InWater Wastewater QUALIFICATIONS

Transcription

1 MICROCONSTITUENTS InWater Wastewater QUALIFICATIONS

2 Preface Carollo Engineers is an environmental consulting firm with more than 1,050 employees in 44 offices throughout the United States. All of our work is performed in the areas of water and wastewater, resulting in a level of understanding of key project issues that few can match. Carollo strives to maintain the tradition of using sound and proven engineering principles while moving progressively forward to keep abreast of changing times and new technologies. This Statement of Qualifications (SOQ) details some of Carollo s capabilities and experience in the field of water and wastewater treatment specific to this topic. CONTENTS Issues and Differentiators Key Achievements Testing and Optimization Capabilities Publications Company Profile V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\00-Preface.indd Preface 1

3 Issues and Differentiators BACKGROUND Population growth has put pressure on freshwater resources. Arid conditions, climate change, and natural variability complicate the problem. Water utilities are forced to evaluate alternative sources of water to meet the ever-increasing potable water demand. To cope with the problem, innovative water management strategies are being developed with a focus on identification and implementation of efficient water use processes. Historical water reuse efforts were focused on the use of treated wastewater effluent for non-potable applications, such as municipal and agricultural irrigation and industrial reuse. However, with the development of advanced treatment processes and best available technologies for reuse water, efforts have been made to produce potable water through indirect potable reuse (IPR). In practice, IPR schemes may have different configurations, but all of the current approaches invariably use environmental buffers through groundwater replenishment or surface discharge. However, the necessity of such environmental buffers has recently been questioned, and studies have evaluated the possibility of directly using treated wastewater effluent for potable water through direct potable reuse (DPR) configurations. The planned or de facto use of treated wastewater for potable use has raised public concerns, especially due to the potential presence and associated health risks of microconstituents in the wastewater effluent. Microconstituents are a broad class of trace organic compounds, including household chemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), veterinary medicines, pesticides, herbicides, preservatives, detergents, fragrances, solvents, fuels, plasticizers, fire retardants, industrial chemicals, metals, disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and natural hormones. Some of these compounds are identified as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). It is very important to identify, quantify, and monitor these contaminants in water sources. In addition, wastewater treatment processes that ensure efficient removal of these contaminants need to be identified and developed to adequately protect aquatic and human health. CAROLLO IS A LEADER IN MICROCONSTITUENT RELATED STUDIES AND PROJECT ACTIVITIES The breadth of Carollo s experience on microconstituents is comprehensive in the industry and includes identification, quantification, and monitoring; model development and evaluation of fate and transport; bench-, pilot-, and full-scale evaluation of wastewater treatment trains for effective removal of microconstituents; and eco-toxicological studies. Examples of key Carollo expertise include: Eco-toxicological Evaluation. As part of a project funded by the WateReuse Research Foundation (WRRF), Carollo evaluated microconstituent removal at the pilot-scale advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) systems at the City of Plantation, Florida. The effluents from the AWT systems were evaluated for potential chronic toxicity on aquatic microorganisms. The chronic toxicity tests on Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and Ceriodaphnia dubia (water flea) suggested that reverse osmosis-based AWT effluent would not be toxic to aquatic microorganisms, provided the membrane foulant-control chemicals, such as chloramine are quenched prior to discharge. In another study conducted in collaboration with Snyderville Basin Water Reclamation District (SBRD), Applied Process Technology, and Duke University, Carollo Engineers investigated the potential estrogenicity in trout exposed to the effluent from East Canyon Water Reclamation Facility (ECWRF). Based on pilot- V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\Indd\01-IssuesDifferentiatorsMicroconstituents.indd Issues and Differentiators 2

4 and bench-scale testing, it was determined that granular activated carbon (GAC) biofiltration, O 3 /H 2 O 2, and UV/H 2 O 2 were very effective in lowering the estrogenic activity in the effluent to below detection. Identification and Monitoring of Indicator Compounds. The wide variety of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) and their varying physicalchemical characteristics make it imperative to identify appropriate indicator TOrCs to develop a feasible TOrC monitoring scheme for treatment efficiency. As a part of the Water Environment Research Foundation-funded project CEC4R08, 25 TOrC indicators, representing compounds with varying biodegradability, were identified and tested at eight full-scale facilities throughout the United States. The results from bench-, pilot-, and full-scale systems confirmed that monitoring the identified indicators reveals effective evaluation of fate of other TOrCs present in the systems. Carollo, in collaboration with Trussell Technologies, Inc., developed test protocols for 80 trace pollutants from PPCPs, EDCs, antimicrobial products, flame-retardants, plasticizers, perflurochemicals, detergents, and other common household products during a project funded by the City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation (LABOS). The project identified indicator compounds that would ensure effective monitoring of the 80 trace pollutants and recommended to monitor a number of surrogates for the selected indicators, such as UV absorbance, chloramines, nitrite, and the ozone-to-total organic carbon ratio (for O 3 /H 2 O 2 ) that can be measured quickly and inexpensively. Fate and Transport Modeling. Carollo developed hydrodynamic and water quality models in the Water Research Foundation (WRF) funded project at the city of Plantation, FL. The models evaluated the fate and transport of microconstituents, including sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, and phenol before and after each unit process at the plant. The model predictions correlated very well with the historical data. Project CEC4R08 assessed the reliability and accuracy of several TOrC fate models in predicting TOrC removal during activated sludge treatment. ASTreat was identified as the most reliable and user-friendly fate model as it allowed incorporation of sorption coefficients and biotransformation rates in the model input. This model was further tested for the prediction of fate of indicator TOrCs in the full-scale systems. In collaboration with Calgon Carbon Corporation, Carollo developed an accurate and simple scale-up methodology for a high-flow UV/H 2 O 2 advanced oxidation process (AOP). Full-scale destruction of spiked MIB and geosmin through a 48" Sentinel Chevron UV reactor was compared to computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of the test data. A bench-scale annular medium pressure (MP) UV reactor was used to develop kinetic models for the oxidation of the target compounds. The CFD model predictions correlated very well with the full-scale performance data, suggesting that the combination of CFD and bench-scale treatability studies is a very accurate method of scaling up AOP to full-scale systems. In another project funded by the WateReuse Research Foundation (WRRF), Carollo developed an Excel-based model that allows comparing alternative IPR and DPR treatment trains. With few input water quality parameters, the model evaluates the treatment performance for each alternative. Based on model predictions, alternative treatment trains without reverse osmosis (RO) were able to achieve an equivalent or better performance compared to the full advanced treatment (FAT) process recommended by pending California regulations, which consists of microfiltration, RO, and advanced oxidation (UV/peroxide). The model is currently being tested with full-scale treatment plants practicing IPR. The finalized model will also incorporate a planning-level cost estimator. Removal of Microconstituents. Carollo completed a study that compared conventional and new advanced treatment processes for the removal of twelve most frequently occurring TOrCs representing the groups of amines (including N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA]), EDCs, and PPCPs. The project was funded by the California State Water Board Division of Drinking Water (DDW) and the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR). Trent 3 I Issues and Differentiators V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\Indd\01-IssuesDifferentiatorsMicroconstituents.indd

