Revisiting Passive Design for Future Buildings. Yue Zhu, Director, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

Transcription

1 Revisiting Passive Design for Future Buildings Yue Zhu, Director, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

2 PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN National Commercial Bank Jeddah, 1983

3 NATURAL VENTILATON COOLING KING ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT HAJJ TERMINAL Jeddah, SOM 1972

4 25 Years Award

5 United Gulf Bank Bahrain, 1987

6 Weyerhaeuser Corporate HQ Tacoma, Washington 2001 AIA 25-Year Award 1973 Energy Conservation Award Owens-Corning Fiberglass

7 BUILDING MASSING IMPACT ON ENERGY Floor Plate Type No. of Floors Total Floor Area (sf) Total Façade Area (sf) Total Roof Area (sf) Office Space with outdoor exposure/floor (%) Office Space with outdoor exposure/floor (%) Core area/floor (%) Surface Envelope Area/ Floor Area Ratio Square Rectangle Circle Ellipse Cruciform Tripod , , , , , , , , , , , ,589 17,222 17,222 17,231 17,209 17,222 17,223 44% 43% 44% 43% 55% 47% 31% 32% 31% 32% 20% 28% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Larger surface area to floor area ratio increases building energy usage

8 peui DISTRIBUTION BY SHAPE AND CLIMATE ZONE

9 peui VS ENVELOPE TO FLOOR AREA RATIO 3C-San Francisco peui vs Outer Skin/Floor Plate Area Ratio Variation in outer envelope has a huge 45 impact on energy consumption. Energy consumption is directly proportional to the amount of outer envelope. The comparison curve is a straight line with R^2 (coeff of determination) = The circular floor plate with least amount of outer envelope is the most efficient design with almost 7% savings on the generic square model. peui (kbtu/sq.ft/year) Square 0% R² = Least Efficient! +7% 39 Most Efficient! -7% Outer Skin/Floor Plate Area Ratio

10 ENVOLOPE PERFORMANCE 8 ASHRAE Prescribed Envelope Characteristics 50 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE W / M2 - K SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC) Glazing Thermal Transmittance Wall Thermal Transmittance Glazing SHGC

11 Comparison of Relative Savings of Glazing Percentages OFFICE CASE STUDY- ANNUAL ENERGY Window Wall Ratio 1A Mumbai 1B Abu Dhabi 1B Riyadh 2A Fuzhou 2A Guang Zhou 3A Shanghai 3B Las Vegas 3B Los Angeles 3C San Francisco 4A New York 4B Kuwait 5A Chicago 5B Colorado Springs 5C Vancouv er 6A Helsinki 7 Reykjavik 8 Yukon 25% 1.3% 2.7% 2.9% 1.1% 0.6% 1.7% 2.3% 2.1% 2.4% 2.6% 2.7% 2.9% 3.2% 2.6% 3.8% 3.7% 5.4% 30% 1.0% 1.9% 2.1% 0.8% 0.5% 1.2% 1.6% 1.5% 1.6% 1.9% 2.0% 2.0% 2.3% 1.9% 2.7% 2.6% 3.7% 35% 0.6% 1.0% 1.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.7% 0.8% 0.8% 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.1% 1.2% 1.0% 1.4% 1.3% 1.9% 40% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 45% -0.5% -1.1% -1.2% -0.5% -0.3% -0.7% -0.9% -0.8% -0.9% -1.0% -1.1% -1.1% -1.3% -1.2% -1.5% -1.3% -2.0% 50% -1.0% -2.1% -2.3% -1.1% -0.6% -1.5% -2.0% -1.7% -1.9% -2.3% -2.3% -2.4% -2.9% -2.4% -3.2% -2.8% -4.1% 55% -1.5% -3.1% -3.4% -1.7% -1.0% -2.4% -3.0% -2.5% -2.7% -3.6% -3.5% -3.8% 3.3% -3.7% -4.8% -4.3% -6.1% 60% -2.0% -7.4% -4.6% -2.4% -1.5% -3.1% -4.0% -3.4% -3.6% -4.8% -4.7% -5.2% 2.5% -5.0% -6.6% -5.8% -8.3% 65% -2.8% -8.2% -5.7% -3.0% -1.8% -4.0% -5.1% -4.5% -4.4% -6.0% -6.0% -6.6% 1.8% -6.4% -8.4% -7.4% -10.4% 70% -3.7% -9.0% -6.8% -3.8% -2.3% -4.8% -6.2% -5.5% -5.6% -7.3% -7.2% -7.8% 0.9% -7.8% -10.2% -9.0% -12.4% 75% -4.4% -9.9% -8.0% -4.6% -3.0% -5.6% -7.5% -6.6% -6.5% -8.6% -8.5% -9.3% 0.0% -9.3% -12.0% -10.7% -14.6% 80% -5.2% -10.8% -9.1% -5.3% -3.6% -6.6% -8.6% -7.6% -7.4% -9.7% -9.9% -10.7% -0.8% -10.8% -13.8% -12.4% -16.6% 85% -6.1% -11.7% -10.1% -6.1% -4.2% -7.7% -9.9% -8.6% -8.3% -10.8% -11.0% -12.1% -1.6% -12.2% -15.6% -14.1% -18.6% 90% -7.0% -12.6% -11.2% -6.8% -4.8% -8.7% -11.0% -9.6% -9.2% -12.1% -12.4% -13.4% -2.5% -13.6% -17.5% -15.6% -20.7%

