June 15, /06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

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1 June 15, /06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

2 chi-square (chi-squared) test: statistics 2 n i 1 x i m m i i 2 x i : observed datum m i : expected on certain assumption k: (n-1) freedom [e.g., "3" for ABO group blood type] Distribution of 2 can be calculated for n's. (probability) /06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 2

3 professional golfers ranking (men) Japanese 1st to 100th golf players on their earnings excluding those who are clearly foreigners from their name (possible different blood-type distribution) Some golfers' blood type has not been disclosed. Japanese blood type distribution: A 0.387, B 0.222, O and AB Generally, the assumption for calculation can be rejected when the probability ( ) is less than 5%. type A B O AB total (3) A B O AB sum /06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 3

4 blood-type distribution in this class just do it type number distribution expected chi square A B O AB sum (3) /06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 4

5 blood type and character (nature) Why do you think that those characters are relating to blood types? OR What is the significant point for the thinking relation between blood type and characters? A: well-organized B: my pace O: simple or leadership AB:dual personality 2017/06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 5

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7 birthday A November 30 A I think "No", because the probability may be below 2%. A Approximately 50% for 23 people. Probability of n people do not share birthdays = (365/365)(364/365)... {(365)-n} = 365 P n /365 n = 365!/{365 n (365-n)!} p n 365! 365 n! 2017/06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 7

8 today's topic = grasping in chemistry What is cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry. 2017/06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 8

9 today's topic = grasping in chemistry What is cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry. What kind of cell do you imagine? 2017/06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 9

10 fuel cell (nenryo denchi) Q What is fuel cell? Interpret the chemistry of fuel cells. chemistry of fuel cells 10

11 fuel cell fuel cell: producing electricity from fuel chemistry of fuel cells 11

12 mechanism of fuel cell chemical to electric energy conversion: H 2 + 1/2 O 2 H 2 O H 2 electron current air (O 2 ) inverter AC output cathode electrolyte anode fuel cell chemistry of fuel cells 12

13 merit of fuel cell Q Can we reduce emission of carbon dioxide by using fuel cells? chemistry of fuel cells 13

14 mechanism of fuel cell chemical to electric energy conversion: H 2 + 1/2 O 2 H 2 O H 2 electron current modifier air (O 2 ) inverter AC output fuel cathode electrolyte anode gasoline natural gas methanol ethanol fuel cell chemistry of fuel cells 14

15 fuel for fuel cells negligible hydrogen (H 2 ) in air H 2 is produced in industry, but discarded due to relatively high cost of storage and transportation. produced via modification with water C x H 4y + 2x H 2 O 2(x+y)H 2 + xco 2 examples of a modifier for fuel cell cars chemistry of fuel cells 15

16 a fuel cell with a modifier chemical reaction of modification of fossil fuels and in a fuel cell C x H 4y + 2x H 2 O 2(x+y)H 2 + xco 2 2(x+y)H 2 + (x+y)o 2 2(x+y)H 2 O C x H 4y + (x+y)o 2 2y H 2 O + xco 2 Q What is the stoichiometry of combustion of fuel (C x H 4y ) in engines? chemistry of fuel cells 16

17 a fuel cell with a modifier chemical reaction of modification of fossil fuels and in a fuel cell C x H 4y + 2x H 2 O 2(x+y)H 2 + xco 2 2(x+y)H 2 + (x+y)o 2 2(x+y)H 2 O C x H 4y + (x+y)o 2 2y H 2 O + xco 2 same as combustion in engines same chemistry/different efficiency emission of NOx can be avoided by fuel cells chemistry of fuel cells 17

18 energy conversion gasoline-engine car gasoline (chemical) (heat) (mechanical) engine engine fuel-cell car with a modifier gasoline (chemical) hydrogen (chemical) modifier (electric) (mechanical) fuel cell motor higher efficiency if energy can be stored energy conversion efficiency < 100% spontaneous reaction: use of catalyst chemistry of fuel cells 18

19 Gibbs energy and activation energy spontaneous if Gibbs energy is negative ( G < 0) accelerated by CATALYST with reduced activation energy (E a ) E a < E' a E a < E' a Potential E a C x H 2y O z G <0 E' a E a H 2 + 1/2O 2 G <0 E' a yh 2 O + xco 2 H 2 O chemistry of fuel cells 19