5 University and the University of Colorado collaborated in this project. The study evaluated three treatment trains: 1) ozonation followed by biologically active filtration (BAF), 2) peroxidesupplementation in the ozone contactor, and 3) addition of nanofiltration membranes at the end of the treatment train. While ozonation removed 90 percent of most of the compounds, BAF allowed additional removal of these TOrCs except ibuprofen, iopromide, and atrazine. Addition of nanofiltration system at the end of the treatment train allowed achieving more than 90-percent removal of the targeted compounds except bisphenol-a, caffeine, and 4-nonylphenol. In another project funded by WRRF, Carollo investigated conventional and emerging advanced treatment technologies for reclaimed water disinfection and persistent chemicals (EDCs and PPCPs) removal. Bench- and pilot-scale processes, such as UV, ozone (O 3 ), chlorination, chloramination, paraacetic acid (PAA), ultrafiltration (UF), O 3 /H 2 O 2, UV/H 2 O 2, Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/UV, and UV/PAA were evaluated. The results suggested that O 3 treatment was the most cost-effective treatment technology for removing pathogens and persistent chemicals among all technologies tested. The addition of filtration process enhanced contaminant removal in all of the tested technologies. During a project funded by WRRF, Carollo conducted a pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of the PhotoCat TiO 2 /UV system for satisfying the stringent standards for reclaimed water. The system combines UV radiation and a semiconducting material (titanium dioxide; TiO 2 ) in a slurry as a reaction catalyst for the oxidation/ reduction reactions. While photo-generated electrons reduce the contaminants, surface sorbed contaminants are oxidized, and the oxidation process is further enhanced by the hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and superoxide (O 2 ) radicals that are formed during the advanced oxidation process. The system effectively removed TOrCs, bacteria, and viruses. Carollo evaluated effectiveness of pilot-scale biofiltration systems for the removal of TOrCs, including geosmin, MIB, EDCs, and PPCPs during WRF-funded Tailored Collaborations (TCs) #4215 and #4346. These engineered biofilters effectively removed the microconstituents evaluated in a single step treatment process. Carollo is conducting an Advanced Oxidation Pilot Study, funded by the City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation (LABOS), at the advanced water purification facility (AWPF) of Terminal Island Water Reclamation Plant. This is the first application of O 3 /H 2 O 2 AOP that aims at attaining DDW approval for potable reuse. The goal of the study is to compare UV/H 2 O 2 and O 3 /H 2 O 2 systems in order to identify the most cost-effective post-mf/ro treatment option. The effluent of the upgraded treatment train needs to comply with the requirements of lake discharge and the provisions of DDW s November 2011 draft Groundwater Replenishment Reuse Regulations. V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\Indd\01-IssuesDifferentiatorsMicroconstituents.indd Issues and Differentiators 4

6 Key Achievements The projects on the following pages present highlights of Carollo s key achievements in the identification, monitoring, and treatment of microconstituents in water and wastewater treatment. These examples illustrate our ability to: We would be happy to provide client references that can attest to the quality and responsiveness of Carollo s services upon request. Implement innovative technologies to improve process design and performance. Integrate engineering and research to achieve practical solutions tailored to specific client needs. Involve project participants early in the process to demystify advanced technology and fully understand each other s needs. Offer advanced solutions that are practical, affordable, and reliable. V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd Key Achievements 5

7 CONTRA COSTA WATER DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA Removal of EDCs, PPCPs, and NDMA from South Delta Waters HIGHLIGHTS Ozonation was effective in removing more than 90 percent of most of the TOrC tested, except ibuprofen, iopromide, and atrazine. Ozonation followed by BAF improved ibuprofen-, iopromide-, and atrazine-removal significantly. Nanofiltration membranes removed more than 90 percent of the compounds evaluated, except bisphenol-a, caffeine, and 4-nonylphenol. In collaboration with Contra Costa Water District (CCWD), the University of Toronto, Trent University, and the University of Colorado, Carollo completed a project that evaluated the effectiveness of established and new advanced treatment processes for the removal of NDMA, EDCs, and PPCPs. The study was funded by DDW and CDWR. Based on potential occurrence in source waters, physicalchemical characteristics, and Carollo s previous experience (compounds studied in previous studies), twelve trace organic compounds (TOrCs) were considered in this project. Pilot-scale testing was conducted in 3 phases to determine removal efficiencies for the target compounds. The treatment train in Phase 1 represented the full-scale treatment processes at CCWD and consisted of ozonation followed by biologically active filtration (BAF). The effluent from the full-scale sedimentation tank was used as the influent to the treatment train. Phase 2 testing included peroxide-supplementation in the ozone contactor. Nanofiltration membranes were added at the end of the treatment train in Phase 3 testing as a polishing step. Results suggested that 1 mg/l ozone was effective in removing more than 90 percent of most of the compounds evaluated. However, ozonation alone was not sufficient to achieve similar removal efficiencies for ibuprofen (40 percent), iopromide (50 percent), and atrazine (20 percent). While additional removal by BAF was insignificant for compounds well removed by ozonation, removal for ibuprofen, iopromide, and atrazine by BAF was approximately 30 percent, 15 percent, and 65 percent, respectively. The addition of peroxide did not enhance removal efficiencies over that achieved through ozonation, likely due to the presence of low levels of ozone (0.14 mg/l) at the location of peroxide supplementation. Peroxide supplementation in the presence of higher dose of ozone was not evaluated in this study. Nanofiltration membranes removed more than 90 percent of nine of the targeted compounds. While bishpenol-a and caffeine removals across the membranes remained percent, 4-nonylphenol removal was 30 percent only. Pilot-scale nanofiltration set-up at CCWD. Percent Removal by Ozone and BAF NP Triclosan CBZ Gemfibrozil SMX Ozone BPA Ozone+BAF NDMA, EDCs, and PPCPs removal in pilot-scale treatment train that consisted of full-scale settled water, ozonation, and BAF. Caffeine Atenolol Ibuprofen Iopromide Atrazine 6 Key Achievements V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd

8 CITY OF PLANTATION, FLORIDA/WATEREUSE RESEARCH FOUNDATION Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes for Microconstituent Removal HIGHLIGHTS AWT train consisting of MBR/RO, DNF/ UF/RO, or IMANS effectively removed microconstituents, organic matter, and salts. RO-based AWT effluent did not impair receiving water quality or aquatic microorganisms. Hydrodynamic and water quality models effectively predicted the fate and transport of microconstituents. Microconstituents, including potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs) present potential public- or aquatic-health concerns at levels as low as 0.1 ng/l. However, advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) technologies can lower effluent microconstituent concentrations to levels that do not pose risks to public health. To better understand the removal of microconstituents through AWT facilities and the potential impact of effluent levels of microconstituents to aquatic life, Carollo conducted an AWT pilot study at the City of Plantation, FL. The AWT consisted two trains: (1) Membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by reverse osmosis (RO) and (2) denitrifying filter (DNF) followed by ultrafiltration (UF)and RO in series. In addition to the pilot system, a benchscale nonbiological membrane process (IMANS ) was also investigated to understand the role of microorganisms in the removal of microconstituents. Furthermore, toxicity tests and hormonal analyses were conducted on cell cultures and various microorganisms to understand biological response to microconstituents present in the effluent of the AWT processes. Hydrodynamic and water quality models were developed to predict the fate and transport of select microconstituents (i.e., sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, and phenol) and therefore evaluate the impact of AWT effluent on receiving water quality. Model predictions were compared against historical water quality data. Both bench- and pilot-scale membrane systems effectively removed microconstituents, organic matter, and salts. The estradiol equivalents in the AWT effluents were below detection limits, suggesting the absence of endocrine disrupting potential in the effluents. Model predictions correlated well with the historical data and suggested that effluent from an RO-based AWT would not affect the receiving surface water. The chronic toxicity tests on Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and Ceriodaphnia dubia (water flea) suggested that the RO-based AWT effluent would not affect aquatic microorganisms as long as membrane foulant-control chemicals such as chloramine are quenched prior to discharge. V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd Key Achievements 7

9 WATEREUSE RESEARCH FOUNDATION Study of Innovative Treatments for Reclaimed Water HIGHLIGHTS Evaluated multiple treatment technologies for simultaneous destruction of pathogens and emerging contaminants. Ozonation was the most cost-effective treatment technology. Filtration may enhance pathogen- and chemical-removal in any of the technologies tested. Carollo participated as a lead organization in WRRF-sponsored project that investigated current and emerging advanced treatment technologies for reclaimed water disinfection and chemical constituent destruction. The study also estimated costs for the implementation of non-ro alternatives with the intent of identifying relatively low-cost technologies that provide simultaneous destruction of pathogens and chemical constituents. Market-ready processes, including UV, ozone, chlorine (free and chloramines), PAA, AOPs, and ultrafiltration were evaluated at the bench scale. In addition, processes, such as ozone, ozone/peroxide, titanium dioxide/ UV, UV/peroxide, and UV/PAA were evaluated at the pilot-scale. Microbial inactivation tests included total and fecal coliform, indigenous aerobic sporeforming bacteria, bacteriophage, reovirus, and adenovirus as indicator- and surrogate-microorganisms and pathogens. Chemical destruction tests included several EDCs and PPCPs. Yeast estrogen screen bioassays were performed to evaluate estrogenic activity in the treated water. Based on pathogen destruction to the highest reclaimed water standard (i.e., destruction of viruses and bacteria, and 90-percent reduction of estrogenic activity) and the removal of persistent chemicals, such as triclosan, 17-β estradiol, and caffeine, ozonation was identified as the most costeffective treatment technology. When peroxide was dosed along with ozone, additional recalcitrant compounds, such as Tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate (TCEP) and NDMA, were oxidized. It was further determined that combining an optimized filtration process with any of the oxidation/disinfection technologies tested would enhance pathogen- and chemical-destruction through the separation of particulate matters. 8 Key Achievements V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd

