Technical solutions and monetary value of nzeb. Risto Kosonen Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Transcription

1 Technical solutions and monetary value of nzeb Risto Kosonen Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

2 Presentation outline Roadmap to sustainability Possible technical solution examples in Europe Monetary value of sustainable buildings

3 A roadmap to zero carbon buildings Energy efficiency measures Minimise energy consumption Connect to community energy schemes. Adopt Energy Centre solutions, CHP Deliver low or zero carbon energy to the building PV, solar,thermal, wind, biomass, hydrogen, earth energy Maximise on site renewable energy production Zero CO 2 LEAN CLEAN GREEN

4 Primary energy, kwh/m 2 a Towards nzeb: Roadmap of some countries towards nearly zero energy buildings to improve energy performance of new buildings Many EU-countries have prepared long term roadmaps with detailed targets Used metrics are differents in different member states 200 Estonia

5 Minimising energy consumption in HVAC systems Increased reliance on passive measures thermal mass, high performance envelope Mixed mode operation using hybrid systems Free cooling Demand based ventilation Areas to be shut off when not in use Air quality monitoring with automatic system response Increased individual user comfort control More intelligent building control Utilization of renewable energy sources

6 Sustainable Indoor Environment Well insulated and tight buildings with good solar shading. Mechanical air intake with good outdoor air filtering. Demand based ventilation. Right temperature, high air quality, low velocities and noise in the space. Low energy cooling and heating technologies and renewable energy. Individual control of indoor environment. IAQ in ZEB

7 Use technologies that enable the use of sustainable low energy cooling: - displacement ventilation - radiant ceilings - chilled beams - active diffusers - novel systems (personal ventilation,...

8 Disease caused by indoor air contaminants in EU-27 Disease caused by indoor air contaminants in EU-27 Acute CO toxication Acute CO toxication Respiratory infectious diseases Respiratory infectious Asthma diseases Asthma Sick building syndrome, sensory Sick building irritation syndrome, sensory irritation ETS excluded! ETS excluded! Lung (& trachea & bronchus) Lung (& trachea cancer & 130 bronchus) cancer COPD 64 COPD Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular diseases x 1000 Daly disability-adjusted life year (DALY) Chilled Beams Chilled Beams

9 Source of indoor air contaminants in EU-27 Cleaning and other household Ventilation and conditioning Furnishing, interior materials and electric appliances Building materials Building site (radon from soil) 84 Heating and combustion 290 Outdoor air Water systems, dampness and mould 360 x 1000 Daly disability-adjusted life year (DALY) ETS excluded!

10 Why do we need excellent filtration at air-handling unit? Small particles are very harmful for people At yearly level deths are caused by small particles in Europe Otside air is polluted by trafic, industry, burning processes, pollen and viruses/bacteria

11 Indoor Climate and Productivity A minor 1 % (5 min/day) increase in office work can off-set the annual cost of ventilating the building. Doubling the outdoor air supply rate can reduce sick leave prevalence by 10 %, and increase office work by 1,5%. Source: Wargocki, Seppänen: Indoor Climate and productivity in Offices, Rehva guidebook n:o 6, 2006.

12 Economic calculations in design and operations stage should include Energy costs- FACTOR 1 System costs- FACTOR 10 Salary FACTOR 100

13 Cooling system setup in 2-person office room case CCMV CB CBR MVRC Measurements in test chamber (4,12 x 4,20 x 2,89 m, L x W x H) at 26 C. Two heat load levels: 64 W/m 2 (design conditions) and 38 W/m 2 (usual cooling conditions) Supply air flow rate for CB, CBR and CCMV 1.5 l/s,m 2 and for MVRC 2.5 l/s,m 2

14 A) Measurement room setup in 2-person office room case

15 OFFICE ROOM IN DESIGN (WITH BOLD FONT) AND USUAL CONDITIONS (WITH NORMAL FONT) Measurement results in occupied Chilled ceiling Chilled beam Chilled beam with zone at heights 0.1 m m with mixing vent. radiant panels Average air velocity [m/s] Average of 5 highest velocities Average air temperature [ C] Average temperature of window side Average temperature of door side Average horizontal temperature diff Average vertical temperature diff Horizontal operative temperature diff Vertical operative temperature diff n.a. Average operative-air temperature Average draft rate [%] Average of 5 highest draft rates

16 Backround radiant cooling and micro environment control with chilled beam Experimental facilities: Climate chambers Chamber 5

17 Results Physical measurements Air and operative temperature distribution Vertical velocity and temperature distribution at WS1

