by plant PPC NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 8

9 Case Study: CAISO & PJM CAISO 1. Day Ahead Market 2. Real Time Market 15 and 5 minute dispatch 3. Ancillary Services Markets Regulation Up Regulation Down Spinning Non Spinning 4. Congestion Rights 5. Convergence Bidding 6. Energy Imbalance Market PJM 1. Energy 2. Capacity 3 years to 3 months Gen, EE, DR & Tx 3. Regulation 4. Reserves 5. Reactive Voltage and Frequency 6. Black Start 7. Demand Response 9

10 CHARACTERISTICS THAT HELP INTEGRATION Accommodating Wind and Solar Integration Large BA Geographically Dispersed Wind and Solar Wind/Solar Forecasting Effectively Integrated Into System Operations Sub-Hourly Energy Markets Fast Access to Neighboring Markets NonSpinning and 30 Minute Reserves for Wind/Solar Event Response Regional Transmission Planning For Economics and Reliability Robust Electrical Grid More Flexible Transmission Service Flexibility in Generation Responsive Load Overall Example Utility Structures Large RTO with spot markets Smaller ISO Interior west & upper Midwest (non-miso) Large vertically integrated utility Smaller Vertically Integrated Local Utility 8 Unconstrained hydro system 3 Heavily fish constrained hydro system Weightings Factors Adapted from Milligan, M.; Kirby, B.; Gramlich, R.; Goggin, M. (2009). Impact of Electric Industry Structure on High Wind Penetration Potential. 31 pp.; NREL Report No. TP

11 Pathways to achieve "big" and "fast" Operational Evolution/Speed 1. Reservesharing Non-market Mechanisms Levels of Operational Coordination 2. Coordinated dispatch 3. Coordinated commitment 15 minutes to 5 minutes Ancillary service: joint provision Zonal to nodal Spin, non-spin, ramp, frequency response Revise interchange from 1 hour to 15 minutes

12 SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS Explored the economics of several nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems: Determine optimal system configuration includes a nuclear reactor generator, a thermal product such as steam, or heat transfer fluid Generate zero-carbon dispatchable electricity and provide zero-carbon energy for industrial processes at a lower cost 12

13 ERGIS Visualization NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 13

14 FOR MORE INFORMATION Thank you to 21CPP Participating Governments and Partners. For questions about the 21CPP or how you can become involved, contact us at: Collaborating CEM Initiative Websites: International Smart Grid Action Network Multilateral Solar and Wind Working Group Global Superior Energy Performance Super-Efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Clean Energy Solutions Center : Advisory support to all governments on PST via the Solutions Center 14