10 WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION Performance Indicators for Trace Organic Compound Removal During Conventional Wastewater Treatment HIGHLIGHTS Performance indicators for microconstituent removal in wastewater treatment identified Fate model for predicting the fate of TOrCs in activated sludge tested at full-scale systems. SRT was identified as the controlling factor for biotransformation of TOrCs in an activated sludge process. The large number and differing characteristics of TOrCs present in municipal wastewater makes it very difficult and cost-prohibitive to monitor these contaminants and evaluate their removal efficiencies in a wastewater treatment system. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a number of indicator TOrCs that allow for rapid characterization of performance efficiency. With financial support from Water Environment Research Foundation, Carollo in collaboration with the Colorado School of Mines, the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Clark County Water Reclamation District, the University of Arizona, and the University of Cincinnati, conducted a study that focused on identifying a small number of performance indicators that would help investigate performance of activated sludge treatment processes. Based on sorption characteristics and biotransformation kinetics in mixed liquor, 22 compounds, representing 9 groups of over 240 TOrCs, were identified as suitable indicators predicting microconstituent removal in conventional wastewater treatment. The 22 performance indicator compounds are frequently detected in wastewater influents across the U.S. at high concentrations with accurate and reliable analytical methods. The efficiency and mechanism of TOrC removal were determined by collecting steady-state samples from seven wastewater facilities in the U.S. that employed conventional activated sludge, high purity oxygen, modified Lutzack Ettinger, biological nutrient removal (BNR), and membrane bioreactor processes. The study evaluated the impact of operating parameters, including hydraulic retention time, solids retention time (SRT), influent levels of TOrCs, and wastewater temperature on TOrC removal. SRT was identified as the main parameter controlling biotransformation of the TOrCs. Based on SRT required for achieving 80-percent removal of the performance indicators, the study defined minimum SRT thresholds for effective removal of indicator TOrC. In addition, the study assessed the reliability and accuracy of several TOrC fate models in predicting TOrC removal during activated sludge treatment. Of the fate models tested, ASTreat allowed incorporation of sorption coefficients and biotransformation rates in the model input and was identified as a reliable and user-friendly fate model. Nutzack Ettinger Modified Lutzack Ettinger Oxidation Ditch High Purity Oxygen Membrane Bioreactor Acetaminophen Caffeine Ibuprofen Naproxen Bisphenol A Triclosan Aerobic SRT, Days DEET Gemfibrozil Atenolol BHA Iopromide Cimetidine Diphenydramine Benzophenone Trimethoprim ~ 80 percent TOrCs Removal SRT required for 80-percent removal in processes practiced for TOrC degradation. V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd Key Achievements 9

11 SNYDERVILLE BASIN WATER RECLAMATION DISTRICT, UTAH Evaluation of Impacts of EDC Discharge on Trout Estrogenicity HIGHLIGHTS Effluent of ECWRF was successfully characterized for EDCs and other water quality parameters. GAC filtration and ozone/peroxide provided effective removal of EDCs and eliminated estrogenic activity. The possibility of vitellogenin synthesis in male fish was evaluated through a sentinel study. Snyderville Basin Water Reclamation District (SBWRD) in Park City, UT, owns and operates a 4-mgd treatment facility that discharges the treated wastewater to East Canyon Creek. SBWRD was concerned about potential estrogenic impacts of its effluent on brown trout (Salmo trutta) and native Bonneville cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki). In collaboration with SBWRD, Applied Process Technology, and Duke University, Carollo conducted a study to investigate the potential of the effluent from East Canyon Water Reclamation Facility (ECWRF) to cause estrogenicity in trout. A sentinel study of trout held in a pen in the effluent was conducted to evaluate possible induction of vitellogenin (a female egg protein) synthesis in male fish. In addition, a field study of females to males in the brown trout population downstream of the treatment facility was conducted. The study further included bench- and pilot-scale comparative evaluation of granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, and advanced oxidation processes of ozone/peroxide and UV/peroxide as treatment technologies for EDC removal from the effluent of the ECWRF. For each removal technology, treated and untreated water samples were characterized for EDCs (i.e., carbamazepine, estrone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol-17 alpha, progesterone, and testosterone), estrogenic activity (E-screen bioassay), and water quality parameters, such as BOD, TSS, TOC, UVT, and/or coliform counts. While GAC filtration was pilot-tested on site using tertiary effluent from the existing granular media filters, ozone/peroxide and UV/peroxide advanced oxidation processes were evaluated at the bench-scale at Applied Process Technology and Duke University, respectively. Calgon 300F, Norit 400, and Norit Hydrodarco 4000 were evaluated in three different GAC columns. GAC filtration and ozone/peroxide proved to be the most effective treatment technologies for EDC removal from the ECWRF effluent. Only carbamazepine, estradiol, and ethynyl estradiol-17 alpha were detected during the pilot-scale GAC filtration study. While the E-screen bioassay showed estrogenic activity of ~1 ng/l estradiol equivalents in the untreated effluent, the estrogenic activity in the GAC effluent was below detection. A 5 mg/l ozone dose oxidized all the evaluated EDCs except ibuprofen. Ozonation also resulted in non-detectable estrogenic activity. Ozone/peroxide completely oxidized all EDCs tested. At UV fluence of 400 mj/cm 2 with peroxide supplementation, estrogenic activity declined. The trout population showed vitellogenin detection was in only 1 out of 18 males tested. [Above] Pilot-scale GAC filtration system. [Right] Effluent holding pen used during the sentinel study. 10 Key Achievements V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd

12 CHARLOTTE MECKLENBURG UTILITIES, NORTH CAROLINA Pilot Study on Titanium Dioxide/UV System for Pathogen and Microconstituent Removal HIGHLIGHTS TiO 2 /UV process effectively removed TOrCs. Complete destruction of bacteria and viruses. UV treatment provided significant reduction in estrogenic activity in the effluent. UV dose of 264 kw/mgd prevented fouling of the ceramic membrane. To investigate the effectiveness of the PhotoCat titanium dioxide/ultraviolet light (TiO 2 /UV) process at satisfying stringent reclaimed water standards, Carollo conducted a pilot study of the PhotoCat TiO 2 /UV system, manufactured by Purifics, at the Charlotte Mecklenburg Utilities Sugar Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant. The photocatalytic oxidation and reduction (redox) process is different from a photolytic process, such as UV/peroxide, and utilizes an illuminated or light activated titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) slurry as a reaction catalyst for the oxidation/reduction reactions. This process relies on four mechanisms: (1) contaminant reduction by photogenerated electrons, (2) oxidation of surface sorbed pollutants, (3) generation of hydroxyl radicals ( OH), and (4) generation of superoxide radicals (O 2 ). These mechanisms ensure enhanced degradation of organic molecules on the surface of TiO 2, which is recovered in the system using a ceramic microfiltration membrane. The membrane also provides an additional barrier for the contaminants. The study suggested that the PhotoCat TiO 2 /UV process effectively removes bacteria and viruses. The majority of chemical constituents evaluated were destroyed in the system. Increased oxidation of trace organics was achieved with higher UV energy input. Estrogenic activity in the effluent was lowered significantly at all UV dose evaluated. The minimum energy input or UV dose required to prevent fouling of the ceramic membrane was 264 kw/mgd. PhotoCat Pilot at the CMU s Sugar Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Schematic of the pilot-scale PhotoCat TiO 2/UV system V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd Key Achievements 11

