20. September 2012 Trieste, CEI Meeting

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1 S. Miertus International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology Bratislava, Slovakia & Trieste, Italy September 2012 Trieste, CEI Meeting

2 Fossil fuel depletion Diversification of feedstocks (energy security) Kyoto Protocol (bio-feedstocks can be CO 2 neutral) /transition to low carbon economy/ Copenhagen, EU Stimulation of new green chemical industry development Valorization of waste biomass Integrated development of agriculture and industry Improvement of social economic conditions,

3 Nature (2008), p. 891

4 *3 generation (algae, or hydrogen?) *4 generation GM photosynthetic algae (Craig Venter Synthetic Genomics + Exxon) CO2 + sun light= continuous production of oils (C8-C10) secreted out of the cells and collected (in May 2009 next 18 months) CO2, scale-up(?) - Cell factories (H2, fine chemicals..) - Joule s «solar-to-fuel» (?)

5 - About 2 Tons of CO2 are fixed per ton of biomass - Cells can store sugars or lipids - Microalgae can remove P, N compounds from water - Tens times higher oil yield per Ha than oil crops 5

6 Biodiesel I Biodiesel II Biomethanol DME, MTBE Trans - Hydro - esterification cracking 1 st Generation: Oil, fat, sugars (often food competitive) Fermentation Bioethanol Fischer - Tropsch Catalytic synthesis Synthesis gas Gasification Cellulose hydrolysis (to sugars) Substitute Natural Gas Hydrogen and chemicals Next Generation : Agro -, and forestry waste (not food competitive) Anaerobic digestion Biogas

7 Price per ton * Medicine Taste & aromas Colors & pigments Today these products are mainly produced from oil & gas T 100 T Primary building blocks & plastics Bulk chemicals 1 kt 10 kt 100 kt 1 MT 10 MT 100 MT Yearly world production Liquid fuels 7

8 Price per ton * Medicine Taste & aromas Colors & pigments Today these products are mainly produced from oil & gas Primary building blocks & plastics Bulk chemicals 10 T 100 T 1 kt 10 kt 100 kt 1 MT 10 MT 100 MT Yearly world production Liquid fuels

9 Pyrolysis of oil palm residues in Malaysia

10 Environment Biomass production and provision (e.g. land availability, crop cultivation and harvesting, logistics) Biomass conversion to second generation biofuels (e.g. feedstocks and demand, byproducts, state of technology and R&D, plant capacity) Biofuels distribution and use (e.g. infrastructure) Economics Social welfare / society

11 Conventional biofuels (1st. generation) Future biofuels (2nd. generation). * Crude oil price level Biogas - Residues Biogas - Maize silage Bio-SNG - Ligno. DME - Ligno. FT-fuels (BTL) - Ligno. Bioethanol - Ligno. Bioethanol - Sugar cane Bioethanol - Sugar beet Bioethanol - Maize Bioethanol - Wheat Biodiesel - Tallow Biodiesel - Soya Biodiesel - Rape 50 USD/brl 100 USD/brl 200 USD/brl DBFZ, Bandw ith biofuel production costs [USD/GJ]

12 Rape seed oil Soya oil Palm oil Biodiesel (rape) Biodiesel (soya) Biodiesel (palm) Biodiesel (sunflower) Biodiesel (tallow) Bioethanol (cereals) Bioethanol (maize) Bioethanol (sugar beet) Bioethanol (ligno. Bioethanol (ligno. crops) NExBTL (rape seed oil) NExBTL (palm oil) FT-fuel (ligno. residues) FT-fuel (ligno. crops) DME (lignocellulosic) Bio-SNG (lignocellulosic) Biogas (maize silage) Natural gas Diesel Gasoline GHG emissions [gco2-eq./km] * GHG emissions [gco2-eq./km] st gen. biofuels fossil references 2 nd gen. biofuels EMPA/ESU, 2007 EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC, 2006 IE, IFEU, VIEWLS, 2005 ZSW, Rape seed oil Soya oil Palm oil Biodiesel (rape) Biodiesel (soya) Biodiesel (palm) Biodiesel (sunflower) Biodiesel (tallow) Bioethanol (cereals) Bioethanol (maize) Bioethanol (sugar beet) Bioethanol (ligno. residues) Bioethanol (ligno. crops) NExBTL (rape seed oil) NExBTL (palm oil) FT-fuel (ligno. residues) FT-fuel (ligno. crops) DME (lignocellulosic) Bio-SNG (lignocellulosic) Biogas (maize silage) Natural gas Diesel Gasoline Source: DBFZ / IE Leipzig, 2007, diverse Studies

13 Biomass Refinery ( t/year)

14 Small scale biorefineries based on the existing agricultural production (whole range of products, integrated approach), sustainability! Introduction of next generation biofuels on demonstration/industrial scale Building R&D capacity (biotechnology, catalysis,) Biobased chemicals, plastics International cooperation There is no general recipe, scenarios can be different for different countries 14

15 International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology (ICARST) New initiative based on long term experience within international frameworks (eg ICS-UNIDO, EC projects) Support to scientific cooperation and technology expertise - Promotion and implementation of applied research projects : cooperation of EC countries with institutions from DC (gate to Europe),e.g. GREEN CHEMISTRY BELT in Central Europe, PLASTiCE, Science and technology parks - development of decision support tools for technology assessment, - EC project proposals (jointly with CEI) - others (under new funding schemes EC, IRENE,...) Dissemination o knowledge - Organization of training courses, workshops, PhD schemes, Networking ICARST Global Network on biofuels, bio-based chemicals, EDPs (centers of excellence in EC, developing countries, countries with economies in transition and in other industrialized countries) (Alle Menschen werden Bruder) 15

16 THANK YOU SM, ICARST DG Main Centre: Jamnickeho 19 Bratislava, Slovakia Satellite facilities (under negotiation): AREA Science Park Trieste, Italy Tel , ( 16