ASSESSMENT OF WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECTS FOR A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT. Crisalli U, Comi A, Rosati L {crisalli, comi,

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1 ASSESSMENT OF WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECTS FOR A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT Crisalli U, Comi A, Rosati L {crisalli, comi, rosati}@ing.uniroma2.it

2 Summary Introduction ti Assessment methodology Supply representation Demand analysis Evaluation indexes Application to a real case Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 2

3 Introduction Children s health risks Schildren s statistics highlight: children s overweight increase need attention Pedestrian injuries are one of the leading cause of unintentional injury-related death among children. Asthma rates have also increased in the past 15 years in children. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 3

4 Introduction Children health risks Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 4

5 Introduction Walk-to-school goals increase daily physical activity of children improve pedestrian safety educate and empower communities to create safe routes to school Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 5

6 Introduction Walk-to-school barriers Community Time and Safety Design Convenience Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 6

7 Introduction A walking bus is simply a group of school children walking to and/or from school with parents or volunteers, in an organised manner. One parent/volunteer acts as the driver who leads the way and one acts as the conductor who manages the children at the rear. They walk over a set route, stopping at designated d bus stops to collect pupils along the way to school and dropping them off on the journey home. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 7

8 Introduction Motivations Increased independence Increased physical activity Improved pedestrian skills More social interaction Many reasons to do a Walk to School program Community design Reduced fear Less reliance of crime Decreased on automobile neighborhood/ school traffic Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 8

9 This paper p aims at evaluating the contribution of walk-to- school projects in italian urban areas from the transportation point of view for a sustainable transport Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 9

10 SCHEDULE-BASED ASSIGNMENT MODELS Methodology Transport modelling architecture TRANSPORT INFRASTRUTTURES AND SERVICES ACTIVITY SYSTEM SUPPLY (road and pedestrian) Level of Service (LoS) attributes (times, costs) DEMAND (per mode) flows DEMAND-SUPPLY INTERACTION O/D MATRICES (per mode) performance functions effect assessment Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 10

11 SCHEDULE-BASED ASSIGNMENT MODELS Methodology Assessment Besides positive social and health effects for children, transportation effects can be evaluated by considering savingsinthefield of: environment (emissions) energy (consumptions) economy (time savings) Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 11

12 Assessment Emissions COPERT 4 Estimation of pollutants CO, NO x, NMVOC, PM, CO 2, VOC, N 2 O, NH 3, SO 2, CH 4, Pb, HM It considers: Fuel variables: consumption, specifications (RVP, content in different sepcies) per fuel types Activity data: number of vehicles per vehicle category, distribution of the vehicle fleet into different exhaust mission i legislation l class, mileage per vehicle class, mileage per road class Driving condiction: average speed per vehicle type and per road Emission factor: per type of emission (hot, cold, evaporation), per vehicle class, per road class Cold mileage percentage per month, per vehicle class. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 12

13 Assessment Emissions COPERT 4 EEA (European Environment Agency, 2007) - Methodology for the calculation of exhaust emissions - Emission Inventory Guidebook Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 13

14 Assessment Emissions (copert 4) E j = E hot,j + E cold,j + E vap,j E hot,j are the hot emissions i of pollutant tduring stabilized d(hot) engine operation, which can be estimated as E hot,j = n j * m jk j,k * e hot, i, j, k n j (vehicles) is the number of vehicles of class j in circulation at the reference year, m j,k (km/vehicles) is the mileage per vehicle driven on roads of type k by vehicles of class j; e hot,i,j,k (g/km) is the average fleet representative ti baseline emission i factor in for the pollutant, relevant for the vehicle class j, operated on roads of type k, with thermally stabilized engine and exhaust after treatment system. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 14

15 Assessment Emissions (copert 4) E = E hot + E cold + E vap E cold,j are the cold emissions i during transient tthermal engine operation (cold start) t) E cold = β i,j * n j * m j * e hot, i, j * (e cold i, j /e hot, i, j - 1) β j is the fraction of mileage driven with cold engines or catalyst operated below the light-off temperature for pollutant and vehicle category j; m j is the total mileage per vehicle in vehicle class j, e cold i, j / e hot, i, j is the cold over hot ratio for pollutant, t relevant to vehicles of class j. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 15