13 CALGON CARBON CORPORATION Modeling Based Prediction of a Full-Scale AOP for the Removal of Trace Organics HIGHLIGHTS Dose-response relationship and contaminant degradation kinetics were determined percent removal of MIB and geosmin was achieved. Modeling based-on bench-scale data successfully predicted the full-scale performance. power setting. Both bench- and full-scale systems achieved percent contaminant removal at a UV dose of approximately 500 mj/cm 2. Performance data from the bench testing were used in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling for the prediction of full-scale performance. The CFD modeling predictions corresponded very well with the full scale performance data, suggesting the applicability of bench-scale data and the reliability of the approach for the prediction of a full-scale Sentinel 48 Chevron UV reactor for AOP applications. In March 2010, Carollo collaborated with Calgon Carbon Corporation for the evaluation of the applicability of bench-scale data for predicting the performance of a full-scale hydrogen peroxide supplemented advanced oxidation process (AOP) in a medium-pressure ultraviolet (MP UV) disinfection reactor. The full-scale testing was conducted at Carollo s groundwater pumping station and UV validation facility in Portland, OR. A full-scale Sentinel 48 Chevron UV reactor was used to remove chemical contaminants using UV/hydrogen peroxide-based AOP. A bench-scale annular UV reactor, equipped with a single MP UV lamp, was used to generate data for the development of a dose-response model. Synthetic process water, containing ng/l 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin, two common taste and odor-causing compounds, was fed into the benchscale annular UV reactor and the full-scale UV reactor. Dose-response relationship and contaminant degradation kinetics were determined for the target compounds at varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, UVT, flow rate, and ballast Bench-scale set-up of annular reactor. GFD visualization of MIB destruction. 12 Key Achievements V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd

14 WATER RESEARCH FOUNDATION Engineered Biofiltration for TOrC Removal HIGHLIGHTS Identified, tested, and validated biofiltration performance-enhancement strategies. Improved hydraulic- and water treatmentperformance. Significant removal of microconstituents, including geosmin, MIB, and select EDCs and PPCPs. Conventional filtration currently practiced at municipal drinking water treatment plants utilizes rapid-rate chlorinated filters for pathogens and turbidity removal. However, regulatory provisions for disinfection byproducts (DBPs), the push for green technologies, and the possibility of producing more biologically stable effluent has resulted in increased interest in biofiltration. Furthermore, biofiltration successfully removes contaminants of concern, including taste, odor, and color compounds, PPCPs, and endocrine disrupters that are not necessarily removed during conventional filtration. These microconstituents may serve as secondary substrates or cometabolites during biological degradation of primary substrates. Despite the inherent advantages of biofiltration, biofouling and consequent poor hydraulic- and water treatmentperformance can result from accumulation of extracellular polymers (EPS) produced by a stressed biomass. To address these issues, Carollo has pioneered the concept of engineered biofiltration, which advocates for the adoption of simple and economically feasible performance-enhancement strategies Concentration (ng/l) that reduce microbial EPS production, enhance EPS breakdown, and increase reproduction and activity of biofilter microbial populations. This leads to enhanced hydraulic- and water treatmentperformance of biofilters, including improved microconstituent removal. During Water Research Foundation (WRF)-funded Tailored Collaboration (TC) #4215, Engineered Biofiltration for Enhanced Hydraulic and Water Treatment Performance, conducted in collaboration with the City of Arlington, TX, Carollo identified, tested, and validated two biofiltration performanceenhancement strategies: nutrient- and hydrogen peroxide-supplementation. In collaboration with the City of Arlington, Dallas Water Utilities, Tampa Bay Water Authority, and University of Michigan, Carollo conducted TC #4346, Optimizing Engineered Biofiltration, which further validated the performance-enhancement strategies at the pilot-scale. These pilot-scale engineered biofilters demonstrated significant removal of multiple select microconstituents, including geosmin, MIB, EDCs, and PPCPs in a single-step. Engineered biofiltration strategies recommended in TC#4215 are currently being demonstrated at the full-scale at Arlington s Pierce-Burch water treatment plant. 2,4-D (LOD<5) Caffeine (LOD<10) Carbamazepine (LOD<5) Diuron (LOD<5) Efficient removal of emerging contaminants in Biofilter. Biofilter Influent Biofilter Effluent Lamotrigine (LOD<5) V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd Key Achievements 13

15 WATEREUSE RESEARCH FOUNDATION Advanced Treatment Trains for Direct Potable Reuse HIGHLIGHTS Identification of alternative treatment trains for potable reuse. Development of a user-friendly tool that allows efficient comparison of treatment alternatives. Validation of the tool with data from pilot- and full-scale treatment alternative. In the context of the paradigm shift from indirect potable reuse (IPR) to direct potable reuse (DPR), Carollo is assessing the effectiveness of advanced treatment trains in removing contaminants of concern (i.e., microorganisms and microconstituents) from drinking water. The project is focused on identifying and assessing treatment trains that satisfy stringent public health criteria under development for DPR without the use of RO. The study consists of three phases: (i) identification of performance criteria that protect public health in DPR reuse situations, (ii) development of a toolbox model that calculates efficacy of treatment alternatives, and (iii) pilot- and full-scale evaluation of the most promising reuse treatment trains. Conventional and membrane bioreactor-based secondary treatment, membrane processes (MF, UF, NF, and RO), oxidative processes (UV irradiation, ozonation, peroxide addition, and conventional disinfection methods), engineered biofiltration, and processes with environmental buffers were identified as the treatment alternatives. Efficacy of these processes for microbial and chemical contaminant removal was assessed through intensive literature review. A unit process model (i.e., a performance curve) was constructed for each process based on the data collected. An Excel-based user interface was developed for the evaluation of alternative treatment trains. The tool allows assembling IPR and DPR treatment train alternatives, including the full advanced treatment (FAT) process recommended by pending California regulations, which consists of MF, RO, and advanced oxidation (UV/peroxide). IPR scenarios can be generated by adding environmental buffers to the end of the treatment trains. With limited input water-quality parameters, it was demonstrated that alternative treatment trains without an RO system could achieve an equivalent or better performance compared to the FAT process. The model will be validated using existing data from full-scale treatment plants practicing IPR. The final version of the model will also incorporate a planning-level cost estimator. The tool will have a cost-estimator that will allow selecting a cost-effective treatment alternative. Environmental Buffer/Blending Advanced Wastewater Treatment Potable Water Treatment The Water Environment Traditional Paradigms Emerging Paradigms Potable reuse paradigm Blending Engineered Storage Buffer Advanced Wastewater Treatment Blending Conventional Wastewater Treatment Excel-based tool for the evaluation of treatment alternatives The Water Consumer Source Control 14 Key Achievements V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd

16 LOS ANGELES BUREAU OF SANITATION, CALIFORNIA Evaluation and Optimization of UV/H 2 O 2 and O 3 /H 2 O 2 Advanced Oxidation Processes HIGHLIGHTS First potable reuse application of O 3 /H 2 O 2 AOP for DDW approval. Over 80 trace pollutants evaluated. Testing recommended for NDMA, 1,4-dioxane, and 22 other indicator compounds. The City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation (LABOS) has tasked a team led by Carollo with conducting an Advanced Oxidation Pilot Study on the Terminal Island Water Reclamation Plant (TIWRP) Advanced Water Purification Facility (AWPF). The current advanced treatment process at AWPF consists of MF/RO, which will be augmented with AOP to remove microorganisms and microconstituents from drinking water. The treated water must meet the standards for discharge to Machado Lake or injection into the Dominguez Gap Seawater Barrier. Injection into the Barrier necessitates compliance with the provisions of DDW s November 2011 draft Groundwater Replenishment Reuse Regulations. In collaboration with Trussell Technologies, Inc., Carollo is evaluating UV/H 2 O 2 and O 3 /H 2 O 2 at the bench- and pilot-scale systems to determine the best AOP for achieving FAT. A test protocol was developed to evaluate over 80 trace contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, PPCPs, hormonally active substances, detergents, antimicrobial agents, flame retardants, PFCs, and plasticizers. The contaminants were selected based on the recommendations or requirements of DDW, California State Water Resources Control Board, LABOS, the EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3, and the possibility of analysis. Twenty-four trace pollutants, including NDMA and 1,4-dioxane were identified as the indicator TOrCs for the compounds considered in this study. UV absorbance, chloramines, nitrite, and O 3 :TOC ratio were suggested as surrogate indicators. Recommended microconstituent sampling locations V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd Key Achievements 15

