AT&T 2016 International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Methodology and Process Detail Document Updated 07/13/2017

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1 AT&T 2016 International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Methodology and Process Detail Document Updated 07/13/2017 Overview The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of the process and activities AT&T used to develop the company s 2016 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory. The following document provides specific detail on the scope, standards, methodologies and results of AT&T s 2016 inventory efforts. 1. Protocol: AT&T used the fundamentals of The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). In addition, the protocol outlined by the EPA Climate Leaders program, which is founded on WRI principles, was applied to select emission sources to determine emissions. 2. Organizational Boundary: AT&T has chosen to utilize the Operational Control approach to consolidate GHG emissions. This approach includes any asset or facility in which AT&T has an operating interest in the inventory. For instance, we included both owned and leased assets in our real estate portfolio and mobile fleet in our inventory. We believe that omitting estimated emissions from leased assets would result in a materially incomplete measurement. AT&T chose to use this approach because it more accurately reflects all operations. However, because there are no uniform and mandatory standards for data acquisition and reporting at this point, it is important to note that AT&T s emissions data cannot accurately be compared to other entities. Consistent with the approach used in reporting its prior inventories, AT&T has included international Scope 1 emissions from ground fleet vehicles, Scope 2 emissions from electric power, and Scope 3 emissions from business air travel and electricity usage from products (i.e., set top boxes). In July 2015, AT&T completed its acquisition of DIRECTV forming the largest pay TV provider in the United States and the world. For the 2016 reporting year, data for DIRECTV has been included in the inventory calculations. Due to the availability of data, some emission sources and data points are specifically called out as DIRECTV totals. Otherwise, it is understood that AT&T is representative of the complete organizational footprint. 3. Emission Sources: The following sources within AT&T s operational footprint were included in the 2016 Inventory: Emission Source o Scope 1 (Direct): Natural Gas Propane #2 Fuel Oil (Diesel) 1

2 o o Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Gasoline Ground Fleet Flight Operations Engines (Stationary Generators) Engines (Portable Generators) Refrigerant Scope 2 (Indirect): Purchased Electric Power Purchased Steam Scope 3 (Ancillary Indirect): Business Air Travel Business Rental Car Travel Electricity Usage of Products (Set Top Boxes) 4. Greenhouse Gases The AT&T 2016 inventory includes measures of carbon dioxide (CO 2), nitrous oxide (N 2O) methane (CH 4) emissions, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and their carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e). 5. Emission Factors: Consistent with prior inventories, AT&T has elected to utilize guidance from the EPA Climate Leaders for emissions calculations in preparing the 2016 GHG Inventory, along with published emission factors from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, including the Mandatory Reporting Rule and Greenhouse Gas Sources & Sinks), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The emission factors for each greenhouse gas (CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, HFC) were taken from guidance documentation and multiplied by the respective global warming potential (GWP) to derive an emission factor in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2-e). Detailed references are listed in Appendix B. 2

3 6. AT&T s 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory by Scope: Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Scope mtons CO2-e % Total 12,275, % Scope 1 1,140, % Scope 2 7,737, % Scope 3 3,398, % 7. AT&T s 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, by Geography US Only Rest of World Region US Only Rest of World Scope mtons CO2-e mtons CO2-e Scope 1 1,119,543 21,088 Scope 2 7,450, ,654 Scope 3 3,029, ,584 Total 11,599, ,326 3

4 8. AT&T s 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, by Source: Electric Power Ground Fleet Natural Gas Refrigerant Stationary Generators Air Travel Steam Rental Car Flight Ops Gasoline Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Set Top Boxes Source mtons CO2-e % Total (mtons CO2e) 12,275, % Electric Power 7,725, % Set Top Boxes Electricity Use 3,296, % Ground Fleet 736, % Natural Gas 145, % Refrigerant 138, % Stationary Generators 89, % Air Travel 87, % Rental Car 14, % Flight Ops 13, % Steam 11, % Propane 5, % Number 2 Fuel Oil / Diesel 5, % Portable Generators 5, % Gasoline % Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) % 4

