Henrik Hareide (Former) Head of Section Directorate of Fisheries, Norway

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1 Henrik Hareide (Former) Head of Section Directorate of Fisheries, Norway

2 Environmental Regulation of Norwegian Salmon Farming Henrik Hareide Aquaculture Manager Sølvtrans

3 Features in favour of Norwegian Salmon Farming Long protected coastline, accessible areas Clean sea water with a high water replacement rate and good water quality Enough clean freshwater for smolt production Sparsely populated, but with good infrastructure Fairly good supply of fish feed Robust technology High level of scientific research in aquaculture

4 Norwegian salmon farming - part of the blue revolution Farming high-value carnivorous fish Intensive industrialized mode of production 978 marine sites for salmon and rainbow trout Global market with 95% export Competing with other user interests in the costal zone Conflicts around environmental footprint and sustainability

5 Tonnes 1000 NOK, 2016-value Sale of farmed fish Tonnes and value (from Directorate of Fisheries) ,000, ,000,000 50,000, ,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000, *) Tonnes Values *) Preliminary figures * Preliminary figures

6 Regulatory regime - some of it anyway (Private) Inspection Bodies Aquaculture Industry Regulatory body Control authority Operational control authority industry Operational control authority Control authority Regulatory body

7 Regulatory regime - important regulations Natural Diversity act Aquaculture act Food safety act Pollution act

8 Natural Diversity act General procedural principles: - Knowledge based management ( 8) - Precautionary principle ( 9) - Ecosystem-based management ( 10) - Polluter pays principle ( 11) - Environmentally sound techniques and methods ( 12)

9 The Aquaculture act The new Aquaculture Act entered into force on 1. January 2006 Four focus areas: Growth and innovation in the industry Simplification in governance Environmental sustainability Need for production areas in the costal zone

10 The Aquaculture act 10 Environmental standard Aquaculture facilities shall be established, operated and abandoned in an environmentally responsible manner. 11 Environmental monitoring The Ministry may, in individual decisions or regulations, require that the person who has or applies for a permit for aquaculture shall undertake or pay for necessary environmental monitoring to document the environmental condition within the area of influence in establishing, operating and abandoning aquaculture.

11 The Aquaculture act 12 Requirements for equipment suppliers and service providers, facilities, equipment, etc. Equipment suppliers and service providers to the aquaculture industry shall perform their tasks and services in an environmentally sound manner.

12 The Food safety act 7 Establishment, design and operation The company shall ensure that the location, design and operation of activities is hygienically sound. 19 Animal health Everyone should take due care, so that there is no risk of developing or spreading contagious animal disease.

13 Hazards open cage aquaculture Escapees Genetic impact Transmission of pathogens Wild fish Breeding grounds Quality and biochemical composition Changes in migration behaviour Therapeutics and toxins Uptake in non-target species Animal welfare Environmental conditions Diseases Domestication Handling Cleaner fish Excess feed and faeces Affect the bottom below the farm Diseases Virus Bacteria Parasites Dissolved nutrients Increased growth in macro algae Eutrophication Changes in biology and chemistry of substrate Source: IMR risk assessment 2017

14 Strategy for Environmentally Sustainable Aquaculture Launched in 2009 Five focus areas: Genetic interaction and escapes Pollution and discharges Disease, including parasites Zoning Feed and feed resources

15 Genetic interaction and escapes - Genetic interaction - Spread of diseases - Invasive species

16 Behaviour of escaped fish Research projects done by the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (IMR) involving release of farmed Atlantic salmon has shown that the fish moves rapidly and over long distances.

17 Escape of farmed Atlantic salmon - surveilance in rivers

18 Escape of farmed Atlantic salmon - measuring genetic interaction

19 Quantities in 1000 pieces Escape of farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout Atlantic salmon Rainbow trout * Preliminary figures per ** Preliminary figures per

20 Tonnes 1000 NOK, 2016-value Implementing technical regulations for marine sites ,000, First general technical regulation Second general technical regulation 60,000,000 50,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, *) Tonnes Values *) Preliminary figures * Preliminary figures

21 Pollution and discharges - organic loading Figure: Nigel Keely, IMR

22 The MOM-system The obligatory program for monitoring the environmental impact of marine fish farming on the seabed beneath and around the fish farm is described in the standard NS 9410:2016 Environmental monitoring of benthic impact from marine fish farms. The monitoring program in the standard consists of two types of investigations, B- investigations (local impact zone) C-investigations (intermediate impact zone)

23 Organic loading - benthic impact Figure from Nigel Keely, Institute of Marine Research

24 Ecological condition in local and intermediate impact zone Relationship between benthic fauna, oxygen and sediment. Rusty brown shows oxidised sediment Grey/black shows anoxic and «reduced» sediment. Scale 1-5 in accordance with Veileder 02:2013 (Pearson & Rosenberg 1978; Nilsson & Rosenberg 1997)

25 Zones of impact and survey stations Reference station Primary direction of current Intermediate zone C-survey C1 Local Zone B-survey C3 Recipient C2 Deep area C4

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27 Impact of organic load in the local impact zone MOM-B investigations 2016 Data are given as percentage of sites with its ecological condition: 1 low organic loading; 2 moderate organic loading; 3 high organic loading (maximum allowed loading); 4 overloading of the site

28 Vunerable fjords - oxygenlevels

29 Vunerable fjords - oxygenlevels

30 Use of medicines and chemicals - substances used to control salmon lice

31 Use of medicines and chemicals - substances used to control salmon lice

32 Use of medicines and chemicals - substances used to control salmon lice

33 Regulating wellboat trafic

34 Environmental effects of parasites salmon lice Infections from the ectoparasite salmon lice can reduce growt rate and increase mortality therby reduce recruitment and then reduce spawning stock. It is mandatory for each farm to count lice on fish in the pens weekly. Above 0,5 adult lice per fish is not tolerated. Longer periods of exceeding the limit may lead to temporary reduction of maximum allowed biomass at the sites.

35 Environmental effects of parasites salmon lice

36 Environmental effects of parasites salmon lice Reported lice numbers are used in a model to simulate the spreading of salmon lice: Will give a forecast of spreading and density of lice Important tool for systematic treatment and fallowing for lager areas. Is implemented in 2017 as a main regulatory tool for production in an area.

37 Traffic light system (zoning) - linking environmental effect and production capasity

38 Thank you for your attention!