Riga Conference March 20th, 2013 "Hydrogen technology opportunities for sustainable development of cities", Why hydrogen?

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1 Riga Conference March 20th, 2013 "Hydrogen technology opportunities for sustainable development of cities", Why hydrogen? -The reasons for ist necessity and comparisons to alternative fuels Dr. Johannes Töpler German Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Association (DWV) and European Hydrogen Association (EHA)

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3 Temperature development in different continents (IPCC)

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5 We should leave the oil, before it will leave us (Fatih Birol, Chief-Economist of International Energie-Agency, IEA, )

6 What can / should / must we do? - Saving energy by sparingly using - Using energy with high efficiency - Using renewable energies: Principle of sustainability : We should use not more than nature makes growing up. Renewable energies must be introduced before fossil sources are exhausted.

7 Contribution of Fossil and Nuclear Energy Sources Mtoe Coal Plateau at 4000 between Nuclear Energy N Gas - 5% % as ASPO from Coal Natural Gas Oil R/P=230 Years Oil - 5% % % % Year Data source: Oil, Gas, Coal-, Nuclear Scenario, LBST 2005

8 Contribution of Renewable Energies Mtoe [Millions of Tons of Oil Equivalent] Biomass SOT PV Wind Geothermal Heat Solarthermal Heat Geothermal Electricity Solarthermal Electricity PV Electricity Wind Power Water Power Jahr Quelle: LBST Alternative World Energy Outlook 2005

9 Mtoe [Millions of Tons of Oil Equivalent] A possible Scenario of World Energy Nuclear Energy PV Coal 5000 Nat.Gas Oil Quelle: LBST Alternative World Energy Outlook 2005 Biomass SOT Wind Geothermal Heat Solarthermal Heat Geothermal Electricity Solarthermal Electricity PV Electricity Wind Power Water Power Jahr

10 Future primary energy supply

11 Fluctuating renewable electricity Vertical load curve and feed-in of wind power in E.ON grid Supply outreaches demand by far Vertical load Supply cannot satisfy demand Estimated wind power 2020 Wind power 2007 Date

12 Hydrogen as secondary energy carrier Electricity Hydrogen or:

13 Comparison of netto-storage capacities 8000 Bei einem Storage Speichervolumen of V von = 8 V Mio. = 8 Mio. m 3 m³ Source: KBB UT Wind Leistung Power in in MW AA CAES AA 23 CAES GWh H 2 H2 Gas (GuD) /vapor turbine ca GWh (1.3 TWh) 0 Pumpspeicher storage 5 GWh Time Zeit in (days) d 8 Mio. m 3 correspond to the biggest German natural gas caverne field For comparison: Pump storage Goldisthal has a Volume of 12 Mio. m 3

14 Potential Locations for H 2 -Caverns Quelle: KBB J. Töpler

15 Source:

16 Actual Situation of Energy Supply The availiability of fossil primary energies is limited to aproximately years (with respect to probable annual growing rates even less!) Fossil energy carriers are raw materials for organic chemistry - > to valuable for burning. The damage of climate due to CO 2 -emissions is obvious right now and will increase further on (in spite of Kyoto-protocol). The energy demand world-wide will increase (especially by the developing countries) and will aggravate the situation. The introduction of a new energy-system will need in principal about 50 years for the first 10% of market penetration. (Marcetti 1980) Consequence: It s very high time to introduce CO 2 -free renewable energies (if necessary via primary energies with less CO 2 ), with hydrogen as secondary energy carrier which can be stored, transported and used in manifold applications.

17 Fuel Cell vehicle Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric motor Air module Essential Facts Lithium-Ion battery Hydrogen tank Fuel Cell Hydrogen module 1) Vehicle is constructed, fabricated and approved under serial condititions. 2) It was tested by a turn of 125 days around the world with km 3) Start of serial production in 2017

18 Daimler, FCell Packaging Fuel Cell Stack Power Distribution Unit (PDU) Battery Hydrogen Storage Cooling System Electric Drive System Module

19 Progress Fuel Cell Technology Next Generation FCVs Next generation of the fuel cell-power train: Technical Data Vehicle Type Mercedes-Benz A-Class (Long) Fuel Cell PEM, 72 kw (97 hp) System Engine Output (Continuous / Peak): Engine 45 kw / 65 kw (87hp) Max. Torque: 210 Nm Fuel Hydrogen (35 MPa / 5,000 psi) Range 105 miles (170 km / NEDC) Top Speed 88 mph (140 km/h) Battery A-Class F-Cell NiMh, Output (Continuous / Peak): 15 kw / 20 kw (27hp); Capacity: 6 Ah, 1.2 kwh Higher stack lifetime (>2000h) Increased power Higher reliability Freeze start ability Li-Ion Battery [km] Range +135% Size - 40% Consumption - 16% [l/100km [kw] Power +30% B-Class F-Cell Technical Data Vehicle Type Mercedes-Benz B-Class Fuel Cell PEM, 90 kw (122 hp) System IPT Engine Output (Continuous/ Peak) 70kW / Engine 100kW (136hp) Max. Torque: 290 Nm Compressed Hydrogen (70 Fuel MPa / 10,000 psi) Range ca. 250 miles (400 km) Top Speed 106 mph (170 km/h) Li-Ion, Output (Continuous/ Battery Peak): 24 kw / 30 kw (40hp); Capacity 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kwh

20 The Hyundai Strategy, published on Feb. 27 th 2013 The ix35 Fuel Cell Specifications Hyundai plans to build 1,000 ix35 Fuel Cell vehicles by 2015 for lease to public and private fleets, primarily in Europe, where the European Union has established a hydrogen road map and initiated construction of hydrogen fueling stations. After 2015, with lowered vehicle production costs and further developed hydrogen infrastructure, Hyundai will begin manufacturing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles for consumer retail sales.

