1 Publishable summary

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1 1 Publishable summary Today, the climate change issue has become a major concern, and is perhaps one of the most severe challenges of our time. There is an urgent need for action in order to stabilise the global warming at 2-3 C within the 21 st century. Man-made CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere are found to be the major cause of global warming. In the context of developing a long-term climate change strategy, the European Council has adopted the international objective of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than 2 C above preindustrial levels to limit the adverse effects of climate change (target agreed by the UN in Cancun Summit, in 2010). As a consequence, the following commitments are adopted in order to achieve this target: 20% GHG emission reduction within 2020 compared to 1990 emission 20% reduction of the EU's energy consumption compared to projections for % of overall EU energy consumption to be provided by renewable sources by 2020 In December, 2007, a communication from the Commission (COM (2007) 723 final) details the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-PLAN), an integrated strategy on how Europe will source, produce, transport and trade energy in the frame of the above commitments. A number of studies have concluded that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) should play a major role in the effort to mitigate the effect of CO 2 emissions. CCS buys time needed for the transition to sustainable energy as it allows for continued use of fossil energy sources without CO 2 emissions. There has in recent years been substantial research on CO 2 capture technologies. A number of different process concepts have been suggested and for each concept there is often a great variation of chemicals and materials that may be employed. At present, it can, however, be very difficult to assess the relative performance and potential of different capture technologies. Claims made concerning the performance and potential of a given technology will often rely on many assumptions, and may not be comparable to numbers reported by others. When claims are made concerning future potential of a technology, it is not always clear if thermodynamic and process limitations of the technology are considered and some numbers may be unrealistic. The HiPerCap project aims to develop novel post-combustion CO 2 capture technologies and processes which are environmentally benign and have high potential to lead to breakthroughs in energy consumption and overall cost. The project includes all main separation technologies for post-combustion CO 2 capture; absorption, adsorption and membranes. For each technology the project will focus on a chosen set of promising concepts (four for absorption, two for adsorption and two for membranes). An overview of the concepts is given in Table 1-1. A key focus in HiPerCap is to demonstrate the potential of the various capture technologies. This means showing that all key aspects of a technology are feasible and that the technology can provide a real breakthrough in terms of energy use. Though the materials required for the three types of separation technologies studied in this project are different, a synergy between them is the need for development of feasible process concepts based on a similar set of assumptions. This ensures a fair comparison can be made between the various technologies. In so doing, the results of the assessment will identify the priorities for the future development of these materials. HiPerCap will complete its objectives through a combination of experimental work and process simulation. Experiments will be used to demonstrate key performance indicators and to validate process models and will be tailored to each separation technology. Validated

2 process models will be used to demonstrate the energy potential of a given technology at industrial scale. Table 1-1: Overview of process concepts and important aspect for assessment and comparing technologies Process concept 1a Enzyme catalysis 1b Precipitating 1c Strong bicarbonate forming 1d CO 2 capture with biological 2a Fixed-bed adsorption 2b Moving-bed adsorption 3a High flux mixed matrix membrane 3b Supported ionic liquid membranes Major benefits The catalyst may be used as a promoter for environmentally friendly carbonate solutions -Higher CO 2 loadings than non-precipitating - Lower energy consumption -Environmentally friendly carbonate or aminoacid solutions maybe used High cyclic capacity and low efficiency penalty Combination of CO 2 capture and utilization -Mature technology at industrial scale for similar applications -Enhanced mass transfer and hydrodynamics with structured materials (monoliths) Reduced pressure drop, enhanced heat transfer, compact unit design -Low cost and low energy requirement -Both high permeance and high selectivity Major differences to others Natural (biological) rate promoter ph swing process rather than a temperature based regeneration. Well known technology and all required equipment already used in industrial scale. Algae bioreactor used for regeneration and grow algae -Solid-gas interaction, no liquid associated. -Lower heat (steam) requirement than solvent. a) Enhanced transport, no emissions, no regeneration b) SILMs least mature, enhanced transport a) & b) Modular technologies, pressure difference needed Upscaling challenges - Development of stable enzymes - Separation of enzymes prior the desorption - Controlled absorption and precipitation. - Development of large scale slurry process Potentially low absorption rates. A promoter might be required. Effect of CO 2 absorption on the stability of algae strains. -Identification of the optimal process design -Scarce data on equipment scale up -Manufacturing of new membrane material -Leakage vacuum -Durability of material -Uncertain if data from lab can be used directly Assessment challenges - The life time of the enzymes Performance and influence of slurry handling Influence of the kinetics and the promoter on the absorber performance. Algae-friendly solvent selection and enhanced CO 2 dosing. -Lack of larger (pilot) scale capture units: high uncertainty -No public information on solid sorbent costs -Lack of larger (pilot) scale capture units -High uncertainty in model parameters obtained at lab scale The objectives of the HiPerCap project are the following:

