82 nd Annual meeting of ICOLD Bali, Indonesia, June 2 nd to 6 th, 2014 ICOLD «Ad Hoc Committee on Prospective and Challenges»

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1 82 nd Annual meeting of ICOLD Bali, Indonesia, June 2 nd to 6 th, 2014 ICOLD «Ad Hoc Committee on Prospective and Challenges» (ICOLD Committee on Emerging Challenges and Solutions) Present and future role of dams & reservoirs Survey in Vietnam M.Ho Ta Khanh - VNCOLD

2 1. Hydropower and other forms of electricity production (present and future) In 2005, the hydropower capacity was 4,200 MW and the hydropower output was 17 TWh. The increase in demand in the period is estimated at 77,466 MW and anticipated to be covered by the following sources: Energy source Increase in capacity MW Increase in energy TWh Average plant Factor Hydro 11, Small Hydro 1, Pumped Storage 4, Coal 34, Gas 12, Diesel & Oil Renewable Energy Nuclear 8, Import (Hydro) 4, Total 77, Harnessing of entire hydropower potential in Vietnam will complete in 2017 by various large, medium and small hydropower plants

3 2. Electricity: base, intermediate and peak Distribution of Energy Generation has been assumed as set out in table below Load Time during the Day Hours/Day Incremental Hours/Day Incremental Hours/Day % Distribution in Energy Generation % Base Intermediate (66.7) Peak and (33.3) Category Unit Electricity Generation TWh Peak Load MW 9,255 20,000 50,000 Installed Capacity MW 11,577 27,000 62,000 For the time being, hydropower is mainly used for intermediate and peak loads. In the future, hydropower will still be used for intermediate and peak loads but covering the intermediate load being the dominant.

4 River Basin 3. Hydropower Hydropower potential in Vietnam Capacity MW Generation TWh Density MWh/km 2 Share % Lo Gam Chay River 1, Da River 6, , Ma River Ca River Vu Gia Thu Bon River 1, Tra Khuc Huong River Ba River Se San River 1, Srepok River Dong Nai River 2, Total of 10 main basins 17, Whole country 20,

5 Some recent dams (H>30m) constructed in Vietnam

6 4. Main large dams in Vietnam (H>30m) Dam State River Type HD LD (m) VD VR Area R L R Catchment area Spill. Cap Pu W Irrigated Area (m) (hm³) (hm³) (km²) (km) (km²) (m³/s) (MW) (GWh) (ha) A VUONG O Vu Gia BAC HA Chay RCC BAN CHAT C Nam Mu RCC BAN VE O Ma RCC BINH DIEN O Huu Trach 75 BUON TUA SRAH Krong No ER CAN DON O Be ER CO BI 70 CUA DAT O Chu CFRD DA MI O La Nga ER DA NHIM O Da Nhim E DAI NINH O 54 DAKDRINH Dakdrinh RCC DINH BINH O Kon DONG NAI 3 O Dong Nai RCC DONG NAI 4 O Dong Nai RCC HAM THUAN O La Nga ER HOA BINH O Da ER

7 SONG TRANH 2 O Tranh RCC Dam State River Type HD LD (m) VD VR Area R L R Catchment area Spill. Cap Pu W Irrigated Area (m) (hm³) (hm³) (km²) (km) (km²) (m³/s) (MW) (GWh) (ha) HUA NA O RCC HUOI QUANG C RCC KRONG BUK HA C E LAI CHAU C Da RCC LONG SONG O 46 NAM CHIEN O Da D.C Arch NUOC TRONG C RCC 68 SROK PHU MIENG O Be PLEIKRONG O Se San RCC , QUANG TRI O SE SAN 4 O Se San RCC SON LA O Da RCC SONG BA HA O Ba ER SONG BUNG 2 C Thu Bon CFRD SONG BUNG 4 C Song Bung RCC SONG CON 2 Con 50 SONG HINH 1 O Hinh E SONG HINH 2 O Hinh E SONG RAY O Ray 35

8 Dam State River Type HD LD (m) VD VR Area R L R Catchment area Spill. Cap Pu W Irrigated Area (m) (hm³) (hm³) (km²) (km) (km²) (m³/s) (MW) (GWh) (ha) TA TRACH O Huong ER TAN GIANG O 38 THAC BA O Chay ER THAC MO O Be ER UPPER KON TUM C ER TRI AN O Dong Nai ER TRUNG SƠN C Ma RCC TUYEN QUANG O Lo CFRD VINH SON A O Dakphan E VINH SON B O Daksegnan E YALY O Se San ER TOTAL FOR HYDROPOWER Comments The main purpose of large dams and reservoirs is hydropower but very often they are multipurpose dams (flood control, irrigation, water supply). Most of large structures are embankment (E, ER, CFRD) or RCC dams MW GWh