20 catalysts in fuel cell modifier: catalyst for modification electrodes: reaction of hydrogen and oxygen H 2 electron current modifier air (O 2 ) inverter AC output fuel cathode electrolyte anode gasoline natural gas methanol ethanol fuel cell chemistry of fuel cells 20

21 a fuel cell with a modifier chemical reaction of modification of fossil fuels and in a fuel cell C x H 4y + 2x H 2 O 2(x+y)H 2 + xco 2 2(x+y)H 2 + (x+y)o 2 2(x+y)H 2 O C x H 4y + (x+y)o 2 2y H 2 O + xco 2 same as combustion in engines same CO 2 emission/different efficiency emission of NO x can be avoided by fuel cells chemistry of fuel cells 21

22 fuel for fuel cells negligible hydrogen (H 2 ) in air H 2 is produced in industry, but discarded due to relatively high cost of storage and transportation. produced via modification with water C x H 4y + 2x H 2 O 2(x+y)H 2 + xco 2 production of hydrogen from water by solar light H 2 O H 2 + 1/2 O 2 direct photolysis/photocatalysis/electrolysis with solar cells chemistry of fuel cells 22

23 hydrogen production by solar cells CIGS (copper-indium-gallium-selenium) photocell Honda chemistry of fuel cells 23

24 energy conversion gasoline-engine car gasoline (chemical) (heat) (mechanical) engine engine fuel-cell car with a modifier gasoline (chemical) hydrogen (chemical) modifier (electric) (mechanical) fuel cell motor fuel-cell car with hydrogen from solar-cell electrolysis solar light (photo) (electric) hydrogen (chemical) solar cell electrolysis cell Q (electric) (mechanical) Accomplish this scheme. fuel cell mortor chemistry of fuel cells 24

25 energy conversion gasoline-engine car gasoline (chemical) (heat) (mechanical) engine engine fuel-cell car with a modifier gasoline (chemical) hydrogen (chemical) modifier (electric) (mechanical) fuel cell motor fuel-cell car with hydrogen from solar-cell electrolysis solar light (photo) (electric) hydrogen (chemical) solar cell electrolysis cell (electric) (mechanical) fuel cell mortor chemistry of fuel cells 25

26 energy conversion gasoline-engine car gasoline (chemical) (heat) (mechanical) engine engine fuel-cell car with a modifier gasoline (chemical) hydrogen (chemical) modifier (electric) (mechanical) fuel cell motor fuel-cell car with hydrogen from solar-cell electrolysis electric car charged by solar cell solar light (photo) (electric) hydrogen (chemical) solar light (photo) solar cell (electric) electrolysis cell (mechanical) solar cell + battery motor (electric) (mechanical) fuel cell mortor chemistry of fuel cells 26

27 electric car with lithium-ion battery Mitsubishi's electric car "imiev" chemistry of fuel cells 27

28 lithium-ion battery chemistry of fuel cells 28

29 silicon solar cell solar energy is stored by silicon solid-state cell: crystal, amorphous and thin-film silicon are used. chemistry of fuel cells 29

30 dye-sensitized solar cell Solar energy is stored by wet-type cells. dye-sensitized solar cells chemistry of fuel cells 30

31 solar energy hydroelectric power = originally solar energy chemistry of fuel cells 31

32 solar energy wind electricity = originally solar energy "windmill" chemistry of fuel cells 32

33 energy conversion in various cells primary cell: [chemical] (electrical) secondary cell (rechargeable battery): lead battery/lithium-ion battery (electrical) [chemical] (electrical) solar cell: silicon solar cell dye-sensitized solar cell fuel cell (photo) (electrical) (photo) (chemical) (electrical) (chemical) (electrical) chemistry of fuel cells 33

34 today's topic = grasping in chemistry What is cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry. What kind of cells do you imagine? (1) storing electrical energy as chemicals and converting them into electrical energy (2) converting certain energy into electrical energy Find the hidden concept(s)! 2017/06/15 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 34

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