5 9. AT&T s 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, by Pollutant: CH4 0.12% N2O 0.46% HFC 1.12% CO2 CH4 N2O HFC CO % Source CO2-e CO2 CH4 N2O HFC Total (mtons CO2e) 12,275,951 12,066,673 14,223 56, ,739 Electric Power 7,725,686 7,688,209 3,350 34,127 - Set Top Boxes Electricity Use 3,296,540 3,277,691 6,964 11,866 Ground Fleet 736, ,597 3,687 9,430 - Natural Gas 145, , Refrigerant 138, ,739 Stationary Generators 89,506 89, Air Travel 87,423 86, Rental Car 14,102 14, Flight Ops 13,506 13, Steam 11,569 11, Propane 5,734 5, Number 2 Fuel Oil / Diesel 5,708 5, Portable Generators 5,220 5, Gasoline Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

6 10. Data Acquisition: The majority of AT&T s emission source data is collected via enterprise data systems. For instance, the vast majority of AT&T utility bills are paid by a third-party bill payment service. This results in consolidated data collection and improved data accuracy because of the specialized and focused service of our vendor/partner. In addition, the vast majority of AT&T s mobile fleet fuel purchases and miles driven are logged in a centralized fleet management platform, enabling accurate data collection for calculation of fleet emissions. Additional data systems, such as real estate portfolio systems, flight operations management systems, building and emergency engine inventory systems, and travel management systems were also utilized, as needed. However, there were some instances in which data estimations were required. Any estimations or assumptions have been documented in the sections below. As described throughout this document, AT&T has employed methodologies for acquiring data and reporting results that are intended to yield an accurate, detailed and fair representation of AT&T s emissions. It is important to note, however, that in the absence of uniform and mandatory processes for data acquisition and reporting of emissions, comparing the results reported by AT&T and those reported by other entities may not yield an accurate comparison of emissions and operations. AT&T commits to continue to review and refine the data acquisition and reporting methodologies for future reports as appropriate to address further development of industry standards. 6

7 Source Description and Calculation Methodology A discussion of the emission sources included in AT&T s 2016 inventory is below. Sources are listed in descending order of magnitude and methodology references are available in Appendix B. 1. Electric Power Electric power is used to energize AT&T facilities and equipment. Actual electricity usage information was obtained from utility invoices, when available. In the case of international sites, actual consumption data is provided in the form of spreadsheet exports from AT&T s database. However, for some facilities in which AT&T operates, no discrete bill or actual consumption data was available (e.g., a full-service leased facility in which utilities are a component of rent). In these instances, electricity consumption was estimated based on the square footage and type of space. AT&T evaluated the use of the U.S. Energy Information Administration s Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) intensity factors to estimate usage. However, because of the greater electricity intensity of some of AT&T s technical spaces (e.g., telephone switching and data center space) we felt strongly that the CBECS estimate understated consumption for our technical spaces. So, we chose to develop specific intensity measures for these types of spaces. To develop these AT&T-specific intensities, we performed a comprehensive review of consumption data by facility type and square footage. We are confident that this exercise provides a more accurate representation of the consumption for those facilities at which consumption estimation was required. For facilities within the U.S. and its territories, AT&T utilized EPA egrid 2014 v1 (using 2014 data, issued January 2017) to calculate emissions from electricity consumption. For U.S. based facilities where zip code information was available, we utilized the zip codes corresponding egrid Subregion emission factors for CO 2, N 2O, and CH 4. If zip code was not known, we utilized state-based emissions factors. In the rare case where state information was not known, we used the standardized national emission factors for the U.S. for each pollutant. For facilities outside of the U.S., AT&T utilized International Energy Agency (IEA) data as per WRI / WBCSD GHG Protocol guidance (International Energy Agency Data Services "CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2016 Edition Year 2014 data)"). A detailed list of the emissions factors for purchased electric power can be found in Appendix C. 2. Ground Fleet AT&T s ground fleet is comprised of an assortment of vehicle types from passenger cars to heavy duty trucks. In the U.S., fuel consumption and mileage information is gathered via an enterprise fleet management system that allows AT&T to track fuel purchases for and miles driven by vehicles in the fleet. Fuel consumption data was used to estimate CO 2 emissions. Mileage and vehicle type data were utilized to calculate CH 4 and N 2O emissions. For international based fleet vehicles, activity data was available and utilized for leased vehicles in 29 countries outside of the US. This activity was provided in annual miles or kilometers driven per vehicle. Manufacturers published figures for emissions in grams of CO2 per kilometer where then used to calculate CO2 emissions for the International Fleet. CH4 and N2O emissions were then calculated using the ratio of each pollutant to overall CO2e for the US dataset. 7