9 5. Existing hydropower infrastructures More than 30 power plants with a capacity > 50 MW. HPP Son La has the largest capacity 2400 MW (with 6 units of 400 MW). More than 350 small hydropower schemes (Independent Producers) with capacity varying from 5 to 30 MW. Pumped Storage Plants No pumped storage plants (PSP) have been built or commissioned to date. Between 2019 and 2030 five following PSP are planned to commission, totaling 5,700 MW and taking 3.9 percent of the installed capacity of the whole country: (1) Bac Ai 1: 4 x 300 MW, (2) Dong Phu Yen: 4 x 300 M, (3) Don Duong: 4 x 300 MW, (4) Ninh Son: 4 x 300 MW, and (5) Mien Bac: 3 x 300 MW

10 6. Flood Control Reservoirs of any types have the storage between Full Supply Level (FSL) and Maximum Flood level (MFL) for flood control. Exceptions are eight large reservoirs, which are imposed by law to allocate bigger storage between a level lower than FSL and MFL for flood control. These eight reservoirs are indicated in the table below. Reservoir River Flood control storage (hm 3 ) Thac Ba Chay (Lo River branch) 450 Tuyen Quang Lo River 1000 Hoa Binh and Son La Da River 7000 Cua Dat Chu River 300 Ta Trach Huong River 556 Dinh Binh Kon River 221 Nuoc Trong Nuoc Trong River? For these 8 reservoirs, the flood control is the priority and storage volume may constitute a large part of the total capacity of the reservoir during the wet season. In the central part of Vietnam, there are often several floods every year (typhoons) during the wet season.

11 7. Main challenges High increase of electricity consumption Population growth, urbanization and increased capita electricity consumption will have a direct and considerable impact on future demand for electricity : this per capita consumption will increase from kwh in 2015 to kwh in The necessary development of dams and reservoirs in Vietnam - Vietnam is a country with large floods in the wet season and often severe droughts in the dry season (this trend may be worse in the future with the climate change), - Vietnam has large demand for construction and exploitation of water resources by reservoirs, - domestic water supply for urban areas is presently a critical issue, - industrial water supply is increasing, - exploitation of ground water is limited. but the new projects encounter more and more obstacles.

12 Main obstacles for construction of new dams and power plants - Financing issues: The rate of construction was slowed down these last years since the lower growth of the electricity demand and the reduction of the local bank loans with the economic crisis. - Low profitability of irrigation dams: the fees paid by the farmers are in general less than 50% of the real cost of the water provided by the irrigation system. - Resettlement issues: new reservoirs are generally located in areas inhabited by Ethnic Minorities difficult to be displaced and with higher costs (agreement of the National Assembly is required if more than habitants are concerned). - Multi-usage of water: Problem of the sharing of the available quantity of water for hydropower, irrigation and water supply in the dry season, the different demands being the highest at the same time.

13 - Sedimentation: With the rapid reduction of several reservoirs volumes for irrigation and water supply. Low cost solutions, such as fuse plugs and PKW - to increase the FSL of these reservoirs - were tested with success in central Vietnam. - Environmental issues and sustainable development: Diminution of cultivated lands as many reservoirs will be located in narrow valleys, with a growing population, the priority being given to the food security. Existence, and even extension, of natural protected areas claimed by the public which delay or prevent the implementation of some new dams. - Impact of the climate change on the designs of dams and sea protection dykes (Vietnam will be one of the most affected countries by the climate change). Taking into account this phenomenon (larger floods, raising of the sea water level) in the design of these structures is consequently necessary.

14 Issues due to the insufficient safety of many small dams - Insufficient monitoring and maintainance of small dams (H < 15m) : in particular for large reservoirs closed by long dykes which play an important role for irrigation and water supply. - Anarchic development of small hydropower schemes by private Independent Producers with sometimes poor design, construction, operation of the structures (dams and gates) and detrimental impact on environment. This development is now severely criticized by the public and media and several of these foreseen projects have been recently cancelled by the government. Particular issues - Development of the Mekong delta and numerous issues raised by the existing or foreseen large hydropower schemes on the Mekong river upstream Vietnam. New technical innovations, to mitigate the drawbacks of these schemes, are then required.

15 Thank you for your attention