Pilot Project on Material Flow accounts in Latvia. Final report

Transcription

1 Pilot Project on Material Flow accounts in Latvia Grant Agreement No Final report Riga 2009 Project Manager Andra Lazdina Deputy Head of Environmental and Energy statistics section Central statistical Bureau of Latvia Tel andra.lazdina@csb.gov.lv

2 Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Table A: Domestic Extraction 4 A.1 Biomass from agriculture 4 A.1.1 Primary crops 4 A.1.2 Crop residues 4 A.1.3 Fodder crops 4 A.1.4. Grazed biomass 5 A.1.5 Wood 5 A.1.6. Fish catch 5 A.1.7 Hunting and gathering 6 A.2. Metal ores 6 A.3 Non-metallic minerals 6 A.4 Fossil energy carrier 7 Tables B, C, D and E IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 7 Table F: DOMESTIC PROCESSED OUTPUT 7 F.1 Emissions to air 7 F.2 Waste land filled 8 F.2 Emissions to water 8 F.4 Dissipative use of products 8 Table G: Selected balancing items 9 G.1 Balancing items: Input side - Gases 9 G.2 Balancing items: Output side - Gases 10 MAIN INDICATORS 11 2

3 Introduction Economy-wide material flow accounts provide aggregate descriptions of the material flows through economies. The general purpose of economy-wide material flow accounting is to quantify material inputs and outputs of socio-economic systems. Material flow accounting is a physical environmental accounting approach, which tracks the use of materials by socio-economic systems from their extraction to manufacturing, final use and disposal of emissions and wastes. This pilot project on Material flow accounts in Latvia has been processed within the framework of the environmental accounting project Grant Agreement No Environmental accounts and environmental expenditure statistics - Data Centres: "National Resources"and "Products" - Material Flow Accounts, financially supported by Eurostat The aim of the project was to fill standard tables for years and 2007, and decrease data gaps for years Domestic Extraction (DE), imports and exports for Latvia, calculation of derived indicators - Direct Material Input (DMI), Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and Physical Trade Balance (PTB) was reflected in the tables. During project we also compiled data for 2008 where data already was available. The project started at the January As it is defined in terms of references, first part of project includes work on studies of EU requirements and recommendations concerning the material flow accounts. For that we used Eurostat Working Papers available at CIRCA and official publications. In the preliminary stage of the project Eurostat and OECD publications in MFA were analysed. It mostly concerns Eurostat Economy-wide material flow accounts. A compilation guide and OECD Measuring material flows and resource productivity. An OECD guide. 3

4 Table A: Domestic Extraction A.1 Biomass from agriculture A.1.1 Primary crops All data for primary crop data for were taken from agriculture statistics collected by CSB. All agriculture statistical data were obtained from the reports submitted by agricultural companies and enterprises and surveys of farmers and family farms. Three main product groups are cereals, roots and tubers (mainly potatoes), and sugar crops-sugar beets. Sugar beets were cultivated only till 2007, when sugar production was eliminated in Latvia. A.1.2 Crop residues Data about straw production were calculated based on cereals production. Coefficients for different types of cereals were calculated from data obtained from experts of agriculture statistics. They slightly differ from coefficients given in compilation guidebook. Harvest factor Recovery rate Winter wheat Winter rye Winter barley Triticale Summer wheat Summer barley Oats Buckwheat Sugar beets Rape Mixed cereals and mixed cereals and pulses Fodder beets Table 1. Conversion factors for primary crops Based on results on agriculture waste surveys in 2004 and 2006, recovery rate for straw also were changed. The highest share of produced straw are left on field and used as fertilizer. Other crop residues consist from used sugar beet leaves. A.1.3 Fodder crops Data about fodder crops are available at agriculture statistics collected by the CSB. 4

