CHAPTER 1, SECTION 1 CHAPTER 3, SECTION 4

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1 CHAPTER 1, SECTION 1 Define Sustainability and Sustainable Living in your own words. The ability for the earth and all living things on it to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions. Take and use from the world only what can be replenished by natural processes. Solar Energy Warmth Photosynthesis Biodiversity biological diversity Wide variety of organisms Wide variety of places to live and interact Wide variety of natural services (air and water cleaner, topsoil, control of unwanted organisms) Provides multiple ways to adapt to changing environment Chemical Cycling nutrient cycling water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, sulfur cycle CHAPTER 3, SECTION 4 Biogeochemical Cycles Water Cycle.024% available to humans for use (ice, salty, underground) To atmosphere: Evaporation, Transpiration To land: Precipitation, Condensation Land to Water: Runoff Carbon Cycle CO 2 to C 6 H 12 O 6 to CO 2 Nitrogen Cycle N cannot be taken in directly by living things need bacteria (nitrogen fixing) 78% of atmosphere is N Phosphorus Cycle Never enters the atmosphere Needed for Energy (ATP and ADP) and for Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Sulfur Cycle Affects rain (nucleus and acid)

2 CHAPTER 1, SECTION 2 We are not living sustainably. Wasting, Depleting, Degrading the earth s resources beyond the ability to replenish. Page 13 (first complete paragraph) 2005 UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 4 year study, 1,360 scientists, 95 countries Lost about 60% of earth s natural services (mostly in last 50 years) Pollution Pollutants can be either natural or man- made Types: Point source Smokestacks, drain pipes, car exhaust Non- point source Pesticide and fertilizer run- off Biodegradable vs. Non- degradable Pollutants (some are toxic) Cleanup causes problems Temporary fix Removes pollutants from one part of the environment and adds it to another (burn trash) Too much of a pollutants costs too much to clean up (name two you are aware of) Define: Ecological Footprint The amount of natural resources you use and the wastes you produce. According to the World Wildlife Fund We are living unsustainably we would need 1.3 earths to support our Ecological Footprint. By 2035, if we keep using resources at this same rate, we would need 2 earths. If everyone had the ecological footprint as found in the US, we would need 5 more earths to support the current population. Renewable vs Non- renewable Resources (the difference is the amount of time need to replenish) Ecological Tipping Point Irreversible shift in the environment that causes harm. 1) Collapse of certain fish populations 2) Extinction of many species 3) Climate change

3 CHAPTER 1, SECTION 3 4 Basic causes of environmental problems 1) Growth... 2) Unsustainable Resource Use 3) Poverty 4) We don t include environmental costs in the prices of our commodities CHAPTER 3, SECTION 1 Four parts of the Earth life- support system 1) Atmosphere (air) 2) Hydrosphere (water) 3) Geosphere (rock, soil, sediment) 4) Biosphere (living things) Three things that help sustain Earth s life 1) One- way flow of energy from sun thru living things dispersed as 99% of sun s energy is absorbed or reflected by atmosphere 1% of sun s energy creates wind.1% is used for photosynthesis which is what keeps all life alive 2) Cycling of nutrients 3) Gravity CHAPTER 3, SECTION 2 Sub- atomic particles neutrons, protons, electrons Atoms Made up of sub- atomic particles Smallest unit that shows specific chemical properties (oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, etc ) Molecules Combination of atoms (water = H 2 0) Cell Made up of molecules fundamental unit of life Organism Made up of cells a living thing Group of organisms of the same species that live in the same location Community Group of different species (populations) that interact with each other Ecosystem Community that interacts with non- living environment of matter and energy (Non- living environment = air, water, soil, nutrients,, solar energy) Biosphere Parts of Earth s air, water, and soil where life is found