21 Phileas-Bus in Cologne in daily use in public trafic Source: HyCologne -Wasserstoff Region Rheinland

22 Source: Vossloh

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24 Comparison of Power-Trains I (double range) I Gasoline/ Diesel- Vehicles C n H 2(n+1) + (3n+1)/2 O 2 nco 2 + (n+1)/2 H 2 O H 2 /FC- vehicles Anode: H 2 2 H e - Cathode: 2 H + + ½O e - H 2 O Sum: H 2 + ½O 2 H 2 O Battery- Vehicles Cathode: Li x C n nc + x Li + + x e - Anode: Li 1-x Mn 2 O 4 + xli +xe - LiMn 2 O Batt.: Li 1-x Mn 2 O 4 + Li x C n LiMn 2 O 4 + nc

25 Powertrain of a H 2 /FC-hybrid-vehicle Electricity- Management

26 Market segments for batteryand fuel cell vehicles Annual range (1000 km) > 20 Fuel cell vehicles hybridised Battery- Vehicles < 10 Plug-in-Vehicles FC- Vehicles Compakt Class Medium Class Comfort-Class c l a s s o f v e h i c l e s J. Töpler Original-Source: Coalition Study

27 Number of passenger vehicles (hybrid) which can be supplied per ha Annual mileage passenger vehicle: 12,000 km [Passenger vehicles/ha] Biodiesel (RME) Ethanol wheat Diesel engine Otto engine Fuel cell Reference vehicle: VW Golf Ethanol short rotation forestry Source: LBST Bio-methane Bandwidth BTL LH2 short rotation forestry CGH2 short rotation forestry CGH2 PV LH2 PV CGH2 windpower *) *) LH2 windpower *) more than 99% of the land area can still be used for other purposes e.g. agriculture

28 Comparison of Fuel Cell System and Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency in % Medium Power Passenger Car Bus /Truck Fuel Cell Systems with Hydrogen Source: IBZ Power in %

29 η(%) 54 Electricity from Wind&PV Comparison hydrogen Wind-Gas for mobile application Elektrolysis Methanisation (Sabatier) Transport Distribution Fuel Cell Combustion Efficiencies: η (elektrolysis) = 70% η (Sabatier) = 78% η (NEDC, ICE) = 22% η (NEDC, FC) = 42% J.Töpler

30 Comparison hydrogen Wind-Gas for mobile application E prim 8,3 Electricity from Wind&PV Elektrolysis Methanisation (Sabatier) Transport Distribution Fuel Cell Combustion Efficiencies: η (elektrolysis) = 70% η (Sabatier) = 78% 5,8 4,5 η (NEDC, ICE) = 22% η (NEDC, FC) = 42% 3,4 2,4 1 J.Töpler

31 Optiresource (Daimler AG) See: optiresource/index.html

32 The first fuel cell passenger ship in Hamburg 72,500 kg of CO kg of NOx 220 kg of SOx 40 kg of particles will not be emitted per year! Source:Alster Touristik GmbH

33 Technical Specifications Water tanks Batteries & Energy Management Hydrogen Tanks / 350 bar 100 kw electric motor for propulsion 2 Proton Motor fuel cell systems with 50 kw rated power each Bow thruster Source:Alster Touristik GmbH

34 Fuel cells as APU s in Airplanes Example of a typical A30X application: F/C to replace APU Fuel cell technologies and H2 can make Aircraft systems simpler Page 34 Source: Airbus

35 Exemples for early markets of H 2 / FC-Technology 1. Infrastructure of Tele-Communication - Uninterruptable power supply, BackUp-Power - Decentral power supply 2. Critical Infrastructures - Telematics, Trafic control systems - Tunnels, Railway stations, Airports - Mines, Pipelines - Hospitals, Policy, disaster control - Metrology, Environmental protection - Fire protection (by O 2 -degraded exhaust-air) 3. IT-Infrastructures - BackUp-Power for critical systems

36 H 2 for stationary applications Fuel cells for fire protection Risk of fire high reduced avoided NORMAL high reduced avoided O 2 -content [Vol %] O 2 -degraded air is very suitable for preventive fire protection

37 H 2 for stationary applications Fuel cells for fire protection electricity O 2 - degraded air Natural Gas or Hydrogen Fuel cell protected area Air Conditioning Hot water

38 The sixth Kondratjew: Energy productivity (after Charlie Hargroves, Brisbane, Australia) Electricity, chemicals,cars Biotech IT TV, aviation, computers, Energy productivity, renew. energy Steel & railroads Mechanization Source: E.U.v.Weizsäcker

39 The laws of nature and the laws of mankind (especially those of a completely free economy) are not in harmony. It is not to be expected, that the laws of nature will adapt to those of mankind. Mankind can only survive, when it fits in with the laws of nature and does not affect the oecological system as a whole or in any of its parts The future will be ethic or it will not be!

40 Thank you very much for your attention! And see us occasionally at Which are the questions I can answer at first?

41 Steam engine cotton Steel Railway Electrical Engineering Chemistry Kondratjew-Cycles Petrochemistry Information? Technology Steam engine cotton Steel Railway Electrical Engineering Chemistry Petrochemistry Information Technology Sustainability, renewable resources Psychosocial Health Quelle: Nefiodow, Der sechste Kondratieff