Non-conventional Energy Sources: Market Survey and Commercial Applications

Transcription

1 Non-conventional Energy Sources: Market Survey and Commercial Applications Professor Saifur Rahman Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept. Virginia Tech 05 March 2007 At Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 1 1 Outline 1. Introduction to non-conventional energy sources (wind, solar and hydro) 2. Resource assessment for wind, solar and hydro 3. Capacity factor and capacity credit calculations 4. Technology assessment 5. Global developments of wind and solar projects 6. Renewable energy and climate change issues 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 2 2

2 World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type ( ) Quadrillion BTU Year Nuclear Coal Natural Gas Oil Others 4/10/2007 Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook (c) Saifur 2005 Rahman 3 3 Global Oil Production 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 4 4

3 Wind Energy Off-shore 4/10/2007 Wind Generation, North (c) Sea Saifur Rahman ,000 Installed Wind Power in the World Cumulative Capacity Megawatts 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Total World Rest of the World India Denmark USA Spain Germany /10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 6 6 Source: BP.com, 2006 and World Wind Energy Association, Germany as of 29 Jan 2007

4 Wind Power Highlights Global Wind Capacity: GW GW (end (end of of 2006) German capacity :: GW GW (end (end of of 2006) The current installed wind power capacity generates more than 1% of the global electricity consumption. At the end of 2006, Germany hosted 27.9% of annual world WTG capacity This is followed by Spain (15.7%), USA (15.7%), India (8.5%) and Denmark (4.2%) * World 4/10/2007 Wind Energy Association, Germany, 29 (c) Jan Saifur 2007 Rahman 7 7 * International Electricity Information, EIA, /10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 8 8

5 Wind Energy in India, /10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 9 9 Offshore Wind Energy is Next Wave of New Wind Project Construction in Germany 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 10 10

6 Offshore wind worldwide Location Country Online MW No Rating Vindeby Denmark Bonus 450kW Lely (Ijsselmeer) Holland NedWind 500kW Tunø Knob Denmark Vestas 500kW Dronten (Ijsselmeer) Holland Nordtank 600kW Current world s largest Gotland (Bockstigen) Blyth Offshore Middelgrunden, Copenhagen Uttgrunden, Kalmar Sound Yttre Stengrund Horns Rev Frederikshaven Samsø North Hoyle Nysted Sweden UK Denmark Sweden Sweden Denmark Denmark Denmark UK Denmark Wind World 500kW Vestas 2MW Bonus 2MW GE Wind 1.5MW NEG Micon NM72 Vestas 2MW 2 Vestas 3MW,1 Bonus 2.3MW and 1 Nordex 2.3MW Bonus 2.3 MW Vestas 2MW Bonus 2.3MW Arklow Bank Ireland GE 3.6 MW Scroby Sands UK Vestas 2 MW Totals Source: 4/10/2007 BWEA ( (c) Saifur Rahman Offshore wind turbines Horns Rev, Denmark km off the coast of Jutland 80 x 2MW = 160 MW Source: 4/10/2007 BWEA Elsam A/S (c) Saifur Rahman 12 12

7 Offshore wind turbines Uttgrunden, Sweden 7 x 1.5MW = 10.5 MW Source: 4/10/2007 BWEA GE Wind Energy (c) Saifur Rahman Offshore wind turbines Blyth, UK 2 x 2MW = 4 MW Source: 4/10/2007 BWEA AMEC Wind (c) Saifur Rahman 14 14

8 Offshore wind turbines North Sea, The Netherlands (3 MW) Source: 4/10/2007 Saifur Rahman (c) Saifur Rahman Offshore wind turbine and Generator North Sea, The Netherlands Source: 4/10/2007 Saifur Rahman (c) Saifur Rahman 16 16

9 Large Rotor Blades Shipped by Water Offshore Wind Projects Minimize Transfers GE 3.6 MW rotor (104 m diameter) 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Solar Energy Solar Thermal Heating Solar Thermal Electricity Solar Photovoltaics 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 18 18

10 Installed Solar Photovoltaics Cumulative Capacity ,000,000 2,500,000 Total OECD Kilowatts 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 Rest of OECD Germany USA Japan /10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Source: BP.com, 2006 Biodiversity Monitoring Project in Bangladesh 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 20 20

11 High Altitude Train in Tibet 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Electric power everywhere, but cannot reach it 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 22 22

12 Electric Power Grid Cannot be Accessed 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Photovoltaics for Railway Signaling in Tibet 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 24 24

13 Solar Photovoltaics, USA Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Solar Photovoltaics, USA 4 Times Square, New York Building-integrated PV panels of up to 15 kw of power Thin-film PV panels are located on the top 19th floors of the building Source: 4/10/2007 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (c) Saifur (NREL) Rahman 26 26

14 Solar Photovoltaics, Germany Lehrter train station, Berlin Number of module: 1,440 Total area: 3,311 m 2 PV output: 325 kw Electricity generation: 274,000 kwh/yr Source: 4/10/ (c) Saifur Rahman Solar Photovoltaics, Japan Bridge Shiga, Japan 60 kw Platform Gunma, Japan 200 kw 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Source: Mitsubishi Electric

15 Climate Change Global warming World sea levels rise Loss of the arctic ice cover 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic Emissions of CO 2 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 30 30

16 Global CO 2 Emissions by Region ( ) (Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent) 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Global warming and CO 2 level rise Earth has warmed by about 1 C since mid-19th century; can go up by another 5.8 C by /10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 32 32

17 Global warming Top five warmest years worldwide since 1890s: (1) 1998, (2) 2002, (3) 2003, (4) 2004, (5) /10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Loss of Arctic Ice THE Arctic ice cap could disappear completely well before the end of the century under the impact of global warming, according to observations released yesterday. The Times, London. 29 Sept /10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 34 34

18 Observed Sea Ice Source: Impact of a warming arctic, Cambridge University Press 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman Polar bears on thin ice Source: An environmental Canada Greenlane site Studies of ice cores indicate a rapid rise in greenhouse gases in the past 150 years 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 36 36

19 Abrupt Climate Change Rapid changes in ocean circulation are linked to an abrupt climate change 8,200 years ago that had global effects. Indeed, greenhouse warming is a destabilizing factor that makes abrupt climate change more probable. Source: 4/10/2007 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (c) Saifur 2005Rahman Thank You! Any questions? Saifur Rahman srahman@vt.edu 4/10/2007 (c) Saifur Rahman 38 38