17 CITY OF SEDONA, ARIZONA Evaluation of CECs in Reclaimed Water for Aquifer Injection HIGHLIGHTS CECs testing was conducted as a precautionary measure in preparation for reclaimed water aquifer injection. Tested for over 100 CECs in wastewater influent, reclaimed water, and two groundwater wells. QA/QC analysis of laboratory results identified false positives. The City of Sedona (City) plans to evaluate the feasibility of aquifer injection as a reclaimed water management strategy. The injection water must meet the standards of Class A+ reclaimed water set by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Carollo investigated the levels of contaminant of emerging concern (CECs) in the influent to the Wastewater Reclamation Plant, the reclaimed water, and the groundwater up-gradient and down-gradient of ongoing operations of reclaimed water irrigation. synthetic hormones, PPCPs, nitrosamines, fire retardants, and other chemicals contained in food, beverages, and consumer products. The results indicated the presence of many CECs in the raw wastewater, which is in agreement with previous studies at other facilities. It was also determined that significant attenuation of CECs occurred in the treatment processes used at the WWRP, especially for compounds with higher influent concentrations (e.g., caffeine and over-the-counter analgesics), resulting in 99-percent removal across the system. Quality assurance/quality control analyses revealed contamination of some samples with compounds found in sunscreen and/or lotions, leading to the conclusion that the detection of these compounds does not necessarily mean that they are present in the reclaimed water. Additional testing will be conducted to monitor CEC levels during injection and identify water quality impacts at the point of compliance well that result from reclaimed water injection, if any. Based on the availability of sensitive detection and quantification, more than 100 CECs commonly detected in municipal wastewater were covered in the study, including natural and Aquifer injection well test setup 16 Key Achievements V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\03-KeyAchievementsMicroconstituents.indd

18 Testing and Optimization Capabilities PILOT TESTING EQUIPMENT Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration - Demonstration-Scale Pilot Plant Carollo s demonstration-scale RO and NF pilot plant is designed to simulate full-scale system operation and water quality. The demonstration plant is used to develop full-scale design criteria and operation costs. Membrane replacement frequency, chemical cleaning frequency, and membrane life are also determined through demonstration-scale testing with this equipment. Additionally, this pilot can be used to verify the accuracy of RO models that predict feed pressure and permeate water quality. The demonstration-scale pilot plant is configured in a 2:1 array with seven 4-inch-diameter elements per pressure vessel. This configuration can be used to simulate the operating conditions for brackish water treatment and membrane softening applications at a product water recovery of up to 85 percent. Instrumentation The pilot system is equipped with a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) system capable of controlling feed water ph, total permeate water flow, Carollo s RO/NF demonstration-scale pilot plant mimics full-scale conditions and offers cost-effective way to accurately determine cleaning frequency, membrane life, and permeate water quality. and permeate flow balance between stages. Flow balance can be controlled by either an inter-stage booster pump or by throttling permeate pressure in the first stage. The system is also equipped with a data acquisition system that logs pertinent data automatically and is accessible by remote telemetry. Process Operation and Sampling Feed water is delivered through a low-head booster pump and then a cartridge filter. Pretreatment chemicals (e.g., acid and scale inhibitor) are then added. A static mixer blends the pretreatment chemicals and feeds the water to a high-pressure RO pump. High-pressure RO feed water passes through the RO membrane array while gwwauges and sensors monitor various parameters at critical locations. Flow is metered at the following process locations: first-stage permeate, system permeate, and concentrate. A sample tap panel is provided to gather water samples from all points throughout the process. Manual flow measurements can also be taken from every pressure vessel and at points where flow is metered electronically to verify meter calibration. Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration - Single-Element Pilot Plant Carollo s single-element RO/NF pilot plant provides a fast, cost-effective way to screen membranes and pretreatment chemicals. This pilot plant requires only one membrane element for each test, in contrast to the demonstration-scale pilot equipment which requires 21 membrane elements. For screening tests, where the results are not certain, the cost of the membranes and the rental fee for the twostage demonstration-scale equipment may not be justified. Cost-effective screening is accomplished with this pilot by using one membrane element and simulated full-scale operational settings such as hydraulics and recovery. V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\02-CapabilitiesMicroconstituents.indd Testing and Optimization Capabilities 17

19 controlled by metering permeate water flow rate and varying the speed of the high-pressure pump Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). The recovery is controlled using a control valve based on concentrate flow rate. A sample tap panel is provided to gather water from all points throughout the process. Manual flow measurements can be taken to verify electronic meter calibration. Our single-element RO/NF pilot plant simulates full-scale cross-flow velocity flux and recovery while providing a fast, cost-effective way to screen membranes and pretreatment chemicals. Instrumentation Critical to the successful screening of membranes and pretreatment chemicals is an accurate simulation of the full-scale design conditions. Flux, recovery, and cross-flow velocities are important parameters in these evaluations and must represent full-scale conditions. The pilot plant is equipped with a PLC system capable of controlling feed water ph, permeate water flow (i.e., flux), and recovery. Full-scale crossflow conditions are created through concentrate stream recirculation, which provides adequate flow into and out of the membrane element. The system is also equipped with a data acquisition system accessible by remote telemetry. Process Operation and Sampling A low-head feed water booster pump provides, approximately 5 gpm at 30 to 60 psi. As water flows through the pilot plant, pretreatment chemicals (e.g., acid and scale inhibitor) are added and the water is passed through cartridge filters. Cartridge filtered water is mixed with recycled concentrate water and the pressure is boosted using a high-pressure RO feed pump. Flows and pressures are metered at all critical locations. The permeate flow rate is Carollo s custom membrane pilot plants offer the performance capabilities of a fullscale module while providing a high degree of automation and flexibility in operating and backwashing conditions. Carollo has used this pilot plant to screen membranes and to develop initial design criteria for facilities in Florida, Kansas, Missouri, South Carolina, and Utah. It is sufficiently flexible in design to be housed in filter galleries, maintenance sheds, and temporary storage trailers. An operations and maintenance (O&M) manual and a standard operating procedures (SOP) manual are available. Data spreadsheets are also available to generate reportquality graphics. Ozone Skid Carollo s standard ozone skid may be operated independently or easily integrated with other skids to evaluate the impact of ozonation on other treatment processes. This type of skid is generally used to evaluate intermediate ozonation. The rugged metal outer frame of the skid is polymer coated to provide a durable finish and prevent corrosion. The three ozone columns can be easily disassembled and crated for transport. The ozone contact columns provide a theoretical contact time of 10 minutes at a flow rate of 6 gpm. The skids come fully equipped for complete ozone evaluations, including the following components: Carollo s ozone skid has the flexibility to simulate real world conditions by allowing for a wide range of ozone doses and representing full-scale hydraulics. In addition, the unit allows for ozone demand and DBP testing and includes a comprehensive instrumentation package and ozone residual quenching capability. Air compressors to provide feed gas. Complete air preparation, including drying and filtration. 18 I Testing and Optimization Capabilities V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\02-CapabilitiesMicroconstituents.indd