5 Data includes figures on following fodder crops: Fodder roots Fodder cabbages Field beans Perennial grass hay Hay from grasslands and pastures Crops for green feed and silage Maize for silage and green feed Mixed cereals. In agriculture statistics mixed cereals are reported with other cereals, but as it is mainly used for feeding of livestock, we added them to fodder crop section. Besides, crops and maize for green feed and silage were converted from fresh weight to dry weight (15%mc) using factor (0.235) given in guidelines.. A.1.4. Grazed biomass Calculations of grazed biomass were done basing on livestock statistics according to methods described in compilation guide. In order to measure grazed biomass demand driven feed balance was used. Multiplying the mean annual demand per head of livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and horses) by the number of livestock of these species each year roughage requirement were calculated. Annual feed intake for livestock: per cattle 4.5 t per sheep and goat 0.6 t per horse 3.7 t. Demand of grazed biomass was obtained by subtracting amount of fodder crops from calculated feed requirement. Results were also crosschecked with potential supply of grazable biomass, using calculation tool in standarttables. A.1.5 Wood There are two data sources available for wood statistics - State Forest Service and Forest sector Joint Questionnaire for removals and production prepared by Ministry of Agriculture. For MFA Questionnaire 2007 State Forest Service data were used, but there are only totals not broken down by wood fuel and industrial timber. After consultations with experts from Ministry of Agriculture Forest Department it was decided to use Joint Questionnaire data, as they are more precise - also includes wood cut outside the forest. Factors for conversion from m 3 to tons were used 0.52 for conifers and 0.68 for non-conifers (MFA guidelines). Also wood removals reported under bark were corrected using conversion factor 1.1 from MFA guidelines. A.1.6. Fish catch Data source for fish capture in terms of non-cultivated fish are National Board of Fisheries and fishery statistics at CSB. Data includes also fish catch in Atlantic region 5

6 and Baltic Sea, but fish production from aquaculture was not considered as domestic extraction. A.1.7 Hunting and gathering There are no data collected for gathering berries or mushrooms. For acquisition of the data on hunted animals (animals hunted over a hunting season) the information from State Forest service was used. The quantity of meat was calculated on the basis of the number of animals and average weights. Elks Deers Roe deers Wild boars Beavers Wolves Lynxes Conversion factors from pieces to tons Table 2. Conversion factors to mass units for hunted animals A.2. Metal ores Metal ore in Latvia is not extracted, therefore there are no data. A.3 Non-metallic minerals The source of data in the field of minerals in Latvia is the Latvian Environment, Geology and meteorology centre (LEGMC), which uses the information acquired from compulsory reports prepared by companies exploiting deposits. Data are stored in annual Natural resource (construction material, peat and mud) stock balance. There are no data for slate, salt and excavated soil. Amounts of extracted Therapeutic mud and sapropel were included under Other mining and quarrying products. For some mineral groups (boulders, dolomite, sand and gravel mix, sand, clays for bricks and ceramsite) data are only in cubic meters. For conversion factors different data sources were examined and compared. Conversion factors Mineral resources (kg per cubic meter) Boulders 2500 Dolomite 2498 Sand and gravel mix 1700 Sand 1442 Loam and sandy loam 1900 Clay 1500 Clays for bricks 1746 Clays for ceramsit 1602 Table 3. Specific gravities to convert cubic meters (m 3 ) to mass units 6

7 A.4 Fossil energy carrier Only data for peat are applied to this section. Other fossil energy is not extracted in Latvia.. Data about peat extraction also comes from LEGMC - Natural resource (construction material, peat and mud) stock balance. Although in MFA table it s reported as fossil energy carrier peat is mainly used in agriculture not in energy. Tables B, C, D and E IMPORTS AND EXPORTS For filling in tables B, C, D and E information on imports and exports was taken from foreign trade statistics collected by the CSB. Foreign trade statistics is produced basing on the data of two statistical surveys Intrastat and Extrastat and also on customs data. Data about for fuel bunkered by resident units abroad were taken from energy statistics. It shows amount of different fuel types bought and used for transport aboard. Data source for waste imports are LVGMC report 3A, and it includes data about municipal and hazardous wastes. Table F: DOMESTIC PROCESSED OUTPUT F.1 Emissions to air Main data sources for this section are National inventory report 2009 (submitted under UNFCC) and Latvia s emission data submitted in 2009 to the Convention on Long Range Transbondary Air Pollution prepared by LEGMC. From CRF table s data on these substances were taken: CO 2 (excluding net CO 2 from LULUCF); CO 2 from biomass combustion; N 2 O (without emissions from Agriculture and from Solvent and other product use); CH 4 (includes also emissions from waste disposal, as all waste disposal sites are controlled ); NO x ; CO; NMVOC (without emissions from Solvent and other product use); SO 2 ; SF 6. From data reported for CLARTAP: NH 3 (excluding emissions from Agriculture); Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn); POPs 7