16 Assessment Emissions (copert 4) E=E E hot +E cold +E vap E vap,j is the evaporative emissions given by evaporative NMVOC emission from gasoline E hot = 365 * n j * (e d * S c * S fi ) + R n j (vehicles) is the number of vehicles of class j; e d is the factor emissions associated with the ambient diurnal temperature variation; Sc is the factor of hot and cold emissions for vehicles equipped with carburetor; S fi is the factor of hot and cold emissions for vehicles equipped with electronic injection R are the losses during running. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 16

17 Assessment Emissions (copert 4) E=E E hot +E cold +E vap E vap is the evaporative emissions given by evaporative NMVOC emission from gasoline E hot = 365 * n j * (e d * S c * S fi ) + R n j (vehicles) is the number of vehicles of class j; e d is the factor emissions associated with the ambient diurnal temperature variation; Sc is the factor of hot and cold emissions for vehicles equipped with carburetor; S fi is the factor of hot and cold emissions for vehicles equipped with electronic injection R are the losses during running. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 17

18 Assessment Consumptions and VTTS FC (fuel consumptions) VTTS (value of Travel Time Saving) VTTS = Σ j VOT j ( TT D,j -TT A,j ) VOT j (vehicles) is the value of time of the parent of user j TT Y,j is the travel time spent by the parent of user j with the ped-bus scenario TT Nj N,j is the travel time spent by the parent of user j without the ped-bus system Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 18

19 Assessment Emissions (copert 4) E j = E hot,j + E cold,j + E vap,j E hot,j are the hot emissions i of pollutant tduring stabilized d(hot) engine operation, which can be estimated as E hot,j = n j * m jk j,k * e hot, i, j, k n j (vehicles) is the number of vehicles of class j in circulation at the reference year, m j,k (km/vehicles) is the mileage per vehicle driven on roads of type k by vehicles of class j; e hot,i,j,k (g/km) is the average fleet representative ti baseline emission i factor in for the pollutant, relevant for the vehicle class j, operated on roads of type k, with thermally stabilized engine and exhaust after treatment system. Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 19

20 APPLICATION The case study y( (Grottaferrata, Rome) The authors wish to thank the municipality of Grottaferrata for the data made available for the development of this application Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 20

21 APPLICATION The case study y( (Grottaferrata, Rome) Road network severe congestion ( am) 30am) Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 21

22 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Grottaferrata walk-to-school project Coverage area Main characteristics 3 schools 4 lines 62 users Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 22

23 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Supply Lines Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 23

24 Impossibile visualizzare l'immagine. La memoria del computer potrebbe essere insufficiente per aprire l'immagine oppure l'immagine potrebbe essere danneggiata. Riavviare il computer e aprire di nuovo il file. Se viene visualizzata di nuovo la x rossa, potrebbe essere necessario eliminare l'immagine e inserirla di nuovo. GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Supply Lines path labels stops timetable Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 24

25 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Demand analysis User locations Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 25

26 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Demand analysis User characteristics Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 26

27 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Demand analysis Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 27

28 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Demand analysis Access to stop per mode severe congestion ( am) 30am) Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 28

29 Demand analysis Access to stop per mode (Line 1) Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 29

30 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Demand analysis Child to school by car Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 30

31 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Assessment Road network Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 31

32 GROTTAFERRATA WALK-TO-SCHOOL PROJECT Assessment Results Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 32

33 Conclusions & Future developments This paper applies transportation modelling for the assessment of walk-to-school services. The application to a real case demonstrates limited benefits from the external cost point of view: social and health benefits carbon footprint reduction travel time savings Future developments mainly regard: mode choice models for ex-ante assessment optimal walk-to-school path generation methods optimal fare definition iti Crisalli et al. Assessment of walk-to-school projects for a sustainable transport 33