18 PD with OTS Results Case System T (.C) Airflow rate (L/s) case 1 LCBCC (ADJUSTABLE) case 2 LCBCC (ADJUSTABLE) case 3 LCBCC (ADJUSTABLE) case 4 CCMV case 5 CCMV 26 13

19 European examples of nzeb buildings

20 Delivered and exported energy Example of nzeb office primary energy System boundary of delivered and exported energy Solar and internal heat gains/loads Solar panels 15.0 PV electricity, from which 6.0 is used in the building and 9.0 exported 1,1 0,6 3,2 NET ENERGY NEED (47.2 kwh/(m 2 a)) Appliances (users') Lighting 10,8 10 Heat transmission through the building envelope 21,5 Space heating Heating of air in AHU Cooling in room units Cooling of air in AHU NET ENERGY NEED (47.2 kwh/(m 2 a)) 3.8 heating 11.9 cooling 21.5 appliances 10.0 lighting BUILDING TECHNICAL SYSTEMS Boiler 3.8/0.9 = 4.2 Free cooling 4.0/10 = 0.4 Compressor cooling 7.9/3.5 = 2.3 Ventilation 5.6 Appliances 21.5 Lighting 10.0 (Sum of electricity 39.8) DELIVERED ENERGY Fuel 4.2 Electricity 33.8 EXPORTED ENERGY Electricity 9.0 Primary energy: 4.2* *2,0-9.0*2.0 = 54 kwh/(m 2 a) Electricity use of cooling, ventilation, lighting and appliances is 39.8 kwh/(m 2 a) Solar electricity of 6.0 kwh/(m 2 a) reduces the delivered electricity to 33.8 kwh/(m 2 a) Net delivered fuel energy (caloric value) is 4.2 kwh/(m 2 a) and primary energy is 54 kwh/(m 2 a)

21 On-site energy matching indices There are two commonly used basic indices for matching analysis: on-site energy fraction (OEF) and on-site energy matching(oem). OEF indicates the proportion of the load covered by the on-site generated energy, while OEM indicates the proportion of the on-site generated energy that is used in the load rather than being dumped or exported.

22 nzeb buildings Many pilot projects across Europe which may be called nzeb buildings Variation in the definitions and performance levels Primary energy (simulated) typically between kwh/m 2,a if all energy use included (plug loads/user electricity incl.) Some buildings with measured data

23 Dijon, Elithis Tower (Hernandez REHVA Journal 3/2011)

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25 Key solutions Rounded shape (-10% envelope reduction) + external solar shading shield Mechanical balanced ventilation with heat recovery Room conditioning with chilled beams Night ventilative cooling with mechanical exhaust ventilation from atrium Adiabatic + compressor cooling Large windows for max daylight, 2 W/m 2 installed lighting power + task lighting, occupancy and daylight control

26 Mechanical ventilation + ventilative cooling Three operation modes: 1. In the heating season the heat recovery ventilation, i.e. air handling units are operated. 2. Ventilative cooling: boost with façade intakes and low pressure atrium exhaust fans. Used in mid-seasons, when air handling units are operated together with atrium low pressure exhaust fans. 3. Night time ventilative cooling. Air handling units are stopped and only atrium low pressure fans are operated. Façade intake

27 Simulated and measured energy performance Office appliances are the major component in the energy balance

28 elsinki, Environmental Centre mpäristötalo (Kurnitski REHVA Journal 2/2012)

29 General data Gross floor area 6791 m 2 Construction cost: 16.5 M (2430 /m 2 ) nzeb extra cost: M 3-4% of construction cost

30 Key solutions Compact massing Window to wall ratio 23 % South facing double facade with integrated PV (60 kw/570 m 2 providing 17% of electricity use) District heating Air conditioning with balanced ventilation, heat recovery and chilled beams Cooling is 100% free cooling from boreholes: 25 boreholes each 250 m depth 15/20 C cooling water dimensioning for AHUs and chilled beams

31 Key solutions Large mechanical rooms on the top floor and low pressure ductwork Specific fan power (SFP) of main AHUs kw/(m 3 /s) Heat recovery (wheels) temperature ratio %

32 Room conditioning and lighting Active chilled beams (CAV) in offices Lighting fittings of T5 fluorescent lamps with 7 W/m² installed power Occupancy sensors and photocell controlled dimming used in larger rooms, and occupancy sensors in cellular offices