20 Ozone generation equipment. Ozone contacting. Ozone quenching. Off-gas ozone destruction. Instrumentation and control. Ozone Generation The onboard, water-cooled PCI Wedeco GLS-3 provides up to 3 lbs/day of ozone generation capacity. This generator allows a full range of ozone dosages (i.e., 0.2 to 20 mg/l) so that various applications may be examined. Ozone Contacting The three ozone contactors are 8 inches in diameter and 13 feet in height. Carollo has specifically designed the columns to match full-scale ozone contactor hydraulics with a T 10 /T ratio in the range of 0.6 to 0.7. Matching fullscale hydraulics is important for developing proper design criteria for ozone system sizing, and to accurately determine ozone demand and byproduct formation, such as bromate or assimilable organic carbon. Fine bubble diffusers, common in full-scale design practice, provide ozone transfer within the columns. Carollo s granular media filtration skids can be operated in either gravity or pressure filtration mode and include a backwash water storage tank and continuous monitoring equipment. Multiple sample ports allow detailed analysis of ozone residual, ozone decay kinetics, and disinfection byproduct formation. Acetic Acid, Phosphoric Acid, ClO 4-, NO 3 - H 2 O 2, Polymer By-Pass Instrumentation The gas feed flow rate, the ozone concentration in the gas, and the water flow rate through the system are continuously monitored. The transferred ozone dose can be calculated directly by Carollo s Data Acquisition and Control (DAC) system or using an onboard PLC. Ozone residual is monitored at the effluent of the second ozone contactor, although multiple ports are available to monitor residuals at other locations. Ozone Quenching The skid includes a low-pressure UV reactor (Wedeco- Ideal Horizons) for quenching ozone in order to avoid carry-over of ozone residuals to downstream processes. biottta 1 Pilot System Carollo s Biologically Tailored Two-stage Treatment Approach (biottta ) system is a fixed-bed biological system that allows multiple contaminant removal from drinking water sources. biottta 1 is a 25-gpm pilot skid, contained in a 40'x8'x8' trailer, includes three 24" diameter pressure vessels that are 8' tall and constructed from epoxy-coated steel. Effluent from the bioreactor can travel directly to the biofilter or to an interstage aeration/degasification column ahead of the biofilter. Effluent from the biofilter will be pumped into a backwash tank (two cylindrical 500-gallon polyethylene tanks) and then a chlorine contact tank (one cylindrical, 500-gallon polyethylene tank). Carollo s biottta 1 skid is fully automated and consists of a bioreactor, a degas column, and a biofilter along with five chemical feed systems and in-line water quality analyzers. Chlorine Contaminated Well Break Tank FXB Bioreactor Aeration Tank Aerobic Biofilter BW Tank Chlorine Contact Tank Process Effluent biottta pilot process flow diagram. Compressor BW Pump V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\02-CapabilitiesMicroconstituents.indd Testing and Optimization Capabilities 19

21 The skid is also equipped with automatic backwash capabilities, chemical dosing systems for electron donor, hydrogen peroxide, polymer, and chlorine addition, and in-line monitoring and data logging for flow rates, headloss, dissolved oxygen and nitrate. The trailer houses a Dionex 800 ion chromatograph, which can be used to analyze grab samples for perchlorate. In addition to feed and effluent sample ports, all pressure vessels include depth-wise sample ports that will allow for the simultaneous evaluation of several empty-bed contact times. These sample ports protrude 3 inches into the bed to ensure that representative samples are taken (i.e., eliminate wall effects). Six 3-inch by 12-inch windows run the length of each pressure vessel that enable the operator to view the media bed during production and backwash. The skid includes a touch screen human-machine interface to monitor and control pilot operations. It can also be connected to the internet, so that pilot operations can be monitored and data downloaded from remote locations. biottta 2 Pilot System Carollo s biottta 2 pilot skid contains three 12" columns that are 10 tall and are operated in series at between 2 and 6 gpm ( gpm/ft 2 ). The first column serves as the FXB bioreactor; the second column is an open basin, which can be used for flocculation or degasification; the third column serves as the polishing filter. Effluent from the bioreactor can also be routed to bypass the flocculation/degasification column (i.e., direct filtration mode). The skid is equipped with automatic backwash capabilities, chemical feed systems for electron donor, nutrient, and nitrate/perchlorate dosing, and on-line monitoring and data logging for monitoring flow rates, head loss, DO concentrations, and nitrate concentrations. The pilot skid is also equipped with a data acquisition and control (DAC) system, which stores and manages data. The DAC continuously logs date/time, flow, headloss, DO concentration, nitrate concentration, and turbidity. The skid includes a touch screen human-machine interface to monitor and control pilot operations. The HMI can be accessed through the internet, so that pilot operations can be monitored and data downloaded remotely. biottta 3 Pilot System biottta 3 pilot skid is capable of operating at gpm and contains three 8" diameter columns that are 8' tall and contained in a 20' x 8' x 9.5' trailer. The first column serves as the bioreactor. The second column serves as an open basin, which could be used for flocculation or degasification. The third column is a polishing biofilter that removes turbidity any residual organic carbon in the effluent of the bioreactor. The skid is equipped with automatic backwash capabilities, chemical feed systems for electron donor, nutrient, polymer, and hydrogen peroxide. The skid also includes in-line monitoring and data logging for flow rate, headloss, DO, nitrate, and turbidity. A human-machine interface attached to the system can be used on site or remotely to monitor and control pilot operations. This pilot skid also has the capability to operate the bioreactor and biofilter in parallel- or series-mode. IN-HOUSE PROCESS EVALUATION CAPABILITIES Carollo maintains laboratories to support process evaluations, predesign studies, and applied research activities. These facilities serve three main functions: Provide adequate laboratory space for conducting bench-scale studies and performing basic water quality analyses. House offices and workstations for data analysis and interpretation of results. Carollo s biottta 3 skid is fully automated and consists of a bioreactor, a degas column, and a biofilter along with five chemical feed systems and in-line water quality analyzers. Provide space for storage and maintenance of testing equipment and pilot plants. 20 I Testing and Optimization Capabilities V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\02-CapabilitiesMicroconstituents.indd

22 The laboratories have a broad range of equipment to optimize a wide range of drinking water and wastewater treatment processes: A continuous flow bench-scale ozone system is used to develop ozone demand and decay relationships, contaminant oxidation efficiency, optimization of taste and odor removal, and byproduct formation. Rapid small-scale column tests are provided for granular activated carbon evaluations, and to develop design criteria for other sorptive media such as ion exchange resins. Carollo also maintains capabilities for natural organic matter characterization and molecular weight fractionation. Annular reactors are used to perform benchscale distribution system evaluations, and to quantify regrowth potential and pipe corrosion. Microbial inactivation studies and UV doseresponse relationships are developed using a UV collimated beam apparatus. An Optics Bench is used to evaluate UV lamp output, quartz sleeve and UV sensor window UV transmittance, and UV sensor measurement properties. Custom UV reactors can be configured to evaluate lamp aging, fouling, microbial disinfection, and advanced oxidation using UV light and hydrogen peroxide. This testing equipment is described in further detail in the pages that follow. Carollo provides a dedicated 2,500-ft 2 facility for cost-effective process evaluation and applied research studies. Carollo maintains analytical instrumentation for those parameters that require a rapid turn-around time during process optimization studies. For example, a total organic carbon analyzer is used to measure total and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in order to evaluate the effectiveness of enhanced coagulation, and to quantify DBP precursor removal. We also maintain spectrophotometers which operate in both visible and UV light. UV absorbance and transmittance scans are used to develop design criteria for UV disinfection systems and also to develop correlations with other water quality parameters. Carollo conducts these process evaluations and analytical testing using equipment that is specifically designed to be portable. Therefore, studies can be conducted within our laboratory facilities or at a treatment plant, at a well pump house, or at a raw water source for onsite testing analysis and problem solving. Continuous-Flow Bench-Scale Ozone System The information required to develop design criteria for ozone facilities includes ozone demand, ozone decay, and screening of ozone application points. Traditionally, this information has been developed using pilot-scale facilities, semi-batch bench-scale testing units, or modeling techniques. The major drawbacks of ozonation pilot studies include the tendency to overestimate the hydraulic efficiency and the high cost and time commitment required to mobilize the testing equipment. Semi-batch reactors and the use of mathematical models do not provide sufficiently reliable data for extrapolation to full-scale design. To address these drawbacks, Carollo has developed a continuous-flow benchscale ozone testing unit which combines the reliability of pilot-scale testing and cost-effectiveness of bench-scale methods. Carollo s bench-scale unit consists of a six-stage ozone contactor with three chambers operating in counter-current flow for ozone transfer and three Carollo s bench-scale flow-through ozone system easily simulates a wide range of water quality and operating conditions representative of full-scale ozone systems. V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\02-CapabilitiesMicroconstituents.indd Testing and Optimization Capabilities 21