8 Domestic Fleet (efoss): Utilized EPA (40 CFR Parts 86, 87, 89) Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases, Final Rule, Tables C-1 and C-2 for fuel-specific CO2 emission factors. Table of Final 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule. Derived CO2 equivalent (CO2-e) emission factors utilizing CH4 and N2O emission factors based on fuel type and model year o EPA (2015) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: All values are calculated from Tables A-102 through A-106. International Fleet (Lease Reports) Utilized OEM published emission factors in g/km for international vehicles where mileage data is provided in lieu of fueling volumes 3. Refrigerants Refrigerants are used in building cooling systems. The most commonly used refrigerant within AT&T s portfolio is R22, which was not considered a GHG per the WRI GHG Protocol. However, a subset of cooling systems exists that makes use of HFC based refrigerants - primarily R134, R134a, and R410. In previous years, building inventory systems were analyzed to identify the total tonnage of HFCs in use and applied a standard loss rate. This loss rate (or refrigerant emitted) was used to derive an emissions rate per square foot for the subset of facilities where refrigerant capacity is tracked. This emissions rate was then scaled over the portfolio-wide square footage in order to estimate emissions inclusive of those facilities at which HVAC capacity is not tracked. For 2016, an average emissions rate was calculated using data from 2013, 2014, and 2015, and the portfolio-wide square footage from 2016 in order to estimated emissions from refrigerant for the 2016 reporting year. AT&T utilized 100-year GWPs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (2007), as referenced by the U.S. EPA Center for Corporate Climate Leadership Guide "Direct Fugitive Emissions from Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Fire Suppression, and Industrial Gases" (November 2014) for its global warming potential (GWP) source. Emission factors are based on each refrigerant s GWP and standard equipment loss rate. The equivalent emission factor is based on a weighted GWP that takes into account the proportion of R134, R134a, and R410a used within the portfolio. 4. Natural Gas Natural gas is used within the AT&T portfolio for facility and equipment heating needs. Consumption data for natural gas was collected via utility invoices that were processed, verified and paid by a third-party bill payment vendor. In the case of international sites, actual consumption data is provided in the form of spreadsheet exports from AT&T s database. Potential natural gas usage at leased assets where bills are not paid by AT&T and were not estimated. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1 emission factors for natural gas. 8

9 5. Engines (Stationary and Portable Generators) Engines and stationary generators are used to generate power on an emergency basis at AT&T facilities. These engines are engaged whenever the electricity grid is unavailable or whenever requested as part of a Demand Response program to support grid operations and prevent grid failure. Additionally, monthly maintenance runs occur to ensure each engine is operating properly. Runtime was calculated by assuming 30 minutes per month of runtime under load, with an accompanying 5 minutes on either side for warm-up and cool down (resulting in 8 hours runtime per generator per year). These maintenance runs account for the majority of emissions associated with these assets. AT&T also uses engines that power portable generators to support its operations for portable backup power, to power truckmounted equipment, and for outside field use, such as pumping out manholes. In order to obtain activity-related data for this emissions source, several of AT&T s internal databases for equipment inventories were used to compile an aggregate list of all stationary and portable engines, their engine characteristics, as well as run-time data, where available. In order to estimate the fuel usage that serves as the basis of our emissions estimate, we used engine runtime data (actual runtime data, where available, and average runtime estimates by state based off of known data sets when not available), in conjunction with engine horsepower capacity, to estimate fuel consumption used during maintenance runs. To estimate fuel usage based on engine runtime, AT&T utilized the guidance provided in Appendix 2, Table 1 of the Risk Management Guidance for the Permitting of New Stationary Diesel-Fueled Engines, developed by the California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board in order to calculate fuel consumption per hour of runtime. This fuel consumption is then used to calculate emissions from stationary and portable generators utilizing fuel specific emissions factors as described below. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1 and C-2 for fuelspecific CO2 emission factors (diesel, gasoline, kerosene, natural gas, propane, butane, and fuel oil #6). 6. Business Air Travel Business travel on commercial airline carriers is considered a Scope 3 emissions stream. AT&T s travel system captures the mileage flown by AT&T passengers on commercial airline jets. All business air travel including international flights was included. Flight legs were categorized into domestic, short, and long hauls, and the specific emission factors for CO 2, N 2O, and CH 4 were applied to each flight leg according to the Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 2016 UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting. 9