33 Energy performance (simulated) Major differences compared to Central Europe: much more heating (almost by factor 10) only slightly less cooling more lighting electricity Net energy Delivered Energy Primary need energy carrier energy kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) factor, - kwh/(m 2 a) Space and ventilation heating 26,6 32,2 0,7 22,6 Hot water heating 4,7 6,1 0,7 4,3 Cooling 10,6 0,3 1,7 0,5 Fans and pumps 9,4 9,4 1,7 16,0 Lighting 12,5 12,5 1,7 21,3 Appliances (plug loads) 19,3 19,3 1,7 32,7 PV -7,1 1,7-12,0 Total

34 Sustainability and Monetary Value of Buildings Investments to good and energy efficient indoor environment are very profitable, according to the latest research findings. Excellent and energy efficient indoor conditions has a significant impact on real estate asset value, occupancy rate and rental yield. Energy Department

35 Still the current situation There is a lack of understanding on how energy efficiency and sustainability can improve earning logics of owners, investors and tenants. Currently the selected solutions are often fostered by regulations not business interests. Only few investor and owners have realized the potential of sustainability for their business

36 The link of energy performance on the value of a building 3/17/

37 Benefits for owner reduced operation expenses for refurbishment higher rents higher sale prices shorter letting periods better brand value image 3/17/

38 Benefits for occupiers and users costs savings (energy, water, waste, etc.) Improved comfort and health better adaptability of the premises resulting in lower churn costs Improved brand of organizations 3/17/

39 Benefits of key players 3/17/

40 Benefits for all stakeholders 3/17/

41 Information needs for decision-making processes Required information/data at the building level to support corporate decision-making can be subdivided into: physical property characteristics (e.g. size and volume, HVACsystem, building envelope, etc.) which should be known from the planning phase (e.g. BIM-models) performance / quality characteristics (e.g. energy consumption, occupant comfort, etc.) which can be measured during the operating phase 3/17/

42 Quality characteristics Laitoksen nimi 3/17/

43 Sustainable buildings value for different market players 3/17/

44 Impact of the technology on market value Life cycle cost analysis: Investment cost of HVAC and other mechanical systems Energy consumption Maintenance requirement Replacement cycles Performance indicators: Energy consumption Water consumption Greenhouse gas emissions Waste (e.g. used lights) Indoor air temperature Indoor air quality Life cycle cost (LCC) Performance analysis: Energy simulation Indoor conditions simulations Lighting simulation Building Information Modeling (BIM) => quantities Life cycle assessment (LCA) => environmental impacts Market value = Discounted cash flow: Net operating income (rent owner s operating costs) Better indoor environment Capitalization rate (risk free rate + premium growth + depreciation) Energy cost Maintenance cost Replacement cost HVAC-system flexibility Longer life span of HVAC and other components 3/17/

45 Improved asset value Study / authors Country Property Type Credentials + / - Magnitude Impact on Brounen and Kok, 2010 The Netherlands Residential Homes Energy Performance Certificate (Class A, B, C) + 2,8 % Selling price Eichholtz, Kok and Quigley, 2010 USA Office Buildings LEED + 11,1 % Selling price Fuerst and McAllister, 2008 USA Office Buildings LEED + 31 % - 35 % Selling price Salvi et. al, 2008 Switzerland Residential Homes MINERGIE Label + 7 % Selling price

46 Higher occupancy Study / authors Country Property Type Credentials + / - Magnitude Impact on Fuerst and McAllister, 2010 USA Office Buildings LEED + 8 % Occupancy Rates Pivo and Fischer, 2010 USA Office Buildings Energy Star, close distance to transit, location in redevelopment areas % % Occupancy Rates Wiley, Benefield and Johnson, 2008 USA Office Buildings LEED, Energy Star % Occupancy Rates MIT, 2012 USA Office Buildings Design flexibility 30 % Occupancy Rates 3/17/

47 Rental yield Study / authors Country Property Type Credentials + / - Magnitude Impact on City of Darmstadt, Rental Index, 2010 Germany (Darmstadt) Residential multi-family houses Primary energy value below 175 kwh/m2a + 0,50 /m2 Rental Price Pivo and Fischer, 2010 USA Office Buildings Energy Star, close distance to transit, location in redevelopment areas % % Occupancy Rates Salvi et. al, 2010 Switzerland Residential Flats MINERGIE Label + 6 % Rental Price Wiley, Benefield and Johnson, 2008 USA Office Buildings LEED + 7 % - 17 % Rental Price

48 The effect of energy and sustainabilty on market value 3/17/

49 Thank you