Improvement of resource use efficiency

Transcription

1 meinschaft Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gem Improvement of resource use efficiency in biomass crops Workshop EU-US Taskforce Biotech for Bioenergy San Francisco 21. February 2008 Ulrich Schurr

2 Outline Resource use efficency and strategies for bioenergy crops Plant resource use efficiency: interaction between environmental dynamics and plant responses on various spatial and temporal scales Growth is essential for RUE Novel opportunities for quantitative analysis Example: MRI-PET integration for plants Phenomics above and belowground Implementation of increased RUE in bioenergy crops Integration of environmental dynamics and plant structural and functional dynamics

3 European Technology Platforms for Knowledge-Based Bioeconomy Global Animal Health Strategic Research Agenda development Industry Food for Life Academia Public politics Biofuels Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy Forestry Farm Animal Breeding Bioenergy Industrial Bio-technology Plants for the Future

4 Crop Roadmap C4 grasses popla ar maize maize Miscanthus Sorghum barley current crops current energy crops future energy crops BIOMASS RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY

5 Resource use efficiency - concept RUE I B H C A RUE: Resource use efficiency Resources: light, water, nutrients B H : Biomass harvested I C : Investment in carbon Cost for structure and function A: Availability of resources Dynamics of Resource Resource use efficiency links plant internal processes Resource use efficiency links plant internal processes with environmental availability of resources

6 Plants have to gain resources from heterogenous resource field Light dynamics and heterogeneity vertical horizontal Annual Daily Minutes Seconds and faster Gersonde, R. and O'Hara, K Calibrating a spatially explicit light model for Sierra Nevada mixedconifer forests. University of California, Berkeley, Forest Science Division.

7 Plants have to gain resources from heterogenous resource field Soil pore heterogeneity Size distribution of pores Determine water availability Define available space for roots

8 Principal characteristics of the resource distribution ib ti for roots and shoots Leaf Root Resources Light, CO 2, oxygen Nutrients, water Physical characteristics Chemical composition Variability/ Heterogeneity Low density, gaseous Gaseous, well mixed Short-term, no significant buffer Strong temporal fluctuations High density, solid and liquid (aqueous) Patchy, chemical and mechanical compartments Buffered, spatially structured

9 How does a leaf/ shoot optimise resource acquisition from a dynamic field of resources? Light regime is highly variable in intensity Minimising damage by high light Maximising carbon gain photoprotection photosynthesis

10 How does a root (system) optimise resource acquisition from a dynamic field of resources? Mobile nutrients (nitrate) Bound nutrients 3 4 days (phosphate) Nitrat mg/l

11 Plant optimisations to variable resource availabilityailabilit Inducible systems (transporters, adaptation of metabolism) Very well studied concept on the biochemical level Topology of acquisition systems (root and shoot architecture) Little quantitative data, but can be highly efficient How can a plant gain double carbon gain? Doubling the efficiency of photosynthesis? Produce a second leaf?

12 Ricinus Tobacco Species with different resource use efficiency differ in root system geometries Quantitative root architecture m glas box (cm m) Tobacco Ricinus area (cm²) 1 D epth of plexi Total root 1 m Root area (cm²)

13 aboveground / belowground Environment from lab to application dynamic interaction plant behaviour plant product Include environment in systems biology for resource use efficiency plant Genes, Proteines, Metabolism, Fluxes Transcriptomics i Genomics Fluxomics Metabolomics Novel technologies Proteomics

14 30 cm, 4.5 Tesla Technologyplatform Green NMR House for dynamic plant processes 10 cm, 7 Tesla Ende cm, 1.5 Tesla US 14

15 Integration of MRI and PET unique and novel tools for plant research PlanTIS 4.7 Tesla vertical NMR Application (e.g.): - 3D-Topology of roots and shoots - Carbon transport

16 Dynamics of structures and functions - aboveground water content/ growth inner structures Transport functions Magnetic Resonance Tomography Rokitta et al 98

17 Dynamics of structures and functions belowground (a) (b) roots growth in real soil carbon fluxes in roots PLANTIS: PET for plants

18 Image analysis of growing systems Soft- and Hardware Image sequences Ω prefilter ~ r r r r g( x) = f ( x x') g( x')d x r ' Growth maps optical flow (local) r r r r u = arg minuju u = ( u x, u y,1 ) r r r ( ) = ( ') ~ r ( T J x w x x g x') g~ r r ( x')dx' Ω regularization (global) u ~ 2 2 r = argmin ( u u~ ) + λ ( u~ ) dx i Ω i i i divergence rgr = x u x regularized optical flow via CLG r u = argmin Ω r r r 2 r uju + λ( u) dx r r r ~ r T ~ r r J( x) = w( x x') g( x') g ( x ')dx ' + y u y Ω Integration ti of various disciplins i 0 %/h relative growth rate 3 %/h

19 Basic growth mechanisms spatial organisation Tip-base gradient Arabidopsis No spatial gradients poplar Basic growth processes Basic growth processes are not understood

20 Identification of key genes integration of spatial-temporal dynamics. Nicotiana tabacum [%/h] te (% / h) Wuchsrat Relative Wuchsrate Rel. 8,8 8 7,2 6,4 5,6 4,8 4 3,2 2,4 1,6 0,8 0-0, Zeit [h] Time (h) , ,8 0,8-1,6 1,6-2,4 2,4-3,2 3, ,8 4,8-5,6 5,6-6,4 6,4-7,2 7, , Test your hypothesis transgenics Genomics

21 Intensity of environmental fluctuations correlates with dynamics of plant control process Leaf Root Resources Light, CO 2, oxygen Nutrients, water Physical characteristics Chemical composition Variability/ Heterogeneity Low density, gaseous Gaseous, well mixed Short-term, no significant buffer Strong temporal fluctuations High density, solid and liquid (aqueous) Patchy, chemical and mechanical compartments Buffered, spatially structured Plant control processes buffer environmental fluctuations Plant control processes favour quick response to environmental e changes Significant impact on breeding strategies for resource use efficiency

22 Phenomics and screening for improved resource use efficiency Photosynthesis Chlorophyll h ll - fluorescence photosynthesis Hyperspectral imaging photosynthesis/ composition ii Water and Growth Thermography transpiration water content Digital Growth Analysis High Throughput Screening (lab and field) and Modelling root, leaves, canopies Nutrients and Carbon Magnetic resonance imaging root, growth, fluxes in plants and soil PlanTIS (PET) carbon transport -Leaf/ shoot -root -soil

23 Resource use efficency important for bioenergy crops Plant resource use efficiency: environmental dynamics and plant responses on various spatial and temporal scales Growth is essential for RUE Novel technologies for quantitative analysis MRI-PET integration for plants Phenomics above and belowground Implementation of increased RUE in bioenergy crops Integration of environmental dynamics and plant structural and functional dynamics Opportunities for interaction US and EU Novel concepts for resource use efficiency in bioenergy crops Technological developments and utilisation of novel technologies