10 Table 1. Air Travel Emission Factors 7. Flight Operations AT&T uses corporate jets to transport AT&T passengers for business travel and for network support operations in remote areas such as Alaska. The travel data, including flight leg miles flown and fuel consumption, are managed by a specific flight management system. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1 and C-2, 2013 revisions, for fuel-specific CO2 emission factors. 8. Purchased Steam Steam is primarily used within the AT&T portfolio for facility and equipment heating needs. Consumption data for steam was collected via utility invoices that were processed, verified and paid by a third-party bill payment vendor. AT&T utilized EIA Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Appendix N. Emission Factors for Steam and Chilled Water (Form EIA-1605) for emission factors related to its steam consumption throughout the portfolio. 9. Business Rental Car Travel Business rental car travel via commercial vendors is considered a Scope 3 emissions stream. To estimate this emission source, AT&T engaged its primary rental car vendors to gather mileage driven by car class for AT&T passengers. Mileage for each vendor AT&T utilizes, both domestically and abroad, are collected as part of the source data set and average fuel economy per vehicle class is used to derive fuel consumption across the rental activity data. Calculations of CO2 are made based off of this fuel consumption data, while CH4 and N2O are calculated from mileage-based emission factors. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1 and C-2, 2013 revisions, for fuel-specific CO2 emission factors. In order to calculate N 2O and CH 4 emissions, vehicle miles were assigned car or light-duty truck classifications, and the appropriate 10

11 emission factors were applied based on EPA s Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: , EPA 430-R Table A No. 2 Fuel Oil (Diesel) No. 2 Fuel Oil (also called stationary Diesel ) is primarily used within the AT&T portfolio for facility and equipment heating needs as a stationary fuel. Diesel is also used in engines and ground fleet, but these sources are documented in other sections of this document. Consumption data for No. 2 Fuel Oil was collected via utility invoices that were processed, verified and paid by a third-party bill payment vendor. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1 and C-2, 2013 revisions, for distillate fuel oil # Propane Propane is primarily used within the AT&T portfolio for facility and equipment heating needs and for on-site fork trucks. In addition, handheld propane is used in the field for operational needs. The bulk of propane usage information was obtained from utility invoices from AT&T s third-party bill payment service provider. In addition, propane consumption used for field operations was estimated based on average consumption per technician, based on a sampling of usage data from several locations across the country. This figure was calculated for 2016 based upon the total number of employees in the WorkCenter group (C&E and Technical Field services (TFS, previously IEFS)). The emissions reported for 2016 are the aggregate of this estimated figure and the billed usage from facilities. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1, 2013 revisions, for propane. 12. Gasoline Gasoline, as a separately tracked source, is available from the DIRECTV portfolio. It is primarily used for generators as well as other motor vehicles not already captured. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1, 2013 revisions, for gasoline. 13. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), as a separately tracked source, is available from the DIRECTV portfolio. It is primarily used for facility generators, heating, as well as other motor vehicles not already captured. AT&T utilized EPA s Mandatory Reporting Rule (40 CFR 98) Tables C-1, 2013 revisions, for LPG. 11

12 14. Electricity Use from Set Top Boxes (STB) Set top boxes (STBs) are information appliances from DIRECTV that provides network television signals and recording features to a user s television set or other display device. An average kwh per STB was calculated based on available DIRECTV data. This average was then multiplied by the number of STBs sold and/or leased to customers in the US and Latin America. The respective emission factor, based on US State in the US, and based on Country in Latin America, was assigned to calculate the associated Scope 3 emissions from STB product usage. For STBs leased and/or sold within the U.S. and its territories, AT&T utilized EPA egrid 2014 v1 (using 2014 data, issued January 2017) based on US State to calculate emissions from STB electricity consumption. For STBs leased and/or sold within Latin America, AT&T utilized International Energy Agency (IEA) data as per WRI / WBCSD GHG Protocol guidance (International Energy Agency Data Services "CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2016 Edition Year 2014 data)"). A detailed list of the emissions factors for purchased electric power can be found in Appendix C. 12

