Engineered Wood Products

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1 Enineered Wood Products Comparative Life Cycle Assessment: Glue-Laminated Timber vs. Laminated Veneer Lumber By Jeralee Anderson March 12, 2008

2 Backround Structural enineers like EWP Loner spans Better properties Renewable material Glulams, LVLs and PSLs common types Economical?

3 Backround Enineered for performance Creative use of lower rade woods/scrap Oranic resins bond wood toether Complicated processes Common in residential & commercial Concerns Environmentally better than real wood? Global warmin? Formaldahyde? VOCs?

4 CORRIM Phase I Literature Review Life Cycle Environmental Performance of Renewable Buildin Materials in the Context of Residential Construction, June 2005 Other 2002 Norway LCC/LCA Study for Glulams AP-42 Chapter 10: Wood Products Industry Canadian Wood Council (CWC) Western Wood Products Association (WWPA)

5 Environmental Aspects Resource Consumption Fossil-fuel use (non- renewables) Biomass/Forestry (renewables) Water use Enery Use Water Emissions Manufacture of chemicals Fertilizer Not considered! s Global warmin Smo Acidification Human health Solid Waste Forestry waste Manufacturin waste Construction & demolition waste Recyclin? Not considered!

6 Process Alternatives Renewable Enery More on-site biomass? Hydro Chemical Processes Inoranic resins? Fuels Biodiesel (transport and manufacture) FSC Certification?

7 Goal & Scope Functional Unit Nominal 4x12 EWP 15 foot span Indoor residential application 75-year desin life 541 plf desin load

8 Goal & Scope Reference Flows Study data collected was allocated by mass and outputs volume units Easier to translate volume into enineerin practice Demand Vectors, f T Unit Total Flow 3"x12"x15'0" Doulas Fir 26F-E/DF1M1 3.5"x11.875"x15'0" 1.8E Microllam LVL System Boundary ft3/lulam ft3/lvl

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10 Goal & Scope Allocation Mass allocated, converted to volume (use and demolition) Percentae of wood products in residence Impact Cateories s Only Forest to landfill life cycle Data CORRIM & GREET UWME Quality Scores

11 Goal & Scope Cutoff Lubricants Equipment & machinery Assumptions Kerosene = No. 2 Diesel = Distillate Fuel Oil Stationary rid electricity Limitations Resins & lubricants Non-local residential model

12 Life Cycle Inventory Unit Process Cateories Raw materials & biomass Resin production EWP production Transport (empty backhaul) Construction Desin-life implications Demolition and Disposal 39 Unit Processes

13 Life Cycle Inventory Glulam Manufacturin Process (Canadian Wood Council)

14 Life Cycle Inventory LVL Manufacturin Process (Canadian Wood Council)

15 Life Cycle Inventory 39 Technosphere Flows 39 to A Matrix (39x39) 17 Co-Products (not considered) 82 Environmental Flows 40 to B Matrix (40x39)

16 Life Cycle Inventory Calculations in MATLab Scalin Matrix (s Matrix) Glulam LVL Scalin Matrix (s Matrix) Glulam LVL PNW Nitroen Fertilizer Production 1.84E E-08 PRF Hardener (for Glulam) 3.29E-05 PNW Phosphorous Fertilizer Production 3.16E E-09 PRF Resin (for Glulam) 5.81E-06 Lubricant Production (Hollow Process) 3.61E E-05 PF Resin Manufacture (for LVL) 9.36E-06 PNW Greenhouse Seedlin Production 5.61E E-07 Sawmill 1.24E-04 PNW Harvest Acres - Hih Intensity Manaement 1.04E E-07 Kiln Dryin 1.24E-04 PNW Harvest Acres - Low Intensity Manaement 6.91E E-07 Lumber Planer 1.24E-04 PNW Harvest Acres - Medium Intensity Manaement PNW Reforested Acres - Hih Intensity Manaement 6.07E E E E-08 Glulam Plant Debarkin Lo Conditionin 1.24E E E-04 PNW Reforested Acres - Low Intensity Manaement PNW Reforested Acres - Medium Intensity Manaement Electricity - Stationary Grid Production of Coal, Well-to-POU Production of Non-Road Diesel, Well-to-POU Production of Diesel Fuel, Well-to-POU Production of Gasoline, Well-to-POU Production of Hofuel/Biomass, Well-to-POU Production of LPG, Well-to-POU 6.91E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-05 Green Veneer Dry Veneer Press & lay-up Trim and saw LVL Plant Heavy Truck Transport Rail Transport Construction Installation of Glulam in Residence 75-Year Desin Life Construction Installation of LVL in Residence 75- Year Desin Life 5.52E E E E E E E E E-02 Production of Natural Gas, Well-to-POU MUF Hardener (for Glulam) 1.48E E E-04 Disposal of EWP in Landfill (Includin Demolition) MUF Resin (for Glulam) 6.15E-06