8 Particles Data about emissions to air doesn t include 2008, as only in 2010 data on emissions will be calculated. F.2 Waste land filled Information on waste generation and treatment is obtained from LEGMC who is responsible for preparation of the report in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 2150/2002/EC (WStatR) on waste statistics. Data on municipal and hazardous waste are obtained from the LEGMC report No 3A Report on Waste filled by enterprises, institutions and organizations, which submitted application or already were granted permission to perform pollutive activities of A or B category, as well as enterprises of C category, which are certified to perform such activities. The report should be submitted also by all legal persons, which were granted any kind of permissions for the waste management. Data are collected by survey No 3A Report on Waste starting Data from was estimated by LEGMC. According to legislation in Latvia landfill wastes in uncontrolled sites is illegal. Although it happens, no institution in Latvia collects or estimate data about landfilled amounts of wastes. So all data about landfilled wastes are shown only as controlled. F.2 Emissions to water Data on emissions to water are collected by LEGMC. Survey No2 Water Report on the Water Resource Consumption filled by enterprises or institutions (operators), which were granted and have valid permissions for the water consumption, water resource consumption and permissions for the water or natural resource quarry usage, or integrated A and B category permit or C category certification of pollutive activities. Operators have to provide information on permanent pollution to water Nitrogen, Phosphorous, heavy metals and suspended matter emitted to water. F.4 Dissipative use of products Data for organic and mineral fertilisers, seeds and pesticides are available in CSB agriculture statistics, though not for all years Sewage sludge data is also available from LEGMC (survey 2-Water ). Only sewage sludge used in agriculture was reported in MFA. Data for Solvents, laughing gas and other were taken from National inventory report 2009 (submitted under UNFCC) - N 2 O and NMVOC emissions data from Solvent and other product use. 8

9 Table G: Selected balancing items Data on balancing items were calculated according to methodology described in MFA guidelines. G.1 Balancing items: Input side - Gases Balancing items on the input side account for those flows of water and air that are accounted for in DPO but not in DE or imports. Balancing items of input side for 2008 are not complete, as we don t have yet data on emissions in Oxygen for combustion processes was calculated in 3 steps. First emissions from energy combustion were multiplied with respective factors for every substance: amount of CO 2 emissions * amount of CO emissions * amount of SO 2 emissions * 0.5 amount of N 2 O emissions * amount of NO x emissions * Then as second step oxygen needed for combustion of hydrogen content in energy carriers was estimated. For that we used data energy carrier s consumption data from energy statistics at the CSB. Although we have more data about used energy carriers, for calculation we used only those for which were factors for oxygen demand were included in guidelines. Energy carrier Oxygen in t per t energy carrier Sewage gas/ Biogas/ Landfill gas 1.57 Hard coal 0.37 Coke (hard coal) 0.06 Natural gas 1.83 Gasoline 1.14 Diesel oil 1.06 Aviation gasoline 1.19 Fuel oil, light 1.07 Fuel oil, medium and heavy 0.93 Liquefied petroleum gases 1.41 Other solid fuels 0.40 Table 4 Oxygen demand for oxidation of H compound of energy carriers to H 2 O Balancing item for combustion is sum of results from step 1 and step 2. For net demand of oxygen for combustion content instrict content of oxygen was subtracted from balancing item for combustion. Instrict oxygen was calculated with shares shown in Table 31 (page 111) in MFA guidelines. 1step CO CO

10 SO N 2O NO step O 2 for H 2O vapour O 2 Total (1 and 2 step) Instrict O O 2 for combustion process Table 5. Steps made for calculation of oxygen for combustion process. Oxygen for respiration was calculated using standard coefficients based on population numbers and livestock numbers. G.2 Balancing items: Output side - Gases Balancing items on the output side of the account are envisaged to equalise discrepancies resulting from data on material inputs. The main processes concerned are combustion of fuels and respiration of humans and livestock. For estimation of water vapour from energy carrier combusted energy statistics and factors from MFA guidelines (page 113) were used. Similarly, using energy statistics and factors form guidelines (page 144), data for the water contents of fuels for combustion were calculated. Using population and livestock numbers and standard coefficients CO 2 and H 2 O from respiration were calculated. 10