23 chambers operating without gas transfer for ozone contacting. The volume of each chamber available for ozone contacting is adjustable to achieve detention times ranging from 3 to 40 minutes. The ozone concentration in the feed gas is monitored through a UV light absorption spectrophotometer. Ozone residuals in the liquid phase are analyzed by collecting grab samples at the effluent of each of the columns. System Hydraulics In order to ensure the applicability of the results, we have designed this system so that the hydraulics are characterized with a T 10 /T ratio of 0.6 to 0.7. This hydraulic behavior is modeled by seven to nine Completely Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR) in series, corresponding to Peclet numbers of 12 to 16, respectively. This hydraulic characteristic is maintained in Carollo s pilot-scale ozone systems. Ease of Mobilization The ozone system resides in a shipping container for easy transport to various sites for ozone testing. Associated equipment includes ozone contactors, rotameters for measuring liquid and gas flow rates, valves and tubing, and sample taps. This unit also includes a 0.08 lb/day ozone generator. Other equipment required to perform ozone evaluations, such as a feed water pump, UV spectrophotometer, and ozone residual measurement kit, is shipped with the system. Mobilization and testing can begin within a halfday of arrival onsite. Only a small sample volume (approximately five gallons) is required in order to develop key design data such as ozone demand and decay relationships, byproduct formation, and ozone quenching alternatives. Rapid Small-Scale Column Testing Carollo maintains Rapid Small-Scale Column Testing (RSSCT) equipment for evaluating the removal of contaminants by a range of adsorptive media. This equipment can be used to determine performance and cost data for adsorptive media such as GAC, ion exchange resins, activated alumina, and granular ferric hydroxide. Applications include the removal of natural organic matter to minimize byproduct formation during downstream chlorination, and arsenic removal optimization studies. Scaling equations, which are used to design the RSSCT tests are based on a dimensional analysis which maintains similitude with the full-scale process. In the case of GAC testing, carbon for the small-scale columns is obtained by grinding GAC from the full-scale application to a smaller size. Specific techniques are used for grinding, sieving, and washing the media to provide a uniformly ground GAC with a low-fines content. In the proportional diffusivity design approach, the ratio between the full-scale and the small-scale contact times equals the scaling factor. The ground GAC is typically 1/10 to 1/20 the size of the full-scale carbon. Therefore, the length of time required to develop a breakthrough curve at the small-scale is 10 to 20 times shorter than at the pilot- or demonstration-scales. The RSSCT columns are made of glass with inner diameters in the range of 4 to 15 millimeters. The media is carefully installed in the columns to avoid packing the media too densely, and to prevent the formation of air spaces within the bed. The test water is pumped through the column in a down-flow mode at the specified flow rate for the given conditions of contact time and temperature. The effluent water from the RSSCT column is sampled for various parameters. Typically, the target contaminant is measured at a frequency ranging from once per day to once per week. The effluent contaminant concentration data are plotted to monitor breakthrough. Samples may be collected to determine the potential downstream formation of byproducts. For a given application, Carollo prepares an experimental testing matrix and sampling and analysis plan at the start of the study. We then design the small-scale columns to simulate a range of possible full-scale designs. Typically, a 50- to 200-gallon batch of test water is collected as the feed water for the RSSCT system. Water quality parameters in the batch may be adjusted to reflect historical values. Testing can normally be completed in 2 to 6 weeks. Optics Bench As part of our Water Research Foundation Project Design and Performance Guidelines for UV Sensor Systems, Carollo developed a UV Optics Bench for the evaluation of UV lamp output, quartz sleeve and UV sensor window UV transmittance, and UV sensor measurement properties. 22 I Testing and Optimization Capabilities V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\02-CapabilitiesMicroconstituents.indd

24 Similar to the collimated beam apparatus, the Optics Bench uses either a low- or mediumpressure UV lamp to produce monochromatic or polychromatic light. Apertures and filters control the UV intensity, spectra, and beam width of the light emitted from the UV source. UV light from the lamp is quantified using a research grade International Light radiometer with NIST-traceable calibration. The Optics Bench was used to quantify sleeve and UV sensor port window fouling at nine installed UV systems for the Water Research Foundation Project Development of a UV Disinfection Knowledge Base. The Optics Bench was also used to quantify UV sensor measurements properties for the Water Research Foundation Project Design and Performance Guidelines for UV Sensor Systems, and to quantify UV reactor fouling with LP and MP pilot reactors for the City of San Francisco s Hetch Hetchy water supply. V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\02-CapabilitiesMicroconstituents.indd Testing and Optimization Capabilities 23

25 Publications SELECT MICROCONSTITUENTS PUBLICATIONS - PEER-REVIEWED 1. Linden, K., Bandy, J., and Salveson, A. Innovative Treatment Technologies for Reclaimed Water. WateReuse Research Foundation, March Salveson, A., Rauch-Williams, T., Dickenson, E., Drewes, J., Drury, D., McAvoy, and Snyder, S. Trace Organic Compounds Removal During Conventional Wastewater Treatment. Water Environment Research Foundation Brown, J. Monitoring for Microconstituents in an Advanced Wastewater Treatment (AWT) Facility and Modeling Discharge of Reclaimed Water to Surface Canals for Indirect Potable Use. WateReuse Research Foundation, September Dickenson, E., Drewes, J., Rauch-Williams, T., Salveson, A., Hyland, K., and Higgins, C. Effect of Wastewater Treatment Operational Conditions on the Fate of Emerging Trace Organic Compounds. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, WEFTEC, (14), Steinle-Darling, E., E. Litwiller, and M, Reinhard. Effects of Sorption on the Rejection of Trace Organic Contaminants During Nanofiltration. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(7): , Rauch-Williams, Tanja; Dickenson, Eric; Drewes, Jörg E.; Drury, Douglas; Gerrity, Daniel; Higgins, Christopher; Salveson, Andrew; Snyder, Shane; Vanderford, Brett: Quantification of Occurrence and Fate of Trace Organic Compounds During Secondary Wastewater Treatment, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, WEFTEC 2010: Session 71 through Session 80, pp (12). 7. Rauch-Williams, T., Hoppe-Jones, C., and Drewes, J. The Role of Organic Matter in the Removal of Emerging Trace Organic Chemicals During Managed Aquifer Recharge. Water Research, 44(2): , Steinle-Darling, E. and M, Reinhard. Nanofiltration for Trace Organic Contaminant Removal: Structure, Solution, and Membrane Fouling Effects on the Rejection of Perfluorochemicals. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(14): , Steinle-Darling, E., Zedda, M., Plumlee, M., Ridgway, H., and Reinhard, M. Evaluating the Impacts of Membrane Type, Coating, Fouling, Chemical Properties and Water Chemistry on Reverse Osmosis Rejection of Seven Nitrosoalkylamines, Including NDMA. Water Research, 41, , Mansell, J., Drewes, J.E., and Rauch-Williams, T. Removal Mechanisms of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (Steroids) During Soil Aquifer Treatment. Water Science and Technology. 50(2): , V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\04-PublicationsMicroconstituents.indd Publications 24

26 SELECT MICROCONSTITUENTS PUBLICATIONS - OTHER-REVIEWED 1. Steinle-Darling, E. Microconstituent Removal in Water Reuse: Is Reverse Osmosis Necessary? Poster presented at American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference (WQTC), Toronto, Canada, November 4-8, Steinle-Darling, E. and A. Salveson, Moving Toward more Cost Effective Removal of Trace Organic Compounds. Presentation at the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), October 2, Rauch-Williams, T., Salveson, A., Dickenson, E., McAvoy, D., Drewes, J., Drury, D., and Snyder, S. Looking Beyond Nutrient Compliance Synergies Between Emerging Contaminant and Nutrient Treatment. Paper Presented at the RMS AWWA/RMWEA Joint Annual Conference. September 9-21, Steinle-Darling, E. Moving Toward More Cost Effective Removal of Microconstituents. Paper presented at Texas Water Reuse Conference, Fort Worth, TX. July 20, Bandy, J., and K. Bircher. Validation Testing for Advanced Oxidation: Scale-Up Methodology and Results for Calgon s 48 Sentinel Chevron MPUV Reactor. American Water Works Association Annual Conference & Exposition, Washington, D.C., June 12-16, Steinle-Darling, E. Microconstituent Removal by High-Pressure Membranes in Water Reuse Systems. Paper presented at the Membrane Technology Conference and Exposition, Long Beach, CA, March 28-31, Steinle-Darling, E. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Water Supplies: Potential Impacts and Sustainable Solutions. Invited talk at 5th Annual Environmental and Occupational Health Technical Symposium, Northridge, CA, February 16, Steinle-Darling, E. Microconstituent Removal by High-Pressure Membranes in Water Reuse Systems. Paper presented at the Membrane Technology Conference & Exposition, Long Beach, CA, March 28-31, Steinle-Darling, E. and J, Montgomery-Brown. Considering Emerging Microconstituents in Water Reuse. Paper presented at the Sustainable Water Management Conference & Exposition, Albuquerque, NM, April 10-13, Brown, J.C. and Huck, P.M. Biofiltration for Organic Carbon, MIB, Geosmin, Manganese, EDCs and Membrane Fouling. Paper presented at the AWWA Water Quality and Technology Conference, Seattle, WA, November 15-18, Bourgeous, K. and Salveson, A. Microconstituent and Pathogen Removal in Reclaimed Water: A summary of Pilot Scale Results and Full Scale Costs. Paper presented at the Pacific Northwest Clean Water Association Annual Conference, Boise, ID, September 14-16, Steinle-Darling, E. and M, Reinhard. The Implications of Sorption on the Rejection of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Nanofiltration. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Membrane Technology Association, Austin, TX, July 13-16, Zhou, Z., Salveson, A., Brown, J., Poust, S., Juby, G., Li, S., Sutherland, S., Lopez, J., Cisterna, R., Vadiveloo, E., and Breitenkam, H. Treatment of Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals through Membrane Processes. Paper presented at the American Membrane Technology Association Conference & Exposition, Austin, TX, July 13-16, I Publications V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\04-PublicationsMicroconstituents.indd