17 Life Cycle Inventory Inventory Matrix ( Matrix) Glulam LVL Inventory Matrix ( Matrix) Glulam LVL Total Enery -1.77E E+09 N2O 3.39E E+03 Coal -1.22E E+08 NOx: Total 2.60E E+05 Fossil Fuels -1.71E E+09 SOx: Total 5.72E E+05 Hydro Enery -1.55E+01 VOC: Total 2.14E E+04 Natural Gas -3.95E E+08 Formaldehyde 1.25E E-08 Other (Nuclear, Undefined) Dust 3.31E E-12 Petroleum -9.56E E+07 Particulates (unspecified) 5.29E E-08 Uranium Ore -8.75E-09 PM10: Total 3.14E E+05 Water -3.39E E-02 PM2.5: Total 8.28E E+04 Iron Ore -4.02E-09 Particulates Total (Dust, PM10, PM2.5, unsp.) 3.97E E+05 K-fertilizer -9.84E E-11 Aromatics 2.03E-10 Limestone -3.23E-08 Acetone 1.52E-08 NaCl -1.06E-06 Ammonia 4.68E E-12 Nitroen -8.10E-08 Benzene 1.57E-10 Phosphate -1.80E-09 Ethanol 1.77E-08 Sulphur -2.85E-07 Floride CH4 3.21E E+05 HCl 1.85E-10 CO: Total 6.35E E+04 Hydrocarbons 9.19E-08 CO E E+08 Methanol 4.80E E-08 GHGs 2.47E E+08 Phenol 3.70E E-08

18 Life Cycle Impact Assessment Factors from FRED 16 environmental flows considered Air emission impact cateories Global warmin potential Photochemical smo Acidification Eutrophication Human health (± carcinoens) Ecotoxicity

19 Life Cycle Impact Assessment FRED Impact Equivalancy Factors (Q Matrix) Unit Cateory GWP Smo Acid Eutro HH NC HHC Eco CH4 21 CO: Total 0.07 CO 2 1 N2O 310 NOx: Total SOx: Total 1 Formaldehyde Aromatics 3.93 Acetone 0.48 Ammonia Benzene Ethanol 1.92 Floride 7.3 HCl Methanol 0.99 Phenol

20 Life Cycle Impact Assessment Calculations in MATLab Total Environmental Impact (h Matrix) Global Warmin Potential Photochemical Smo Acidification Eutrophication Human Health (Non-Carcinoen) Human Health (Carcinoen) Ecotoxity Glulam 2.46E E E E E E E-08 LVL 1.96E E E E E E E-07

21 Life Cycle Impact Assessment Normalization Results for Key Issues Current U.S. Population = 303,616,968 ( Class notes for normalization factors Normalized Impacts (h Matrix) Global Warmin Potential Acidification Glulam % % LVL % %

22 Interpretation Contribution Analyses Worst Process Contributors % Impact Beam Global Warmin Well to POU Diesel 94.6% Both Smo Production of Electricity 28.0% Both Acidification Well to POU Diesel 93.4% Both Eutrophication Production of Electricity 43.9% Both Human Health NC PF Resin Manufacture for LVL 84.9% LVL Human Health C PF Resin Manufacture for LVL 97.6% LVL Ecotoxicity PF Resin Manufacture for LVL 94.0% LVL 16 of 39 processes have no associated impact! None for forest manaement? Hmmm.

