China's Hydrogen Supply Potential for Automotive Transportation

Transcription

1 ; ~182.44kg ~142.26kg % 1 270m m m ; ; ; ; TK91 A (2010) China's Hydrogen Supply Potential for Automotive Transportation DENG Xue WANG Hewu HUANG Haiyan State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy; China Automotive Energy Research Centre; School of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China Abstract This paper analyzes the present state of industrial hydrogen production and application in China. Based on the industrial data and the basic theory of hydrogen production and conversion a detailed evaluation of production capacity and by -product hydrogen resource is made taken into account of the production of related chemicals including ammonia methanol and petroleum products. Besides the future hydrogen demands for the fuel cell vehicles by the year 2050 are analyzed with the scenario method compared with the present hydrogen production capacity in China. Analysis results show that the present hydrogen consumption in China has reached to 12 million ton in 2007 with average annual growth rate of about 9% most of which is used in three chemical industries including ammonia methanol and oil refinery. In the ammonia synthesis plants to produce one ton of ammonia would consume on average ~182.44kg hydrogen and in the methanol plants the mean hydrogen consumption is ~142.26kg. So the corresponding hydrogen consumption is 9.2 million ton and 1.3 million ton in ammonia and methanol synthesis processing respectively. Besides the 1.8 million ton hydrogen consumption could be deduced from Chinese hydro-cracking/hydro-treating ability for oil-refinery and the industrial data of hydrogenconsumption in each corresponding processing. Moreover there is also 6 million ton by-product hydrogen gas which could be obtained during the carbonization process or the sodium hydroxide producing. While the by-product hydrogen is utilized in vehicles by means of fuel cell or internal combustion engine technologies it could replace about 16 million ton of gasoline or feed at least 6.86 million FCB (Fuel Cell Buses) or million FCPV (Fuel Cell Passenger Vehicles) in the future. Finally three scenarios of high- mid- and slowgrowth are defined to analyze the hydrogen supply and demand for vehicle. Under the slow-growth scenario the by-product hydrogen gas : : (863 ) (2008AA11A157) : :dengx02@163.com; ( ) :wanghw@tsinghua.edu.cn (9)

2 will satisfy the FCV fleet energy demand till 2050; under the mid-growth or high-growth scenarios the by-product hydrogen gas will satisfy the FCV fleet energy demand till 2045 or 2040 respectively. Keywords hydrogen; by-product hydrogen; potential capacity; automobile energy; fuel cell vehicle 0 2 Table 2 Compositions of periodic off-gases CO 2 NH 3 H 2 N 2 CH 4 Ar /% [1] NH 3 /(m 3 t -1 ) [2] [3] [4] 3 :m H2 = m H 1000+( ) ρ m NH3 NH3 [5] m H +( ) ρ m H2 =193.53(kg); NH3 65%~ 90% [7] ~182.44kg ( 1) ~ % 3H 2 +N 2 2NH 3 1 m H2 = =176.47(kg) 17 1 [6] 2 [6] 10 t/a t/h Nm 3 /h Nm 3 [3] /h Nm 3 20% Nm 3 1 Table 1 Compositions of syngas CO CO 2 H 2 NH 3 H 2 N 2 CH 4 Ar CO+2H 2 CH 3 OH+Q 1 /% NH 3 /(m 3 t -1 ) m H m CH3 OH m H2 = 1000=125(kg) (9) 97

3 1.3 [10] Nm 3 /h 8000h [8] 3024 Nm 3 3 [9] % Table 3 Compositions of periodic off-gases % [11] H 2 CO CO 2 N 2 CH 4 CH 3 OH Ar 4 [12-14] /% ( :10 4 t/a) Table 4 Chinese hydrocracking/hydrotreating ability for oil-refinery (unit: 10 4 t/a) :m H2 = m H * m CH3 OH ρ NH3 =126.45(kg) ~126.45kg ~1500Nm 3 /h 8000h 800 Nm :H 2 72% N %CO 5%CO %CH 4 6.6%Ar 0.1%:* [9] Notes: * Hydro-treating including purified process. 2 :m H2 = m H m CH3 OH ρ NH 3 =142.26(kg) : % %=143.96( ) 125~142.26kg ~142.26kg ( 2) ~ ( ) km 5.33t 95% 8.8% 75% ; 7.17% ; 38.7% %( 3) (9)

4 m 3 [15] t/a Nm 3 [16] [18] % 2 [19] [17] 1m 3 [20] 0.44m 3 [17] [21] (9) 99

5 (Articles) (Fuel Cell Bus) [22] SunLine Transit Agency 5 100km 8.63kg [23] km 10.8kg; km 1.12kg ( 4.23L) [24] / ;10m 60 / ( ) CO %~45% [25] t/a % ( km [24] 224kg ) % % kg/100km 1 1) 1200 ; [26] 14400km kg ) [27] [28] 3) 3% 3% 8% 12% ; % ( 7) 600 ; 1.12kg/100km [24] 1 12% km 224kg (9)

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