12 AL HAMRA FIRDOUS TOWER KUWAIT CITY, KUWAIT LOW WINDOW TO WALL RATIO AL HAMRA TOWER

13 NEW PRODUCTS PUSHING THE ENVOLOPE PERFORMANCE SOURCE: DOW CORNING

14 DYNAMIC GLASS SOURCE: VIEW GLASS

15 VACUUM INSULATED GLASS U=0.5 W/m²K or less Source:

16 Natural Ventilation

17 EYE OF THE SPRING KUNMING, SPRING CITY

18 Kunming Tower VENTILATED MULLION+ ECO CHIMNEY 40% OF WORKING HOUR IS GOOD FOR NATUAL VENTILATION

19 PERFORMATIVE ENVELOPES ENERGY SAVING 13%

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21 Transformative CFD Analysis

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24 DOUBLE SKIN EXTERNAL VENTILATION BEIJING POLY DAWANGJING

25 BEIJING POLY DAWANGJING

26 DOUBLE SKIN INTERNAL VENTILATION BANK OF BEIJING

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28 DOUBLE WALL SYSTEM SC=0.19,LT=45% BURJ KARLIFA GLASS SC=0.18,LT=19% MORE TRANSPARENT, MORE DAYLIGHTING Max glass temperature 65 C (outside pane) Exterior 36 C vented cavity (28 m³/h m) Radiative heat transfer Inside surface temperature +33 C Interior temperature drop +25 C U e = 2,44 W/m²K SC = 0,83 Sun Shade SRI = 76% 6% Holes (ca. 64 C) U i = 1,63 W/m²K SC = 0,31

29 DOUBLE SKIN INTERNAL+ EXTERNAL VENTILATION BURJ KHALIFA ENTRY PAVILION

30 DAYLIGHTING PEARL RIVER TOWER

31 DAY LIGHTING REFLECTORS

32 LA FEDERAL COURTHOUSE LOS ANGELES FEDERAL COURTHOUSE FIRM-WIDE TECHNICAL DESIGN MEETING SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL LLP

33 EXTERIOR LIGHT COURT LA FEDERAL COURTHOUSE

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35 SHADING UNITED GULF BANK

36 MASHRAQ BANK

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38 LOS ANGELES FEDERAL COURTHOUSE FIRM-WIDE TECHNICAL DESIGN MEETING SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL LLP LA FEDERAL COURTHOUSE

39 N SOLID - FACING EAST / WEST TRANSPARENT - FACING NORTH / SOUTH 47% Reduction Of Incident Solar Radiation 37% Window To Wall Ratio 46% Energy Savings Over ASHRAE kbtu/sf EUI VIEWS

40 RESILIENCE: DYNAMIC SHADING REACTING TO SUN HelioTrace Façade System Featured in Popular Science s Best of What s New 2010 Credit: SOM/Permasteelisa/ABI The HelioTrace Façade System has kinetic shades that trace the sun s path. The shades move from fully detracted to fully deployed, depending on climatic and occupancy factors.reduce solar gains on buildings by 81%

41 Credit: SOM/Permasteelisa/ABI

42 SELF SHADING BEIJING GREENLAND

43 为建造实施而设计 designed to be built BURJ 2020

44 A protective skin maximizes performance of the building 20% less solar incidence

45 NOZUL, QATAR

46 INTEGRATED PASSIVE DESIGN FOUCS ON HUMAN COMFORT AND ENVIRONMENT WEBANK, SHENZHEN

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48 POROSITY PROVIDES COMFORTABLE NATURAL AIR MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR SPACES

49 EXISTING LIBRARY Site specific climate should inform your design For more Information & Tutorials:

50 PASSIVE TOOLKIT SUN, WATER, WIND, AIR, EARTH OTHERS?

51 SELECT BEST PASSIVE DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATE ZONE

52 Source: PASSIVE DESIGN STRATAGIES BUILING ORIENTATION AND MASSING 0-10% BUILDING ENVOLOPE PERFORMANCE 0-10% SHADING 0-10% DAYLIGHTING 0-10% NATURAL VENTILATION 0-10% DOUBLE SKIN 0-10% OTHERS Source: Marie_Tjibaou_Cultural_Centre Source: m/project-gallery/533/ Source: / /3/charles-correa-legendaryindian-architect-dies-at-84

53 PASSIVE DESIGN ACTIVE DESIGN