23 Contribution Analyses PNW Nitroen Fertilizer Production Electricity - Stationary Grid Eco Production of Coal, Well-to-POU Production of Non-Road Diesel, Well-to-POU Production of Diesel Fuel, Well-to-POU HHC Production of Gasoline, Well-to-POU Production of Hofuel/Biomass, Well-to-POU Production of LPG, Well-to-POU FRED Impact Cateory HH NC Eutro Acidification Production of Natural Gas, Well-to-POU MUF Hardener (for Glulam) MUF Resin (for Glulam) PRF Hardener (for Glulam) PRF Resin (for Glulam) PF Resin Manufacture (for LVL) Saw mill Kiln Dryin Smo Glulam Plant Dry Veneer Press & lay-up GWP LVL Plant Construction Installation of Glulam in Residence -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % Contribution by Process Construction Installation of LVL in Residence Disposal of EWP in Landfill (Includin Demolition)

24 Data Quality Score = 1.22 Interpretation Discrepancy Matrix (d Matrix) Glulam LVL Discrepancy Matrix (d Matrix) Glulam LVL PNW Nitroen Fertilizer Production -2.08E E-17 PRF Hardener (for Glulam) -8.67E-19 PNW Phosphorous Fertilizer Production 1.13E E-17 PRF Resin (for Glulam) 6.94E-18 Lubricant Production (Hollow Process) 9.83E E-20 PF Resin Manufacture (for LVL) PNW Greenhouse Seedlin Production 5.92E E-16 Sawmill PNW Harvest Acres - Hih Intensity Manaement 2.17E-19 Kiln Dryin PNW Harvest Acres - Low Intensity Manaement PNW Harvest Acres - Medium Intensity Manaement -7.16E E E E-18 Lumber Planer Glulam Plant Debarkin PNW Reforested Acres - Hih Intensity Manaement -1.36E E-21 Lo Conditionin PNW Reforested Acres - Low Intensity Manaement 2.01E E-21 Green Veneer PNW Reforested Acres - Medium Intensity Manaement Electricity - Stationary Grid Production of Coal, Well-to-POU Production of Non-Road Diesel, Well-to-POU Production of Diesel Fuel, Well-to-POU Production of Gasoline, Well-to-POU Production of Hofuel/Biomass, Well-to-POU -9.09E E E E E E E E E E E-14 Dry Veneer Press & lay-up Trim and saw LVL Plant Heavy Truck Transport Rail Transport Construction Installation of Glulam in Residence 75-Year Desin Life -1.11E E E E E-16 Production of LPG, Well-to-POU Production of Natural Gas, Well-to-POU MUF Hardener (for Glulam) -1.48E E E E-12 Construction Installation of LVL in Residence 75- Year Desin Life Disposal of EWP in Landfill (Includin Demolition) MUF Resin (for Glulam)

25 Interpretation MATLab to the rescue aain Condition number Upper bound for uncertainties κ = 2.18 x 10 13!! Sensitivity/Perturbation Analyses Fossil fuel and resource use processes and related environmental flows are most influenced by small perturbations Some values approach 1 but none exceed Possibly due to data aps

26 Summary Glulam appears more environmentally detrimental than LVL LVL loses for human health and ecotoxicity impacts More data was available on lulam resin production than for LVL Glulam has less volume of wood in final product! LVL process was black-boxed boxed by CORRIM

27 Recommendations Gather more primary data Resin manufacture (thouh proprietary) Lubricants CO 2 emissions reportin from wood manufacturers C&D data for components Update existin information Refine model to be local or reional Compare with dimension lumber Consider recyclin, co-products, other emissions Try other transportation models Consider backhaul Pursue cost analysis on smaller scale CORRIM performed but not for individual components

28 Sources Canadian Wood Council. Conner, Anthony. Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive Resins. Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials. NESHAP Industry Profile for the Proposed Wood Buildin Products, NESHAP Final Report 453R01002 NREL - U.S. Life-Cycle Inventory Database State of Washinton Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development. Fuel Mix Disclosure. ca tionsview.aspx?tabid=0&itemid=4672&mid=863&wversion=stain U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Forest Stewardship Council. U.S. Green Buildin Council. LEED-NC for New Construction: Reference Guide v st Ed. USGBC: Oct Weyerhaeuser Company. Others.