11 Main Indicators After filling in the standard tables of MFA the key material use indicators for inputs, outputs as well as aggregated material consumption indicators were calculated. Domestic extraction (DE)- covers the annual amount of solid, liquid and gaseous raw materials (except for water and air) extracted from the natural environment to be used as material factor inputs in economic processing. Domestic material consumption (DMC) equals domestic extraction plus imports minus exports. DMC includes the materials extracted domestically or imported, which remain in the country and are either accumulated in stocks or transformed into waste, emissions, dissipative uses, etc. 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Fig 1 Domestic extraction in metric tons, Latvia, As Fig1 shows 13 years long time period, DE constantly grows, only in 2008 when economical crises started it decrease. During the studied 14 years an increase of the DE volume by 30% was registered. Biggest volume of domestic extraction was recorded in Changes in extraction of different material categories were various, and the structure of DE during this period has changed essentially. The share of non-metallic minerals has decreased by 31% at 2000, and then in 2008 it reached same share as in But the share of biomass changed differently it increased by 32% (from 1995 to 2000) and then decreased. 11

12 % 13% 1% 44% 54% 86% % 44% 54% Biomass Non metalic minerals Fossil energy carriers Fig 2 Domestic extraction by material categories, Latvia, 1995, 2000, 2008 Although shares of DE in 1995 and 2008 are the same, in absolute volume all parts of domestic extraction are larger than in When examining absolute volumes it could be seen that extraction of non-metallic minerals at first decreased significantly till 1999, and then started to increase until reached the same level as in 90ties. Construction sector can be considered to be the main reason of increasing demand for non-metallic minerals. During the studied period biomass extraction remained approximately at same level. Main part of biomass extraction is comprised by the wood extraction - from 72% in 1995 to 86% in 2007, in because of low timber prices timber felling in absolute volume decreased significantly - by 26%, but share of wood in biomass only by 8%. Compared to DE, import of materials grew much faster. During a time period between 1995 and 2008 it more than doubled. (See Fig 5) In comparison with imports, export is increasing gradually, without sharp rises. 12

13 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, Imports Exports Fig 3 Import and Export in metric tons, Latvia, The volume of DMC in 2008 has increased by 31% since Changes in DMC for the main material categories were similar to changes in domestic extraction in 2008 relation between materials was almost the same as in % 10% 0% 43% 15% 4% 6% 0% 45% 75% % 5% 0% 40% 46% Biomass Metal Non-metallic minerals Fossil energy carriers Other products Fig 4 Structure of DMC by main material categories, Latvia 1995, 2000 and

14 The share of biomass in general DMC stayed almost the same since % in 1995 and 40% in 2008, while the share of non-metallic minerals increased 4 times. Calculating in absolute volumes, DMC of biomass increased by 25% in 2008 (even by 69% in 2007) compared to 1995, non-metallic minerals increased by one third. Direct material input (DMI) is one of the basic indicators in material flow analysis, and reflects input of materials for use into the economy. DMI includes all materials used in domestic production and consumption, including materials used for production of exported goods. Direct material input is calculated as a sum of domestic extraction and imports. In Latvia during investigated period the volume of DMI has increased by 47%. Comparing 1995 and 2007 even by 63%. Domestic extraction constitutes main part of DMI about 70-80% of all DMI consist of Biomass extraction. Overall in all period about one third of DMI are volume wood extraction, even 65% in ,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, DE Import Fig 5 Direct material Input in metric tons, Latvia, DMI/ per capita Intensity DMC/GDP DMC/ per capita Productivity GDP/DMC Fig 6 Material productivity (thsd t/thsd LVL) and Material intensity (t/ thsd LVL) 14

15 Comparing material productivity and material intensity (Fig 6) it can be seen that only from 1999 positive decoupling of material consumption from the economic growth and an increase in material productivity started. Material productivity slowly grows, while material intensity decreases (Fig 6). In the same time DMI and DMC per capita grows very similarly. 15