13 Appendix A: Emission Factor Summary Scope Source CO2 Units CH4 Units N2O Units 1 Natural Gas kg CO2/MMBtu 1.0 g CH4/MMBtu 0.10 g N2O/MMBtu 1 Propane kg CO2/MMBtu 3.0 g CH4/MMBtu 0.60 g N2O/MMBtu 1 Number 2 Fuel Oil / Diesel kg CO2/MMBtu 3.0 g CH4/MMBtu 0.60 g N2O/MMBtu 1 Gasoline kg CO2/MMBtu 3.0 g CH4/MMBtu 0.60 g N2O/MMBtu 1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) kg CO2/MMBtu 3.0 g CH4/MMBtu 0.60 g N2O/MMBtu 1 Engines (Stationary) Due to multiple fuel types, consult Methodology Discussion for Emission Factor details. 1 Portable Generators Due to multiple fuel types, consult Methodology Discussion for Emission Factor details. 1 Flight Ops kg CO2/MMBtu 3.0 g CH4/MMBtu 0.60 g N2O/MMBtu 1 Ground Fleet Due to multiple fuel types, consult Methodology Discussion for Emission Factor details. 1 Refrigerant Leakage rate of 15% and weighted refrigerant-specific GWP 2 Electric Power See Appendix C for Electric Power Emission Factors 2 Steam kg CO2 /MMBtu g CH4/MMBtu g N2O/MMBtu 3 Business Air Travel Due to varying EFs based on flight length, consult Methodology Discussion for Emission Factor details. 3 Business Rental Car Travel Due to multiple fuel types, consult Methodology Discussion for Emission Factor details. 3 Set Top Boxes Electricity Use See Appendix C for Electric Power Emission Factors 13

14 Appendix B: Summary of Methodology Sources Source Reporting Protocol and Reference Table # Reference Link egrid EPA Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database; Electric Power subregion year LINK egrid2014 v1, January data Electric Power Natural Gas Propane Number 2 Fuel Oil / Diesel Gasoline Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) International Energy Agency (IEA) CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2016 Edition EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule Table II.64 CO2 emissions per kwh Table C-1 and Table C-2 Table C-1 and Table C-2 Table C-1 and Table C-2 Table C-1 and Table C-2 Table C-1 and Table C-2 Steam US EIA Emission Factors for Steam and Chilled Water Appendix N LINK Stationary EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Table C-1 and Engines Reporting Rule Table C-2 LINK Flight Ops EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Table C-1 and Reporting Rule Table C-2 LINK Ground Fleet EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Table C-1 and Reporting Rule Table C-2 LINK Ground Fleet EPA; Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: Table 3-13 and (CH4 and N2O only) Table 3-14 LINK Portable EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Table C-1 and Generators Reporting Rule Table C-2 LINK Refrigerant IPCC; 100-year GWPs from Intergovernmental Panel on Table 1 and Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (2007) Table 2 LINK Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Air Travel 2015 UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company N/A Reporting LINK Rental Car Rental Car EPA 40 CFR Part 98, 2013 Revisions to the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule EPA; Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: (CH4 and N2O only) Table C-1 and Table C-2 Table 3-13 and Table 3-14 LINK LINK LINK LINK LINK LINK LINK LINK 14

15 Set Top Boxes Electricity Use (US) Set Top Boxes Electricity Use (Non-US) EPA Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database; egrid2014 v1, January 2017 (emission factors by State) International Energy Agency (IEA) CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2016 Edition egrid State, year 2014 data Table II.64 CO2 emissions per kwh LINK LINK 15

16 Appendix C: Electric Power Emission Factors Source: USEPA s egrid 2014 (released January 2017): 16

17 17

18 Source: CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2016 Edition), International Energy Agency, Paris. Dataset: 2014 Data Region/Country/Economy 2014 World OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe Africa Non-OECD Americas Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Asia (excluding China) China (including Hong Kong, China) World aviation bunkers 0 World marine bunkers 0 Albania 0 Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile People's Republic of China Colombia Congo

19 Region/Country/Economy 2014 Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Dem. People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Finland FYR of Macedonia France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Islamic Republic of Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan

20 Region/Country/Economy 2014 Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia

21 Region/Country/Economy 2014 Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Other non-oecd Americas.. Other Asia

22 Appendix D: Breakdown of Emissions by Source and Pollutant 22