27 14. Steinle-Darling, E. and M, Reinhard. Rejection of Trace Organic Contaminants by NF Membranes: Effects of Sorption. International Water Association/Groundwater Resources Association of California Micropol and Ecohazard 2009 Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 8-10, Zhou, Z., Salveson, A., Brown, J., Lopez, J., Cisterna, R., Vadiveloo, E., Breitenkam, H., and Snyder, S. Advanced Membrane Treatment of Wastewater and Resulting Aquatic Impact of Microconstituents in Receiving Water. Paper presented at the California Water Environment Association 81st Annual Conference, Palm Springs, CA, April 28-May 1, Lauderdale, C.V. and Brown, J.C. Enhancing Biofiltration to Achieve Sustained Removal of Multiple Inorganic and Organic Contaminants, Including EDCs, MIB, and Geosmin. Paper Presented at Florida Water Resources Conference, Palm Beach, FL, April 4-8, Salveson, A., Zhou, Z., Brown, J., Lopez, J., Cisterna, R., Vadiveloo, E., and Breitenkam, H. Evaluation of Endocrine Disrupting Potentials in Membrane Effluents Using Aquatic Toxicity Tests and Fish Bioassays. Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2009 Research Symposium, Austin, TX, February 12-13, Steinle-Darling, E. and M, Reinhard. Rejection of Trace Organic Contaminants by NF Membranes: Effects of Sorption. Poster presented at the Groundwater Resources Association of California Emerging Contaminants 2008 Symposium, San Jose, CA, November 19-20, Wade, T., Bourgeous K. and Salveson, A. Pilot Testing of a UV/Titanium Dioxide System for Pathogen and Microconstituent Removal. Paper presented at the Pacific Northwest Clean Water Association Annual Conference, Kennewick, WA, September 21-24, Steinle-Darling, E. and M, Reinhard. Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Rejection of Trace Organics: Nitrosamines, Perfluorochemicals and Others. Poster presented at the American Membrane Technology Association and Southeast Desalting Association 2008 Joint Conference, Naples, FL, July 14-17, Steinle-Darling, E. and M, Reinhard. Removal of Perfluorochemicals via Nanofiltration. Paper presented at the Joint American Chemical Society/American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, April 6-10, Steinle-Darling, E. and M, Reinhard. Rejection of Trace Organics Nitrosamines, Perfluorochemicals, and Others via Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration: Influence of Feed and Solute Characteristics. Paper presented at the National Water Research Institute 2008 Fellowship Conference, Washington, D.C., April 4, McDonald, H.S. and McGovern, P. The Removal of Selected Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Through Conventional and Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes. Paper presented at the Water Environment Federation Watershed 2004, Dearborn, MI, July 11-14, Adham, S.S., Lehman, G.E., Gillogly, T.E.T., and Rittmann, B.E. Membrane Biofilm Reactor for Reducing the Endocrine Disruptor Perchlorate. Paper presented at the Global Conference on Leading Edge Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, May Braghetta, A., Gillogly, T.E.T., Brownawell, B., and Benotti, M. Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Through Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies. Proceedings of the American Water Works Association 2002 Water Quality Technology Conference, Seattle, WA, November 10-13, V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\04-PublicationsMicroconstituents.indd Publications I 26

28 26. Salveson, A.T. Endocrine Disruptors - Sources, Toxicology, and Wastewater Treatment. Paper presented at the California Water Environment Federation Industrial and Hazardous Waste Conference, Johnson, M., Salveson, A.T., Holmes, L., Denison, M., and Fry, M. Environmental Estrogens in Agricultural Drain Water from the Central Valley of California. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology I Publications V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\04-PublicationsMicroconstituents.indd

29 Company Profile WATER AND WASTEWATER EXPERTS Carollo is an environmental engineering firm specializing in the planning, design, and construction management of water and wastewater facilities and infrastructure. For more than 86 years, Carollo s reputation is based upon client service, a continual commitment to quality, and technical leadership. Carollo is one of the largest firms in the United States dedicated solely to water-related engineering it s all we do. This targeted expertise allows us to focus on developing cost-effective, innovative, and reliable solutions to help our clients protect public health and overburdened water supplies. It also allows us to recruit the brightest minds in the water industry, train our staff on the issues impacting water, and lead the industry with innovative ideas tailored to the specific needs of our clients. Carollo is currently ranked within Engineering News Record s top 500 design firms...enr s annual Source Book ranks Carollo among the top 10 firms for water and wastewater treatment plant design. Seattle Portland Boise Boston Roseville Sacramento San Francisco Reno Walnut Creek Fresno Las Vegas Salt Lake City Littleton Fort Collins Broomfield Omaha Chicago Kansas City Washington, D.C. Los Angeles Orange County Oceanside Carlsbad San Diego Inland Empire Yuma Phoenix Tucson Albuquerque El Paso Fort Worth Oklahoma City Dallas Honolulu Carollo has engineered water and wastewater projects across the country. Austin South Austin Houston McAllen Carollo Office Locations Tampa Sarasota Orlando Palm Beach Broward County Miami-Dade V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\05-CompanyProfileMicroconstituents.indd Company Profile 28

30 In addition, Carollo s Research Group, a dedicated team of scientists and engineers from across the country, has been responsible for discovering new treatment technologies, improving operations practices, and expanding the science of water use and reuse. Because of this, clients across the United States repeatedly look to Carollo to help them find the best solutions to their most complex challenges. Our Services Carollo provides a full range of planning, design and construction management services to meet the water and wastewater needs of municipalities, public agencies, private developers, and industrial firms. Our areas of expertise include the following: Alternative Project Delivery Business Solutions Construction Management Energy Technologies Infrastructure Integrated Planning Program Management Research and Development Sustainable Solutions Wastewater Treatment Water Reuse/Resources Water Treatment Water-related engineering is all we do, resulting in a level of understanding of key project issues that few can match. Resources Carollo s staff numbers more than 1,050 employees, including more than 500 registered engineers. We are a full-service water and wastewater engineering company with the experience and qualified professionals to successfully manage projects of any size. Our staff includes civil, sanitary, electrical, environmental, mechanical, chemical, structural, instrumentation, and corrosion control engineers, as well as architects, planners, and specialists in other areas. MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY Carollo s management philosophy and the success of our company are founded on simple precepts: Seek out, hire, and hold onto the best people in the business. Carollo aggressively recruits the top candidates from the leading engineering schools across the country. We train and mentor these engineers to become the next generation of leaders for Carollo and the industry. This long-term commitment to developing excellent engineers has resulted in a depth of talent unmatched by other consulting firms. Specialize in the planning, design, and construction management of water and wastewater projects. This is our business. Our success hinges solely upon our ability to provide responsive service to our municipal clients. Commit our principals to an active role in every project. This provides our clients with top management interest, clear accountability, responsiveness, and talent and helps to ensure that the necessary staff and resources are committed to each assignment. Focus on client service. Carollo knows the value of listening to our clients and recognizes that successful projects result from the combined expertise of our staff and the client s staff. This commitment to understanding client needs and valuing their input is one of the cornerstones of Carollo s success. 29 I Company Profile V:\CompanySOQs\Microconstituents\InDesign\05-CompanyProfileMicroconstituents.indd