4 Producers Make nutrients (food) by using the compounds and energy around them Chemotrophs uses inorganic compounds to make nutrients (food) without sun Autotrophs uses CO 2 and sunlight to make nutrients (food) (Plants use 1% of energy that falls on its leaves) Examples: Green plants, algae, phytoplankton Consumers Cannot make nutrients (food) Must consume Producers or other Consumers to get nutrients (food) Herbivores = Primary Consumers Eat producers Carnivores = Secondary and Tertiary Consumers Eat other consumers Omnivores = Secondary and Tertiary Consumers Eat producers and other consumers Decomposers Consumes plants/animals AND releases nutrients back into environment (cycling of nutrients) Examples: Everything that is not a producer Aerobic Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 = CO 2 + H 2 O + energy Anaerobic Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 = methane or alcohol or acetic acid or H 2 S + less energy (fermentation) Trophic Levels = amount of energy stored at each level of the Food Chain Sun loss loss Producers loss loss Primary Consumers Decomposers loss loss Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers loss loss CHAPTER 3, SECTION 3 Students should understand energy flow (trophic flow) as shown on Pg. 65 Some ecosystems are better at creating food from suns energy. Find the best three. (Pg. 66)

5 CHAPTER 4 Biodiversity (biological diversity many different types of living things) Species a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring. Biomes large regions with distinct climates and distinct species living in that region Desert, Prairie grassland, Deciduous forests, Coniferous forests, Coastal chaparral Evolution Mutations random changes in DNA that benefit the species survival Adaptations changes due to environmental conditions that favor some individuals. These favored individuals possess traits that improve survival and the ability to reproduce. Example: resistant bacteria Survival of the fittest does not mean the strongest, it means the most likely to reproduce Speciation members within one species that can no longer reproduce with members of its population Geographic isolation members become physically separated from one another Reproductive isolation gene pool of a group of members change so that they can no longer breed with each other Endemic Species found in only one specific biome and is so unique that it is susceptible to extinction Habitat where a species lives Ecological Niche how a species lives in order to survive and reproduce Generalist Species wide range of conditions, food, habitats Specialist Species narrow range of conditions, food, habitats more likely to become an endemic species

6 5 Different Roles within an Ecosystem Native Species Species that normally live in a particular ecosystem Non- Native Species invasive, alien, exotic Species that migrate from one ecosystem to another Some non- native species are harmful, some are not Indicator Species Species that provide early warnings of damage to an ecosystem (birds, butterflies, some amphibians) Keystone Species Species that have a large impact upon many other species in an ecosystem Usually exist in small number and may become endemic (bees, bats, certain birds, or top predators like the wolf or lion) Foundation Species Species that create and enhance their habitats that benefit other species (beavers, birds, bats) Keystone and Foundation Species are similar but are different CHAPTER 5 Foundation Species help create habitats and ecosystems **Keystone Species do this and more they help maintain an ecosystem and keep it functioning Symbiotic Relationships - 5 Different Ways Species Interact Interspecific Competition 2 or more species compete for resources (food, water, space, etc.) Predation 1 species (predator) feeds directly on another species (prey) Food chains/webs show predator- prey relationships Co- evolution - Many predators/prey have developed adaptations to catch/avoid each other (See Predator Prey Relationship PowerPoint) Parasitism 1 organism (parasite) feeds on another organism (host) by living on/in the host at the expense of the host parasite become pathogen if host dies Mutualism Interaction between 2 species that benefits both species Commensalism Interaction between 2 species that benefits 1 species but has little/no effect on the other

7 s do not increase forever J- Curve (exponential growth) S- Curve (logistical growth) Size Carrying Capacity Limiting factors/environmental resistance limit the population size Exponential Growth (J- curve) Logistic Growth (S- curve) Stabilizes Time Carrying Capacity maximum population that a habitat can sustain due to limiting factors and environmental resistance that slow down the growth of the species Size No Limiting Factors No Environmental resistance Exponential Growth Crashes Carrying Capacity And may not recover Time Succession Primary Succession Secondary Succession Climax Community (Can be reset with fires and other natural disasters) - Benefits of fires CHAPTER 6 Human and its Impact 1) Where is population growth the biggest problem? Why (justify answer)? 2) Why has the human population increased dramatically? 3) Describe migration (immigration and emigration). 4) Describe the different types of Birth (fertility) Rate trends. 5) Describe the different types of population growth trends and the countries in which they occur.