3 Develop CO2 capture processes with the aim of reducing the total efficiency penalty by 25% compared to state-of-the-art capture technology demonstrated in the EU project CESAR and deliver proof-of-concepts for each technology. Improve the process designs to reduce capital and operating costs considering aspects such as environmental impact, operability and flexibility, size of equipment, and choice of materials. Assessment of new and emerging technologies and processes for identification/selection of the two most promising breakthrough capture processes. Establish a technological roadmap for the further development of the two selected breakthrough capture processes. The list of beneficiaries is given in the following table: No. Partner organisation name Short name Country 1 Stiftelsen SINTEF SINTEF Norway 2 The Norwegian University of Science and technology NTNU Norway 3 Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO Netherlands 4 Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC Spain 5 Procedé PROCEDE Netherlands 6 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSIRO Australia 7 A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS TIPS Russia 8 MAST Carbon International Ltd MAST United Kingdom 9 Det Norske Veritas AS DNV Norway 10 Electricité de France S.A. EDF France 11 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS France 12 CO 2 Solutions Inc. CO2SOL Canada 13 Algae-Tech ALGTECH Netherlands 14 E.ON New Build and Technology Limited EON United Kingdom 15 ANDRITZ Energy & Environment AEE Austria 16 Gas Natural Fenosa GNF Spain

4 More information about the project can be found at the project web-site: ( The objectives of the HiPerCap project within the first 18 months and reference to the various work-packages (WP) have been the following: 1. WP1: Absorption based technologies Perform most of the experimental work related to Enzyme catalysis of CO 2 absorption, precipitating solvent, strong bicarbonate forming solvents, bio-mimicking, and CO 2 utilization. 2. WP2: Adsorption based technologies Test various sorbents for application in two different reactor concepts. 3. WP3: Membrane based technologies Approximately conduct 75% of the experimental work related to membrane development 4. WP4: Assessment of CO 2 capture technologies Establishment of the assessment methodology. 5. WP5: Roadmap for development of CO2 capture technologies The work in this WP will start in month WP6: Project management Establish routines for management of the project and follow-up project plans and arrange project meetings. 7. WP7: Dissemination Establish and update external web-site, Disseminate information about the project at relevant international conferences like GHGT-12 (Austin, Texas, October 2014) and PCCC-3 (Regina, Canada, September 2015), and arrange 1 workshop in Australia. 8. WP8: Collaboration with an Australian partner This partner in HiPerCap is CSIRO. Their role is to participate and contribute with work in WP1 to 3 as well as being the host of the Australian workshop arranged as part of WP7. All the work described above has been done and in addition process modelling within both WP2 and 3 has been started. 13 deliverables were planned in the period and all of them were submitted close to the expected due date. Also the four planned milestones (1. Selection of bicarbonate forming for experimental study, 2. Establishment of assessment methodology, 3. Establishment of HiPerCap web-site, and 4. Arrangement of 1st workshop in Australia) were reach within the period. In addition to the mentioned dissemination activities within WP7, the results from the other WPs have been disseminated as follows: WP1: Absorption based technologies GHGT-12: Presentation on Algae (Task 1.4) by TNO. TCCS-8 (Trondheim, Norway, June 2015): Presentation on bicarbonate forming solvents (Task 1.3) by SINTEF/NTNU. PCCC-3 Abstract submitted on bicarbonate forming solvents and accepted for oral presentation by SINTEF/NTNU. WP2: Adsorption based technologies TCCS-8: Poster presentation "Are moving bed temperature swing adsorption (MBTSA) processes feasible for post-combustion CO 2 capture in a NGCC context?" by SINTEF.

5 Spanish Carbon Group Meeting (Alicante, Spain, October 2015): Abstract submitted "Posttreatment of activated carbons for CO 2 adsorption in wet conditions" by CSIC. WP4: Assessment of CO 2 capture technologies TCCS-8: Oral presentation High Performance Capture Evaluating Novel Capture Technologies by SINTEF.